Yuri Tatiana Campo Rodriguez, Nigel J. Cook, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Maria Emilia Schutesky, Samuel A. King, Sarah Gilbert, Kathy Ehrig
An enrichment in nickel (Ni) or platinum group elements (PGE) is seldom observed in ores of the iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) type. This phenomenon is, however, known from a few deposits and prospects in the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil. The Ni-PGE enrichment is explained, in part, by the spatial association of the IOCG-type ores with altered mafic-ultramafic lithologies, as well as by reworking and remobilization of pre-existing Ni and PGE during multiple mineralization and tectonothermal events across the Archean-Proterozoic. One such example of this mineralization is the Jatobá deposit in the southern copper belt of the Carajás Domain. This is the first detailed study of the Ni and PGE mineralization at Jatobá, with implications for understanding ore genesis. Petrographic and compositional study of sulfides shows that pyrite is the main Ni carrier, followed by pyrrhotite and exsolved pentlandite. Measurable concentrations of palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt), albeit never more than a few ppm, are noted in pyrite. More importantly, however, the trace mineral signature of the Jatobá deposit features several platinum group minerals (PGM), including merenskyite, naldrettite, sudburyite, kotulskite, sperrylite, and borovskite. These PGM occur as sub-10 µm-sized grains that are largely restricted to fractures and grain boundaries in pyrite. All Pd minerals reported contain mobile elements such as Te, Bi, and Sb and are associated with rare earth- and U-minerals. This conspicuous mineralogy, differences in sulfide chemistry between the magnetite-hosted ore and stringer mineralization without magnetite, and microstructural control point to a genetic model for the sulfide mineralization at Jatobá and its relative enrichment in Ni and PGE. Observations support two alternative scenarios for ore genesis. In the first, an initial precipitation of disseminated or semi-massive Ni-PGE-bearing sulfides took place within the mafic rock pile, possibly in a VHMS-like setting. Later partial dissolution and remobilization of this pre-existing mineralization by mineralizing fluids of IOCG-type, possibly during the retrograde stage of a syn-deformational metamorphic event, led to their re-concentration within magnetite along structural conduits. The superposition of IOCG-style mineralization onto a pre-existing assemblage resulted in the observed replacement and overprinting in which PGE combined with components of the IOCG fluids like Sb, Bi, and Te. An alternative model involves leaching, by the IOCG-type fluids, of Ni and PGE from komatiites within the sequence or from ultramafic rocks in the basement. The discovery of PGM in Jatobá emphasizes the potential for additional discoveries of Ni-PGE-enriched ores elsewhere in the Carajás Domain and in analogous settings elsewhere.
{"title":"Platinum Group Minerals Associated with Nickel-Bearing Sulfides from the Jatobá Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Deposit, Carajás Domain, Brazil","authors":"Yuri Tatiana Campo Rodriguez, Nigel J. Cook, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Maria Emilia Schutesky, Samuel A. King, Sarah Gilbert, Kathy Ehrig","doi":"10.3390/min14080757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080757","url":null,"abstract":"An enrichment in nickel (Ni) or platinum group elements (PGE) is seldom observed in ores of the iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) type. This phenomenon is, however, known from a few deposits and prospects in the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil. The Ni-PGE enrichment is explained, in part, by the spatial association of the IOCG-type ores with altered mafic-ultramafic lithologies, as well as by reworking and remobilization of pre-existing Ni and PGE during multiple mineralization and tectonothermal events across the Archean-Proterozoic. One such example of this mineralization is the Jatobá deposit in the southern copper belt of the Carajás Domain. This is the first detailed study of the Ni and PGE mineralization at Jatobá, with implications for understanding ore genesis. Petrographic and compositional study of sulfides shows that pyrite is the main Ni carrier, followed by pyrrhotite and exsolved pentlandite. Measurable concentrations of palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt), albeit never more than a few ppm, are noted in pyrite. More importantly, however, the trace mineral signature of the Jatobá deposit features several platinum group minerals (PGM), including merenskyite, naldrettite, sudburyite, kotulskite, sperrylite, and borovskite. These PGM occur as sub-10 µm-sized grains that are largely restricted to fractures and grain boundaries in pyrite. All Pd minerals reported contain mobile elements such as Te, Bi, and Sb and are associated with rare earth- and U-minerals. This conspicuous mineralogy, differences in sulfide chemistry between the magnetite-hosted ore and stringer mineralization without magnetite, and microstructural control point to a genetic model for the sulfide mineralization at Jatobá and its relative enrichment in Ni and PGE. Observations support two alternative scenarios for ore genesis. In the first, an initial precipitation of disseminated or semi-massive Ni-PGE-bearing sulfides took place within the mafic rock pile, possibly in a VHMS-like setting. Later partial dissolution and remobilization of this pre-existing mineralization by mineralizing fluids of IOCG-type, possibly during the retrograde stage of a syn-deformational metamorphic event, led to their re-concentration within magnetite along structural conduits. The superposition of IOCG-style mineralization onto a pre-existing assemblage resulted in the observed replacement and overprinting in which PGE combined with components of the IOCG fluids like Sb, Bi, and Te. An alternative model involves leaching, by the IOCG-type fluids, of Ni and PGE from komatiites within the sequence or from ultramafic rocks in the basement. The discovery of PGM in Jatobá emphasizes the potential for additional discoveries of Ni-PGE-enriched ores elsewhere in the Carajás Domain and in analogous settings elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, minerals are playing a critical role in the transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable and sustainable energy sources (Owen et al [...]
如今，矿物在从基于化石燃料的能源系统向可再生和可持续能源过渡的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用（Owen et al [...]
{"title":"Editorial for Special Issue “Using Geophysical Inversion for Mineral Exploration: Methods and Applications”","authors":"Dikun Yang, Vikas Chand Baranwal, Bjørn Henning Heincke","doi":"10.3390/min14080751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080751","url":null,"abstract":"Today, minerals are playing a critical role in the transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable and sustainable energy sources (Owen et al [...]","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gözde Alkan, Peter Mechnich, Johannes Pernpeintner
Solid particles as heat absorptances and storage mediums promise enhanced energy storage densities in concentrated solar power/thermal (CSP/T) plants. Employment of metallurgical slags as a secondary precursor material for solid particle preparation is ecologically and economically beneficial. Although these processed wastes, comprised of several oxides, exhibit generally promising high-temperature properties, chemical scattering from batch to batch may result in distinct material and functional properties, which may be an obstacle for their utilization. In this study, a steelmaking slag, LiDonit (LD), produced using a unique controlled slag treatment with high reproducibility is investigated as a candidate material. The aforementioned subsequent unique slag treatment makes LD a very promising and distinguishable secondary raw material for high-temperature applications. The as-received microstructure, phase components, and chemical composition of the LD material were analyzed to understand its material properties and to assess its reproducibility. The as-received LD chunks were transferred into pellets by subsequent milling, gel-casting, and sintering stages to reveal the potential processing routes. The CSP/T-related properties of sintered pellets, such as high temperature stability, heat capacity, and solar absorptance, were also examined to reveal their potential use in CSP/T applications and expand application areas with high added value.
{"title":"LiDonit®—A Potential Secondary Raw Material for Ceramic Applications in Concentrated Solar Energy","authors":"Gözde Alkan, Peter Mechnich, Johannes Pernpeintner","doi":"10.3390/min14080752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080752","url":null,"abstract":"Solid particles as heat absorptances and storage mediums promise enhanced energy storage densities in concentrated solar power/thermal (CSP/T) plants. Employment of metallurgical slags as a secondary precursor material for solid particle preparation is ecologically and economically beneficial. Although these processed wastes, comprised of several oxides, exhibit generally promising high-temperature properties, chemical scattering from batch to batch may result in distinct material and functional properties, which may be an obstacle for their utilization. In this study, a steelmaking slag, LiDonit (LD), produced using a unique controlled slag treatment with high reproducibility is investigated as a candidate material. The aforementioned subsequent unique slag treatment makes LD a very promising and distinguishable secondary raw material for high-temperature applications. The as-received microstructure, phase components, and chemical composition of the LD material were analyzed to understand its material properties and to assess its reproducibility. The as-received LD chunks were transferred into pellets by subsequent milling, gel-casting, and sintering stages to reveal the potential processing routes. The CSP/T-related properties of sintered pellets, such as high temperature stability, heat capacity, and solar absorptance, were also examined to reveal their potential use in CSP/T applications and expand application areas with high added value.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Max Klotzsche, Viktor Dück, Björn Drobot, Manja Vogel, Johannes Raff, Thorsten Stumpf, Robin Steudtner
Lanthanides and actinides are emerging contaminants, but little is known about their uptake and distribution by plants and their interactions in the rhizosphere. To better understand the fate of these metals in plants, the bioassociation of 2, 20 and 200 µM Eu(III) by five hydroponically grown crops endemic to Europe was assessed. The metal’s concentration and its speciation were monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy, whereas root exudation was investigated by chromatographic methods. It has been shown, that Eu(III) bioassociation is a two-stage process, involving rapid biosorption followed by accumulation in root tissue and distribution to the stem and leaves. Within 96 h of exposure time, the plant induces a change of Eu(III) speciation in the liquid medium, from a predominant Eu(III)aquo species, as calculated by thermodynamic modelling, to a species with longer luminescence lifetime. Root exudates such as citric, malic, and fumaric acid were identified in the cultivation medium and affect Eu(III) speciation in solution, as was shown by a change in the thermodynamic model. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the fate of lanthanides in the biosphere and provide a basis for further investigations with the chemical analogues Cm(III) and Am(III).
{"title":"In Search of Phytoremediation Candidates: Eu(III) Bioassociation and Root Exudation in Hydroponically Grown Plants","authors":"Max Klotzsche, Viktor Dück, Björn Drobot, Manja Vogel, Johannes Raff, Thorsten Stumpf, Robin Steudtner","doi":"10.3390/min14080754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080754","url":null,"abstract":"Lanthanides and actinides are emerging contaminants, but little is known about their uptake and distribution by plants and their interactions in the rhizosphere. To better understand the fate of these metals in plants, the bioassociation of 2, 20 and 200 µM Eu(III) by five hydroponically grown crops endemic to Europe was assessed. The metal’s concentration and its speciation were monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy, whereas root exudation was investigated by chromatographic methods. It has been shown, that Eu(III) bioassociation is a two-stage process, involving rapid biosorption followed by accumulation in root tissue and distribution to the stem and leaves. Within 96 h of exposure time, the plant induces a change of Eu(III) speciation in the liquid medium, from a predominant Eu(III)aquo species, as calculated by thermodynamic modelling, to a species with longer luminescence lifetime. Root exudates such as citric, malic, and fumaric acid were identified in the cultivation medium and affect Eu(III) speciation in solution, as was shown by a change in the thermodynamic model. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the fate of lanthanides in the biosphere and provide a basis for further investigations with the chemical analogues Cm(III) and Am(III).","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pore structural characterisation is important for rocks and their constituent minerals in order to understand physico-chemical processes occurring therein. Rather than a broad general survey of potential pore characterisation techniques, this review focuses on an in-depth discussion of some key current issues in this topic. A so-called ‘brute-force’ characterisation approach involving a single imaging modality is seldom possible for rocks due to their high degree of heterogeneity. This work surveys alternate strategies suitable for rocks. Further, this work addresses some misapprehensions and misunderstandings that have arisen concerning some experimental techniques offering alternate strategies to the brute-force approach, such as gas overcondensation and mercury porosimetry. It also considers some pore structural characterisation techniques, such as cryoporometry, that are seldom used in the context of natural materials and surveys their capabilities.
{"title":"Methods of Pore Structural Characterisation of Sedimentary Rocks and Their Constituent Minerals","authors":"Sean P. Rigby, Eleni Himona","doi":"10.3390/min14080756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080756","url":null,"abstract":"Pore structural characterisation is important for rocks and their constituent minerals in order to understand physico-chemical processes occurring therein. Rather than a broad general survey of potential pore characterisation techniques, this review focuses on an in-depth discussion of some key current issues in this topic. A so-called ‘brute-force’ characterisation approach involving a single imaging modality is seldom possible for rocks due to their high degree of heterogeneity. This work surveys alternate strategies suitable for rocks. Further, this work addresses some misapprehensions and misunderstandings that have arisen concerning some experimental techniques offering alternate strategies to the brute-force approach, such as gas overcondensation and mercury porosimetry. It also considers some pore structural characterisation techniques, such as cryoporometry, that are seldom used in the context of natural materials and surveys their capabilities.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Y. Al-Bakri, Haitham M. Ahmed, Mohammed A. Hefni
Cement production may involve excessive use of natural resources and have negative environmental impacts, as energy consumption and CO2 emissions can cause air pollution and climate change. Cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product waste material, is also a primary issue associated with cement production. Utilizing CKD in mining applications is a pathway to eco-sustainable solutions. Cemented paste backfill (CPB) made with mine tailings is an efficient method for void backfilling in underground mines. Therefore, this study investigated the eco-sustainable utilization of CKD as a co-binder material that can partially replace cement in CPB prepared with copper tailings. At 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90-day curing times, the experimental campaign measured the physical and mechanical parameters of the cured CPB samples, including density, UCS, and elastic modulus (stiffness). Additionally, the CPB-cured mixes were analyzed using XRF, X-ray XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques to link the mineral phases and microstructure to mechanical performance. Four proportions (5, 10, 15, and 20%) of CKD represented in 75 samples were prepared to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the CPB mixtures, in addition to the reference mix (control) with 0% CKD. As all combinations exceed the compressive strength of CPB required for achieving stability in underground mines, the results showed that CKD could be utilized advantageously as a partial substitute for OPC with a proportion of up to 20% in the CPB mixture. When tested after 90 days, the combination modified with 5% CKD exhibited comparatively higher compressive strength than the control mixture.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Recycling Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as a Co-Binder Material in Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) Made with Copper Tailings","authors":"Ali Y. Al-Bakri, Haitham M. Ahmed, Mohammed A. Hefni","doi":"10.3390/min14080750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080750","url":null,"abstract":"Cement production may involve excessive use of natural resources and have negative environmental impacts, as energy consumption and CO2 emissions can cause air pollution and climate change. Cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product waste material, is also a primary issue associated with cement production. Utilizing CKD in mining applications is a pathway to eco-sustainable solutions. Cemented paste backfill (CPB) made with mine tailings is an efficient method for void backfilling in underground mines. Therefore, this study investigated the eco-sustainable utilization of CKD as a co-binder material that can partially replace cement in CPB prepared with copper tailings. At 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90-day curing times, the experimental campaign measured the physical and mechanical parameters of the cured CPB samples, including density, UCS, and elastic modulus (stiffness). Additionally, the CPB-cured mixes were analyzed using XRF, X-ray XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques to link the mineral phases and microstructure to mechanical performance. Four proportions (5, 10, 15, and 20%) of CKD represented in 75 samples were prepared to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the CPB mixtures, in addition to the reference mix (control) with 0% CKD. As all combinations exceed the compressive strength of CPB required for achieving stability in underground mines, the results showed that CKD could be utilized advantageously as a partial substitute for OPC with a proportion of up to 20% in the CPB mixture. When tested after 90 days, the combination modified with 5% CKD exhibited comparatively higher compressive strength than the control mixture.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the correlation between the electronic structure of the active sites on mineral surfaces and their adsorption capacity. Density functional theory (DFT) and flotation experiments are employed to examine the bonding behavior and adsorption enthalpy of ethylxanthate on pyrite (1 0 0) and arsenopyrite (0 0 1) surfaces. The results indicate that ethylxanthate adsorbs more significantly on pyrite than on arsenopyrite. The adsorption is chemical, primarily occurring through the orbitals of sulfur in the ethylxanthate and iron on the mineral surface. Compared to arsenopyrite, the d-band center of the iron atoms on the surface of pyrite is closer to the Fermi level; thus, the adsorption strength of ethylxanthate on the pyrite surface is greater than on arsenopyrite. The d-band centers of pyrite and arsenopyrite exhibit a direct relationship with their adsorption capacity.
本研究探讨了矿物表面活性位点的电子结构与其吸附能力之间的相关性。采用密度泛函理论（DFT）和浮选实验研究了黄铁矿（1 0 0）和砷黄铁矿（0 0 1）表面黄原酸乙酯的成键行为和吸附焓。结果表明，黄原酸乙酯在黄铁矿上的吸附比在砷黄铁矿上更明显。这种吸附是化学吸附，主要是通过黄原酸乙酯中硫的轨道和矿物表面铁的轨道发生的。与砷黄铁矿相比，黄铁矿表面铁原子的 d 波段中心更接近费米级；因此，黄铁矿表面的乙基黄原酸盐吸附强度比砷黄铁矿大。黄铁矿和砷黄铁矿的 d 波段中心与其吸附能力有直接关系。
{"title":"First Principle Study of the Relationship between Electronic Properties and Adsorption Energy: Xanthate Adsorption on Pyrite and Arsenopyrite","authors":"Qiang Cui, Chongjun Liu, Zehui Gao, Tong Lu, Zhiqiang Zhao, Yangge Zhu, Guiye Wu","doi":"10.3390/min14080749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080749","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the correlation between the electronic structure of the active sites on mineral surfaces and their adsorption capacity. Density functional theory (DFT) and flotation experiments are employed to examine the bonding behavior and adsorption enthalpy of ethylxanthate on pyrite (1 0 0) and arsenopyrite (0 0 1) surfaces. The results indicate that ethylxanthate adsorbs more significantly on pyrite than on arsenopyrite. The adsorption is chemical, primarily occurring through the orbitals of sulfur in the ethylxanthate and iron on the mineral surface. Compared to arsenopyrite, the d-band center of the iron atoms on the surface of pyrite is closer to the Fermi level; thus, the adsorption strength of ethylxanthate on the pyrite surface is greater than on arsenopyrite. The d-band centers of pyrite and arsenopyrite exhibit a direct relationship with their adsorption capacity.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Zhao, Fafu Wu, Xiang Cheng, Shunbo Cheng, Jinchao Wu, Yaoyan He, Chenggang Wang, Noura Lkebir, Sen Cui, Peng Hu, Jianxiong Wang, Peng Xiang, Jiangtao Liu
The Bou Dahar Pb-Zn district, located in the Moroccan High Atlas, is a typical carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn ore district (>30 Mt at 4 wt.% Pb, 4 wt.% Zn). In situ trace element analysis was performed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on galena and cerussite from different ore types. The galena is generally enriched in Ag and Sb, secondarily enriched in Cu, with a trace amount of Cd and As, but extremely depleted in Bi and Tl. The main substitution mechanism in galena is (Ag, Cu)+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+, and at high Sb concentrations, the further substitution of 2Sb3+ + □ ↔ 3Pb2+ (where □ represents a vacancy) took place. Micro-inclusions of Cu-Sb-bearing minerals (such as tetrahedrite) and Ag-bearing minerals (such as acanthite) may exist in some situations. The features of trace elements in galena show the existence of different coupled substitutions in vein-related ore, breccia-related ore, and strata-bound ore. This suggests that the Bou Dahar district experienced multistage mineralization. The MVT model alone cannot fully explain the ore-forming process. The cerussite replacing strata-bound galena is enriched in Sr, Ba, Ag, and Cu, with minor Sb, As, and Tl. Strontium and Ba are directly substituted with Pb in the cerussite lattice. Copper and Ag are likely present in cerussite as nano-inclusions, which differs from the coupled substitution mechanism of the original galena. High concentrations of Ag may occur due to minor electrum inclusions. The enrichment of Ag, Cu, and Au in cerussite during the oxidation process may guide the optimization of ore processing, especially in extracting valuable trace/minor elements.
{"title":"Trace Element Compositions of Galena and Cerussite from the Bou Dahar MVT District, Morocco: Insights from LA-ICP-MS Analyses","authors":"Kai Zhao, Fafu Wu, Xiang Cheng, Shunbo Cheng, Jinchao Wu, Yaoyan He, Chenggang Wang, Noura Lkebir, Sen Cui, Peng Hu, Jianxiong Wang, Peng Xiang, Jiangtao Liu","doi":"10.3390/min14080748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080748","url":null,"abstract":"The Bou Dahar Pb-Zn district, located in the Moroccan High Atlas, is a typical carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn ore district (>30 Mt at 4 wt.% Pb, 4 wt.% Zn). In situ trace element analysis was performed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on galena and cerussite from different ore types. The galena is generally enriched in Ag and Sb, secondarily enriched in Cu, with a trace amount of Cd and As, but extremely depleted in Bi and Tl. The main substitution mechanism in galena is (Ag, Cu)+ + Sb3+ ↔ 2Pb2+, and at high Sb concentrations, the further substitution of 2Sb3+ + □ ↔ 3Pb2+ (where □ represents a vacancy) took place. Micro-inclusions of Cu-Sb-bearing minerals (such as tetrahedrite) and Ag-bearing minerals (such as acanthite) may exist in some situations. The features of trace elements in galena show the existence of different coupled substitutions in vein-related ore, breccia-related ore, and strata-bound ore. This suggests that the Bou Dahar district experienced multistage mineralization. The MVT model alone cannot fully explain the ore-forming process. The cerussite replacing strata-bound galena is enriched in Sr, Ba, Ag, and Cu, with minor Sb, As, and Tl. Strontium and Ba are directly substituted with Pb in the cerussite lattice. Copper and Ag are likely present in cerussite as nano-inclusions, which differs from the coupled substitution mechanism of the original galena. High concentrations of Ag may occur due to minor electrum inclusions. The enrichment of Ag, Cu, and Au in cerussite during the oxidation process may guide the optimization of ore processing, especially in extracting valuable trace/minor elements.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Sichuan Basin in Southeastern China contains extensive bedded cherts dating back to the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian period. To investigate the origin and depositional environment of these cherts, we conducted a comprehensive study using field observations, thin sections microscopic, silicon isotope analysis, and major and trace element geochemistry of samples from three sections. Our results indicate that the cherts from Wufeng and Longmaxi formations are non-hydrothermal, normal biogenic seawater deposits mainly affected by terrigenous input and slightly associated with volcanic ash. Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T) and LaN/CeN ratios, δCe values and Fe2O3T/TiO2 − Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T), Fe2O3T/(100 − SiO2) − Al2O3/(100 − SiO2), 100 × (Fe2O3T/SiO2) – 100 × (Al2O3/SiO2), and LaN/CeN − Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T) discrimination diagrams indicated that the bedded cherts deposited in the continental margin environment.
{"title":"Geochemical Features, Origin, and Depositional Environment of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian Wufeng and Longmaxi Formation Cherts in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin","authors":"Xiangying Ge, Chuanlong Mou, Xin Men, Qiyu Wang, Qian Hou, Binsong Zheng, Feifei Chen","doi":"10.3390/min14080745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080745","url":null,"abstract":"The Sichuan Basin in Southeastern China contains extensive bedded cherts dating back to the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian period. To investigate the origin and depositional environment of these cherts, we conducted a comprehensive study using field observations, thin sections microscopic, silicon isotope analysis, and major and trace element geochemistry of samples from three sections. Our results indicate that the cherts from Wufeng and Longmaxi formations are non-hydrothermal, normal biogenic seawater deposits mainly affected by terrigenous input and slightly associated with volcanic ash. Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T) and LaN/CeN ratios, δCe values and Fe2O3T/TiO2 − Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T), Fe2O3T/(100 − SiO2) − Al2O3/(100 − SiO2), 100 × (Fe2O3T/SiO2) – 100 × (Al2O3/SiO2), and LaN/CeN − Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3T) discrimination diagrams indicated that the bedded cherts deposited in the continental margin environment.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lijun Tian, Tao Tao, Wuhui Duan, Jiaoyang Ruan, Chaoyong Hu, Yunxia Li, Xianglei Li, Hai Cheng, Ming Tan
The Hendy Test is widely used for assessing whether isotopic equilibrium was reached in speleothems by examining the δ18O and δ13C correlation along a single growth layer. However, stalagmite micro-layers are typically only a few micrometers thick and taper off from the center towards the sides, making it challenging to sample within the same growth layer in practice. To address this, we selected three caves in the monsoon region of China (Shihua Cave in the north, Heshang Cave in the central, and Baojinggong Cave in the south) to verify whether the modern cave calcite has reached equilibrium fractionation with drip water. We examined the spatial variations in the δ18O and δ13C values of farmed calcite on glass plates, which are analogous to a single growth layer. The δ18O and δ13C correlations of farmed calcite from different cave sites are consistently strong, suggesting that kinetic fractionation effects are prevalent, especially at the drip sites with lower drip rates due to longer CO2 degassing. The δ18O–δ13C covariations can also occur along speleothem growth axes on short time scales, while isotopic variations over longer time scales are still in response to climate change. We propose that the Hendy Test criteria might not be prerequisites to isotopic equilibrium, and a Replication Test provides a more reliable indication of the integrity of isotopic proxies in paleoclimate research.
{"title":"Reevaluating Hendy Test with Modern Cave Calcite from the Monsoon Region of China","authors":"Lijun Tian, Tao Tao, Wuhui Duan, Jiaoyang Ruan, Chaoyong Hu, Yunxia Li, Xianglei Li, Hai Cheng, Ming Tan","doi":"10.3390/min14080747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080747","url":null,"abstract":"The Hendy Test is widely used for assessing whether isotopic equilibrium was reached in speleothems by examining the δ18O and δ13C correlation along a single growth layer. However, stalagmite micro-layers are typically only a few micrometers thick and taper off from the center towards the sides, making it challenging to sample within the same growth layer in practice. To address this, we selected three caves in the monsoon region of China (Shihua Cave in the north, Heshang Cave in the central, and Baojinggong Cave in the south) to verify whether the modern cave calcite has reached equilibrium fractionation with drip water. We examined the spatial variations in the δ18O and δ13C values of farmed calcite on glass plates, which are analogous to a single growth layer. The δ18O and δ13C correlations of farmed calcite from different cave sites are consistently strong, suggesting that kinetic fractionation effects are prevalent, especially at the drip sites with lower drip rates due to longer CO2 degassing. The δ18O–δ13C covariations can also occur along speleothem growth axes on short time scales, while isotopic variations over longer time scales are still in response to climate change. We propose that the Hendy Test criteria might not be prerequisites to isotopic equilibrium, and a Replication Test provides a more reliable indication of the integrity of isotopic proxies in paleoclimate research.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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