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Design and control the selection of martensitic variant to simultaneously improve strength and toughness of low-carbon martensitic steel 设计和控制马氏体变体的选择,以同时提高低碳马氏体钢的强度和韧性
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114540
Bo Yang , Baoxi Liu , Zhichao Luo , Hui Yu , Fuxing Yin
In this paper, the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of low carbon steels during direct quenched and rolling followed by water-cooled processes were studied. Two experimental steels, which were directly quenched at 900 °C (Q900) and 1000 °C (Q1000), were compared with steels that were water-cooled after rolling at the same temperatures (R900 and R1000). Microstructural analyses using EBSD and TEM revealed that rolling reduced the size of prior austenite grains (PAGs), resulting in an average width of 3.6 μm, which influenced grain boundary distributions and variant selection. The best combination of strength, ductility and toughness was obtained in R900 steel, including tensile (with the yield strength of 1304 MPa, the total elongation of 22.95 %), Charpy impact (with the impact energy at 20 °C is 182 J), and fracture toughness evaluations (with the J1c is 326.28 KJ/m2), this demonstrates that R900 steel exhibited significantly enhanced strength and ductility compared to Q900 steel. Moreover, EBSD analysis of crack propagation paths highlighted the role of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) in enhancing fracture toughness by deflecting cracks. These findings underscore the critical role of PAGs size in tailoring microstructures to achieve superior mechanical properties in low carbon martensitic steels, offering insights for advanced material design and application in demanding structural and industrial contexts.
Keyworks.
low-carbon martensitic steel; strength and toughness; martensitic transformation; ductile-to-brittle transition phenomenon; selection of martensitic variants.
本文研究了低碳钢在直接淬火和轧制后水冷过程中的微观结构演变和机械性能。将在 900 °C (Q900) 和 1000 °C (Q1000) 温度下直接淬火的两种实验钢材与在相同温度下轧制后水冷的钢材 (R900 和 R1000) 进行了比较。利用 EBSD 和 TEM 进行的微观结构分析表明,轧制减小了先奥氏体晶粒 (PAG) 的尺寸,使其平均宽度减小到 3.6 μm,从而影响了晶界分布和变体选择。R900 钢获得了强度、延展性和韧性的最佳组合,包括拉伸(屈服强度为 1304 MPa,总伸长率为 22.95 %)、夏比冲击(20 °C 时的冲击能量为 182 J)和断裂韧性评估(J1c 为 326.28 KJ/m2),这表明与 Q900 钢相比,R900 钢的强度和延展性显著提高。此外,对裂纹扩展路径的 EBSD 分析凸显了高角度晶界 (HAGB) 在通过偏转裂纹提高断裂韧性方面的作用。这些发现强调了 PAGs 尺寸在调整微观结构以实现低碳马氏体钢优异机械性能方面的关键作用,为先进材料设计以及在要求严格的结构和工业环境中的应用提供了启示。关键字:低碳马氏体钢;强度和韧性;马氏体转变;韧性到脆性转变现象;马氏体变体的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Superpixel-based principal feature clustering annotation method for dual-phase microstructure segmentation 基于超像素主特征聚类标注的双相微结构分割方法
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114523
Shuanglan Lin , Lei Xu , Zhixing Guo , Dingcheng Zhang , Pangwei Zeng , Yuexin Tang , Hongliang Pei
Metallographic analysis is one of the most commonly used techniques by materials scientists for studying metal materials. The deep learning methods, which have been widely applied in metallographic images analysis, demonstrate excellent performance in this task. However, the optimization of deep learning models often relies on a substantial amount of accurately labeled samples for effective supervision. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel automatic annotation method based on brightness and spatial distribution which is suitable for deep learning-based segmentation of optical dual-phase metallographic microstructure. The proposed automatic annotated method includes the superpixel segmentation, principal feature extraction, and clustering algorithm therefore it is referred as the superpixel-based principal feature clustering annotation (SPFCA) method. SPFCA employs discriminative criteria similar to those used by metallurgists to differentiate between metallographic structures. Furthermore, it can mitigate the occasional errors inherent in manual annotation, leading to improved performance compared to models trained with expert annotations. Experimental validation was conducted using four self-built datasets with different image qualities to test the performance of models from different perspective. Initially, hyperparameter optimization for the SPFCA method tailored to our dataset was performed. Subsequently, SPFCA was utilized to guide the optimization of the convolutional neural network employed for segmentation. The results demonstrate that the segmentation model optimized with SPFCA guidance achieved an F1 score of 0.9226 in the single dataset without the need for manual labeling, surpassing the segmentation models optimized with expert annotations.
金相分析是材料科学家研究金属材料最常用的技术之一。深度学习方法已被广泛应用于金相图像分析,在这项任务中表现出卓越的性能。然而,深度学习模型的优化往往依赖于大量准确标注的样本来实现有效监督。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于亮度和空间分布的新型自动标注方法,该方法适用于基于深度学习的光学双相金相显微组织分割。所提出的自动标注方法包括超像素分割、主特征提取和聚类算法,因此被称为基于超像素的主特征聚类标注(SPFCA)方法。SPFCA 采用的判别标准类似于冶金学家用来区分金相结构的标准。此外,SPFCA 还能减少人工标注中偶尔出现的固有错误,与使用专家标注训练的模型相比,性能更佳。实验验证使用了四个自建的不同图像质量的数据集,从不同角度测试模型的性能。首先,针对我们的数据集,对 SPFCA 方法进行了超参数优化。随后,利用 SPFCA 指导用于分割的卷积神经网络的优化。结果表明,在 SPFCA 指导下优化的分割模型在单一数据集上的 F1 分数达到了 0.9226,无需人工标注,超过了使用专家注释优化的分割模型。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of micron-sized inclusions on the corrosion behavior of recycled Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy sheet 微米级夹杂物对再生铝锌镁铜合金板腐蚀行为的影响
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114517
Sen Du , Mingtao Wang , Shengen Zhang , Zhengfeng Lv , Zhiyuan Xu , Chen Liu , Jingtao Wang , Jun Liu , Bo Liu
The remelted aluminum scrap exhibits elevated inclusion levels, a condition inadequately addressed by contemporary refining methodologies, particularly with respect to the extraction of diminutive inclusions. The objective of this investigation is to delineate the repercussions of micron-scale inclusions on the corrosion behavior of recycled Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy sheets. Aluminum melts, varying in cleanliness, were reprocessed into sheet form and subsequently underwent solution-aging and annealing. Through electrochemical examinations and microstructure characterization, the study assessed the influence of inclusions on the corrosion resistance of the recycled Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy within an environment of near-neutral pH containing chlorine. The findings suggest that the presence of inclusions in recycled aluminum predominantly affects corrosion resistance by inducing microdefects in the neighboring matrix and by changing the grain structure. The shift in grain structure is particularly influential on the electrochemical properties of the recycled sheets, with an enhanced effect in the specimens treated with solid solution-aging.
重熔铝废料中的夹杂物含量较高,而现代精炼方法并未充分解决这一问题,尤其是在提取微小夹杂物方面。这项研究的目的是确定微米级夹杂物对再生铝-锌-镁-铜合金板腐蚀行为的影响。不同清洁度的铝熔体被重新加工成板材形式,随后进行固溶时效和退火处理。通过电化学检查和微结构表征,该研究评估了夹杂物在含氯的近中性 pH 值环境中对再生铝-锌-镁-铜合金耐腐蚀性的影响。研究结果表明,再生铝中夹杂物的存在主要通过诱导邻近基体的微缺陷和改变晶粒结构来影响耐腐蚀性。晶粒结构的变化对再生板材的电化学性能影响尤为明显,在经过固溶时效处理的试样中,这种影响更为显著。
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引用次数: 0
Achieving an excellent combination of strength and ductility in metastable β titanium alloys via coupling isothermal ω phase and TRIP/TWIP effects 通过等温ω相和 TRIP/TWIP 效应的耦合,在可转移β钛合金中实现强度和延展性的完美结合
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114531
Tengfeng Feng , Zhanglai Pan , Ningxin Li , Peiqian Zhang , Shanglin Zhang , Xinkai Ma
TRIP/TWIP metastable β titanium alloys demonstrate high strain hardening rates and excellent tensile ductility. However, the precipitation of nanometer-sized ω phase through microstructural control significantly improves strength but often results in a significant decrease in ductility. This research proposes a novel strategy by precipitating isothermal ω phase (ωiso) and integrating mechanical twinning/martensitic transformation to address these challenges. The single-phase β coarse-grained (CG) specimens of metastable Ti25Nb (at.%) alloy were subjected to solution treatment in the β phase region, followed by aging at 300 °C for 60 min to obtain CG60. The ωiso-reinforced CG60 specimen exhibited a 12 % uniform elongation (1 % higher than CG specimen) and a yield strength of 857 MPa (approximately 67 % higher than CG specimens). In the CG60 specimen, deformation mechanisms were mainly attributed to the TRIP, TWIP and dislocation slip, with TWIP being predominant. As aging time increased, ω phase (localized barriers) and improved β matrix stability progressively suppressed TRIP and TWIP effects, with TWIP being completely inhibited first. Transmission electron microscopy and computational findings suggest that larger ω phase contributes more significantly to the precipitation strengthening.
TRIP/TWIP 可蜕变β钛合金具有很高的应变硬化率和出色的拉伸延展性。然而,通过微结构控制析出纳米尺寸的ω相可显著提高强度,但往往会导致延展性显著下降。本研究提出了一种新策略,通过析出等温ω相(ωiso)并结合机械孪晶/马氏体转变来解决这些难题。对钛25铌(at.%)合金的单相β粗晶粒(CG)试样在β相区进行固溶处理,然后在300 ℃下时效60分钟,得到CG60。ω异强化 CG60 试样的均匀伸长率为 12%(比 CG 试样高 1%),屈服强度为 857 兆帕(比 CG 试样高约 67%)。在 CG60 试样中,变形机制主要归因于 TRIP、TWIP 和位错滑移,其中 TWIP 占主导地位。随着老化时间的延长,ω相(局部障碍)和β基体稳定性的提高逐渐抑制了TRIP和TWIP效应,TWIP首先被完全抑制。透射电子显微镜和计算结果表明,较大的 ω 相对沉淀强化的贡献更大。
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引用次数: 0
A soft scanning electron microscopy for efficient segmentation of alloy microstructures based on a new self-supervised pre-training deep learning network 基于新型自监督预训练深度学习网络的软扫描电子显微镜,用于高效分割合金微结构
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114532
Jinhan Zhang , Jingtai Yu , Xiaoran Wei , Kun Zhou , Weifei Niu , Yushun Wei , Cong Zhao , Gang Chen , Fengmin Jin , Kai Song
To provide an on-site metallographic segmentation using only optical microscopy images, sSEM-Net, a soft scanning electron microscopy network, is developed based on a self-supervised pre-training deep learning framework. During model training, only a sparse collection of SEM images is necessary for annotation assistance. By integrating CNN and Transformer, sSEM-Net efficiently utilizes global context information while mitigating data dependency and computational resource constraints. Using only readily available optical microscopy images as input, sSEM-Net achieves metallographic segmentation comparable to SEM images, catering to rapid and cost-effective industrial needs. This methodology leverages non-destructive inspection attributes, catering to rapid and cost-sensitive industrial requirements. The efficacy of the proposed sSEM-Net is demonstrated through metallographic structure analysis of TC4 titanium alloy, with potential extensions to other alloy types.
为了仅使用光学显微镜图像进行现场金相分割,我们基于自监督预训练深度学习框架开发了软扫描电子显微镜网络 sSEM-Net。在模型训练过程中,只需收集稀疏的扫描电子显微镜图像作为注释辅助。通过集成 CNN 和 Transformer,sSEM-Net 可有效利用全局上下文信息,同时减轻数据依赖性和计算资源限制。仅使用现成的光学显微镜图像作为输入,sSEM-Net 就能实现与 SEM 图像相当的金相分割,满足了快速、经济高效的工业需求。该方法利用非破坏性检测属性,满足了快速和成本敏感型工业需求。通过对 TC4 钛合金的金相结构分析,展示了所提出的 sSEM-Net 的功效,并有可能扩展到其他合金类型。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic regulation of nano-precipitates and reversed austenite in titanium-free maraging steel by low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment 低温固溶处理和双时效处理对无钛马氏体时效钢中纳米沉淀物和反转奥氏体的协同调控
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114499
Xin Liu, Zheye Liu, Ye Zhang, Yu Xiao, Zhiyuan Feng, Kaiyu Zhang, Wanliang Zhang, Chengshuang Zhou, Lin Zhang
To synergistically enhance the strength and toughness of titanium-free maraging steel, a multi-scale characterization method was used to illustrate the effects of low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment on the microstructure of titanium-free maraging steel in this paper. After the low-temperature solution treatment and the double aging treatment, the tensile strength of titanium-free maraging steel increased from 1954 MPa to 2160 MPa and the elongation increased by 8.95 %. By the low-temperature solution treatment, the original austenite grain size of the titanium-free maraging steel was refined to 0.69 μm. The double aging treatment promoted the diffusion of Mo and Ni elements, increased the volume fraction of ω phase, Ni3Mo nano-precipitation phase and reversed austenite, and refined the size of ω phase and Ni3Mo by 14.2 % and 7.9 %, respectively. The nanoparticles of titanium-free maraging steel mainly include the ω phase, Ni3Mo and Laves phase. The strengthening mechanism of nanoparticles was quantitatively evaluated from the shear mechanism and Orowan dislocation loop mechanism. The mechanism shows that the ω phase is the main contributor to the overall precipitation strengthening. Therefore, low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment provide a potential solution for achieving high strength and high toughness in maraging steel.
为了协同提高无钛马氏体时效钢的强度和韧性,本文采用多尺度表征方法说明了低温固溶处理和双时效处理对无钛马氏体时效钢微观组织的影响。经过低温固溶处理和双时效处理后,无钛马氏体时效钢的抗拉强度从 1954 MPa 提高到 2160 MPa,伸长率提高了 8.95%。通过低温固溶处理,无钛马氏体时效钢的原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸细化至 0.69 μm。双时效处理促进了 Mo 和 Ni 元素的扩散,提高了 ω 相、Ni3Mo 纳米沉淀相和反转奥氏体的体积分数,使 ω 相和 Ni3Mo 的尺寸分别细化了 14.2 % 和 7.9 %。无钛马氏体时效钢的纳米颗粒主要包括ω相、Ni3Mo 和 Laves 相。从剪切机制和奥罗万位错环机制出发,对纳米颗粒的强化机制进行了定量评估。该机制表明,ω相是整个析出强化的主要贡献者。因此,低温固溶处理和双时效处理为实现马氏体时效钢的高强度和高韧性提供了一种潜在的解决方案。
{"title":"Synergistic regulation of nano-precipitates and reversed austenite in titanium-free maraging steel by low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment","authors":"Xin Liu,&nbsp;Zheye Liu,&nbsp;Ye Zhang,&nbsp;Yu Xiao,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Feng,&nbsp;Kaiyu Zhang,&nbsp;Wanliang Zhang,&nbsp;Chengshuang Zhou,&nbsp;Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To synergistically enhance the strength and toughness of titanium-free maraging steel, a multi-scale characterization method was used to illustrate the effects of low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment on the microstructure of titanium-free maraging steel in this paper. After the low-temperature solution treatment and the double aging treatment, the tensile strength of titanium-free maraging steel increased from 1954 MPa to 2160 MPa and the elongation increased by 8.95 %. By the low-temperature solution treatment, the original austenite grain size of the titanium-free maraging steel was refined to 0.69 μm. The double aging treatment promoted the diffusion of Mo and Ni elements, increased the volume fraction of ω phase, Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo nano-precipitation phase and reversed austenite, and refined the size of ω phase and Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo by 14.2 % and 7.9 %, respectively. The nanoparticles of titanium-free maraging steel mainly include the ω phase, Ni<sub>3</sub>Mo and Laves phase. The strengthening mechanism of nanoparticles was quantitatively evaluated from the shear mechanism and Orowan dislocation loop mechanism. The mechanism shows that the ω phase is the main contributor to the overall precipitation strengthening. Therefore, low-temperature solution treatment and double aging treatment provide a potential solution for achieving high strength and high toughness in maraging steel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 114499"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microstructural evolution, crystallographic texture, grain morphology, and mechanical integrity of wire arc additively manufactured Inconel 625 alloy 线弧快速成型 Inconel 625 合金的微结构演变、结晶纹理、晶粒形态和机械完整性
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114525
Gaurav Kishor , Krishna Kishore Mugada , Raju Prasad Mahto , Aravindan Sivanandam , Ravi Kumar Digavalli , Murugaiyan Amirthalingam
The material in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) undergoes complex material flow and multiple thermal heating and cooling cycles, forming highly heterogeneous microstructures in terms of size, crystallographic orientations, and mechanical properties. The inhomogeneity also depends on the dislocation density and phases, which are influenced by the thermal history of the process. In this study, the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process was used to deposit a 60-layer build of Inconel 625 alloy. Detailed variations in the microstructural size, orientations, and phases along the building direction were studied using optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructural observations reveal dendrites, equiaxed crystals, cellular, and columnar structures with primary and secondary dendrites. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) followed by abnormal grain growth was found in the build. The average grain size varies with deposited height, with a grain size of around 13 ± 1 μm near the substrate, 45 ± 1 μm in the middle region, and 18 ± 1 μm at the top. The top region exhibited a strong intensity of recrystallized Cube, Cube-ND, and Cube-RD textures, with weaker intensities of copper and brass textures. The middle and bottom regions show strong intensities of Goss, copper, F, S, and E textures, respectively. The highest dislocation density of 5.122 × 10−4 nm−2 was found in the top region, while the lowest (4.14 × 10−4 nm−2) was observed in the bottom region. The ultimate tensile strength of the build ranged from 603 ± 05 MPa to 699 ± 10 MPa, while the yield strength varied from 313 ± 07 MPa to 365 ± 08 MPa along different orientations. Vickers hardness results showed a slight variation, from 240 ± 5 to 260 ± 2 HV, from bottom to the top of the deposited build. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the microstructural evolution mechanism and mechanical behavior of WAAM-fabricated Inconel 625, which can guide other researchers in optimizing process parameters, enhancing material properties, and understanding the effects of thermal history on additive manufacturing of high-performance alloys.
线弧增材制造(WAAM)中的材料会经历复杂的材料流动和多次热加热与冷却循环,从而在尺寸、晶体取向和机械性能方面形成高度异质的微结构。这种不均匀性还取决于位错密度和相位,而位错密度和相位又受到工艺热历史的影响。本研究采用冷金属转移 (CMT) 工艺沉积了 60 层 Inconel 625 合金。使用光学显微镜、电子反向散射衍射 (EBSD) 和 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 对沿构建方向的微结构尺寸、取向和相位的详细变化进行了研究。微观结构观察结果显示了树枝状晶体、等轴晶、蜂窝状和柱状结构,以及一级和二级树枝状晶体。在构建过程中发现了动态再结晶(DRX)和异常晶粒生长。平均晶粒大小随沉积高度而变化,基底附近的晶粒大小约为 13 ± 1 μm,中间区域为 45 ± 1 μm,顶部为 18 ± 1 μm。顶部区域的再结晶立方体、立方体-ND 和立方体-RD 纹理强度较高,铜和黄铜纹理强度较弱。中间和底部区域分别显示出较强的 Goss、铜、F、S 和 E 纹理强度。顶部区域的位错密度最高,为 5.122 × 10-4 nm-2,而底部区域的位错密度最低(4.14 × 10-4 nm-2)。构建物的极限抗拉强度从 603 ± 05 兆帕到 699 ± 10 兆帕不等,而屈服强度沿不同方向从 313 ± 07 兆帕到 365 ± 08 兆帕不等。维氏硬度结果显示,从沉积构建体的底部到顶部,维氏硬度从 240 ± 5 HV 到 260 ± 2 HV 之间略有变化。本研究的结果为了解 WAAM 制成的 Inconel 625 的微观结构演变机制和机械性能提供了宝贵的见解,可指导其他研究人员优化工艺参数、提高材料性能以及了解热历史对高性能合金增材制造的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A trade-off between the diffusion depth, the thickness of the Tb-rich shell and the surface grain coarsening during the grain boundary diffusion of sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets 烧结 Nd-Ce-Fe-B 磁体晶界扩散过程中扩散深度、富铽壳厚度和表面晶粒粗化之间的权衡
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114527
Jie Wang, Fugang Chen, Xiaoli Wang, Yong Zhao, Juan Fu
The grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP) has become one of the main methods to enhance the coercivity of Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets. In this study, we examined how the magnetic properties of sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets are influenced by the combined impacts of diffusion depth, Tb-rich shell thickness, and surface grain coarsening after conducting grain boundary diffusion. There exists a trade-off between achieving a desired diffusion depth and avoiding excessive surface grain coarsening. To examine this trade-off, samples with varying diffusion depths were prepared through controlled diffusion time. Results revealed that compared to the original annealed magnets, the coercivity increments of the magnets diffused for 1 h and 3 h were 148 kA/m and 290 kA/m, respectively, while the coercivity of the magnet diffused for 9 h remained nearly the same as that diffused for 3 h. Microstructural analysis indicated that surface grain coarsening intensified with increasing diffusion time, leading to a reduction in the surface diffusion channels, thereby diminishing diffusion efficiency. In addition, strong mutual diffusion was observed between the magnet and the diffusion source. Furthermore, micromagnetic simulation studies revealed that severe surface grain coarsening limits the enhancement of coercivity even with increased depth of diffusion and thickness of the Tb-rich shell layer. This study offers valuable insights into the correlation between diffusion depth, Tb-rich shell thickness, surface grain coarsening, and the ultimate magnetic properties in sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets after GBDP, providing guidance for enhancing the efficiency of GBDP.
晶界扩散过程(GBDP)已成为提高钕铁硼磁体矫顽力的主要方法之一。在这项研究中,我们考察了烧结钕铈钴磁体的磁性能在进行晶界扩散后如何受到扩散深度、富铽壳厚度和表面晶粒粗化的综合影响。在实现理想的扩散深度和避免过度的表面晶粒粗化之间存在权衡。为了研究这种权衡,我们通过控制扩散时间制备了不同扩散深度的样品。结果显示,与原始退火磁体相比,扩散 1 小时和 3 小时的磁体的矫顽力分别增加了 148 kA/m 和 290 kA/m,而扩散 9 小时的磁体的矫顽力几乎与扩散 3 小时的磁体相同。此外,在磁体和扩散源之间也观察到了强烈的相互扩散。此外,微磁模拟研究表明,即使扩散深度和富铽壳层厚度增加,严重的表面晶粒粗化也会限制矫顽力的增强。这项研究对 GBDP 后烧结钕铁硼磁体的扩散深度、富铽外壳厚度、表面晶粒粗化和最终磁性能之间的相关性提供了宝贵的见解,为提高 GBDP 的效率提供了指导。
{"title":"A trade-off between the diffusion depth, the thickness of the Tb-rich shell and the surface grain coarsening during the grain boundary diffusion of sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets","authors":"Jie Wang,&nbsp;Fugang Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoli Wang,&nbsp;Yong Zhao,&nbsp;Juan Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The grain boundary diffusion process (GBDP) has become one of the main methods to enhance the coercivity of Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets. In this study, we examined how the magnetic properties of sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets are influenced by the combined impacts of diffusion depth, Tb-rich shell thickness, and surface grain coarsening after conducting grain boundary diffusion. There exists a trade-off between achieving a desired diffusion depth and avoiding excessive surface grain coarsening. To examine this trade-off, samples with varying diffusion depths were prepared through controlled diffusion time. Results revealed that compared to the original annealed magnets, the coercivity increments of the magnets diffused for 1 h and 3 h were 148 kA/m and 290 kA/m, respectively, while the coercivity of the magnet diffused for 9 h remained nearly the same as that diffused for 3 h. Microstructural analysis indicated that surface grain coarsening intensified with increasing diffusion time, leading to a reduction in the surface diffusion channels, thereby diminishing diffusion efficiency. In addition, strong mutual diffusion was observed between the magnet and the diffusion source. Furthermore, micromagnetic simulation studies revealed that severe surface grain coarsening limits the enhancement of coercivity even with increased depth of diffusion and thickness of the Tb-rich shell layer. This study offers valuable insights into the correlation between diffusion depth, Tb-rich shell thickness, surface grain coarsening, and the ultimate magnetic properties in sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets after GBDP, providing guidance for enhancing the efficiency of GBDP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 114527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of defects on the high-temperature performance of selective laser melting K418 superalloys: An in-situ 3D X-ray analysis 缺陷对选择性激光熔化 K418 超合金高温性能的影响:原位 3D X 射线分析
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114533
Xiaoxuan Zhang , Xinhao Liu , Rengeng Li , He Wu , Yi Ma , Kesong Miao , Hao Wu , Xuewen Li , Guohua Fan
Defects are inevitable in selective laser melting process, significantly impacting the mechanical properties of materials and reducing their service life. In this study, the effects of various defects and their distribution on the high-temperature mechanical performance of the selective laser melted K418 superalloys were investigated via an in-situ 3D X-ray analysis and finite element method. The results showed that the selective laser melting process can significantly enhance the strength of the K418 sample, while degrading the fracture elongation. The sphericity and location of defects are the two key parameters influencing the mechanical performance. The defects with low sphericity at the sub-surface resulted in elevated local stress and strain, accounting for the significant degradation in fracture elongation. Locally increased stress and accumulated strain around lack of fusion defects at the sub-surface contribute to the initiation and propagation of crack. This study provides inspiration for understanding the correlation between the defects and mechanical properties.
缺陷在选择性激光熔化过程中不可避免,会严重影响材料的机械性能并降低其使用寿命。本研究通过原位三维 X 射线分析和有限元法研究了各种缺陷及其分布对选择性激光熔化 K418 超合金高温力学性能的影响。结果表明,选择性激光熔化工艺可显著提高 K418 样品的强度,同时降低断裂伸长率。缺陷的球度和位置是影响力学性能的两个关键参数。次表层球度较低的缺陷导致局部应力和应变升高,是断裂伸长率显著下降的原因。次表层缺乏融合缺陷周围的局部应力增加和应变累积导致了裂纹的产生和扩展。这项研究为理解缺陷与机械性能之间的相关性提供了启发。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Fuel Cladding Chemical Interaction on a High Burnup U-10Zr Metallic Fuel via Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Enhanced by Machine Learning 通过机器学习增强的电子能量损失能谱分析高燃耗 U-10Zr 金属燃料包层化学相互作用的特征
IF 4.8 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114524
Arnold Pradhan , Fei Xu , Daniele Salvato , Indrajit Charit , Colin Judge , Luca Capriotti , Tiankai Yao
Fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) plays a key role in limiting the performance of metallic fuels in nuclear applications. A comprehensive analysis of chemical elements present in FCCI region is the basis for understanding the phenomena and developing potential mitigating strategies. The detection of low atomic number elements (Z < 11) and lanthanide fission products is challenging for energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This work used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) based electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to study the distribution of carbon and lanthanides in the FCCI region of a solid U-10Zr (wt%) fuel irradiated to 13.2 at. % burnup at the Fast Flux Testing Facility (FFTF). Processing the STEM-EELS data involved three major steps: 1) enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio by denoising the STEM-EELS spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) methods; 2) identification and mapping of chemical elements with core energy loss edges; 3) microstructural phase segmentation using the K-means clustering method. STEM-EELS analysis indicated the formation of zirconium carbide, a rind-like microstructural phase, in the FCCI region between fuel and cladding. The rind appeared to remain intact at this location for the studied burnup. The study also revealed a shift in the plasmon peak between zirconium-rich region and zirconium carbide. The STEM-EELS mappings demonstrated a different distribution of Ce from other lanthanide elements, such as La, Pr, and Nd, suggesting that the effect of lanthanides in the FCCI region should be separately investigated. The use of K-means clustering method on the STEM-EELS spectra of the FCCI region revealed different phases, especially Fe-Ce and Zr-C, that concurred with the findings from STEM-EELS elemental mappings.
燃料包壳化学相互作用(FCCI)在限制核应用中金属燃料的性能方面起着关键作用。对 FCCI 区域中存在的化学元素进行全面分析,是理解这一现象和制定潜在缓解策略的基础。低原子序数元素(Z < 11)和镧系元素裂变产物的检测对于能量色散 X 射线光谱(EDS)来说具有挑战性。这项工作使用基于扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)的电子能量损失光谱(EELS)来研究在快速通量反应堆中辐照至 13.2 at.在快速通量试验设施(FFTF)中辐照至 13.2 at.STEM-EELS 数据处理包括三个主要步骤:1) 使用主成分分析 (PCA) 方法对 STEM-EELS 光谱进行去噪处理,从而提高信噪比;2) 识别和绘制具有核心能量损失边缘的化学元素;3) 使用 K-means 聚类方法进行微结构相划分。STEM-EELS 分析表明,在燃料和包壳之间的 FCCI 区域形成了碳化锆,这是一种类似于磨砂的微观结构相。在所研究的燃烧过程中,碳化锆似乎在这一位置保持完好。研究还发现,富锆区域和碳化锆区域之间的等离子峰发生了移动。STEM-EELS 映射显示,铈与其他镧系元素(如镧、镨和钕)的分布不同,这表明应单独研究镧系元素在 FCCI 区域的影响。在 FCCI 区域的 STEM-EELS 光谱上使用 K-means 聚类方法发现了不同的相,特别是铁-铈和锆-铈,这与 STEM-EELS 元素映射的结果一致。
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