Compared to randomized controlled trials, non-randomized studies of interventions might be biased in additional domains. As most previous tools for assessing risk of bias are not sufficient, a Cochrane working group has developed a new risk of bias tool called ROBINS-I (Risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions).
Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs with a prevalence of 1 % in the general population, up to 8 % in patients over 80 years of age and can lead to palpitations, tachycardia, hospitalization for heart failure and stroke. In order to prevent strokes, oral anticoagulation is necessary. In the 2016 guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation, non vitamin K anticoagulants (NOACs) are preferred among vitamin K anticoagulants due to less severe bleeding, especially intracranial haemorrhage. There is also no longer evidence for antiplatelet therapy in AF. Apart from randomized controlled trials it has been shown in real world data that use of NOACs is safe and feasible. NOACs are not indicated in patients with mechanical valve replacement and valvular atrial fibrillation. Since November 2015 the first specific antidote for dabigatran is available in Germany, a factor Xa antidote (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) is being tested in a phase III study.
During the last years, headlines about the advance of tropical infectious diseases, which are transmitted by mosquitos, become more frequent. Some of these mosquitos are classified as invasive species in Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are enhancing the observation of the geographical spread of these species. Especially the Asian tiger mosquito and the Yellow fever mosquito are in focus. In Germany the vector competency of domestic mosquito species is investigated.
During the last years, treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) was characterized by the development of new therapeutic agents and their combined use. By now the problem of treating HCV seems to be largely solved. The broad range of available therapeutics has the potential to enable a complete cure of this liver disease, which is associated with many complications, thus providing also economic benefits.
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