Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.249
K. Sołek
Processing of steel in the semi-solid state concerns mainly continuous casting and thixoforming processes. Continuous casting is usually applied within the confines of steel making processes. Due to stringent process requirements, thixotropic forming of steel alloys has not been practically applied in industry yet. However, it is believed that this method could be used for forming selected products. Thixoforming could be treated as alternative method of production for forging techniques in the case non-plastic alloys. In this paper the method of development of globular microstructure, thixoforming process and analysis of rheological properties of selected steels were described.
{"title":"THIXOFORMING OF HIGH-MELTING-POINT ALLOYS","authors":"K. Sołek","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.249","url":null,"abstract":"Processing of steel in the semi-solid state concerns mainly continuous casting and thixoforming processes. Continuous casting is usually applied within the confines of steel making processes. Due to stringent process requirements, thixotropic forming of steel alloys has not been practically applied in industry yet. However, it is believed that this method could be used for forming selected products. Thixoforming could be treated as alternative method of production for forging techniques in the case non-plastic alloys. In this paper the method of development of globular microstructure, thixoforming process and analysis of rheological properties of selected steels were described.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85026571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.199
Piotr Bubrowski, Piotr Matysik
A review of various models of the management and techniques using in the production sector to create a proposal of an example in a model department of the heat treatment of AlSiMg alloys. The results of these works were a cost reduction in the final product to help the customer by creating benefits for them – for example, in lowering prices. If we could use the proposed models of management and optimization of technology to implement a unique model in the department of heat treatment, we can increase the mechanical properties of casting due to the economic benefits. To create a unique model of management in the department of heat treatment, it is necessary to have two ways of knowledge about the economy and foundry know-how of innovation technology – that was improved in this article.
{"title":"TIME MANAGEMENT – ON EXAMPLE OF MODEL DEPARTMENT OF HEAT TREATMENT OF AlSiMg ALLOY","authors":"Piotr Bubrowski, Piotr Matysik","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.199","url":null,"abstract":"A review of various models of the management and techniques using in the production sector to create a proposal of an example in a model department of the heat treatment of AlSiMg alloys. The results of these works were a cost reduction in the final product to help the customer by creating benefits for them – for example, in lowering prices. If we could use the proposed models of management and optimization of technology to implement a unique model in the department of heat treatment, we can increase the mechanical properties of casting due to the economic benefits. To create a unique model of management in the department of heat treatment, it is necessary to have two ways of knowledge about the economy and foundry know-how of innovation technology – that was improved in this article.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85166944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.153
E. Czekaj, A. Garbacz-Klempka, Z. Kwak
This article presents research the results of the mechanical properties at the ambient temperatureof hypoeutectic cast silumin EN AC-AlSi7Mg0.3 (according to EN 1706:2011; analogic to alloyA356 according to AA – the Aluminum Association). As related to the commonly known and usedprocess of immersion during quenching, the research also used a micro-jet system of cooling.After quenching, the experimental samples were also submitted to artificial aging in three differentvariations. The achieved results were compared with the mechanical properties of the alloyin the as-cast state. Samples from the experimental alloy were subjected to micro-jet cooling during quenching;in principle, they had a similar level of properties as related to the samples that were cooled byimmersion; only in some cases did the micro-jet cooling give better results. Further works in the field should be aimed at constructing machines for micro-jet cooling with water pressure levelssignificantly higher than the typical pressure of community waterworks.
{"title":"Comparison of impact of immersed and micro-jet cooling during quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg0.3","authors":"E. Czekaj, A. Garbacz-Klempka, Z. Kwak","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.153","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents research the results of the mechanical properties at the ambient temperatureof hypoeutectic cast silumin EN AC-AlSi7Mg0.3 (according to EN 1706:2011; analogic to alloyA356 according to AA – the Aluminum Association). As related to the commonly known and usedprocess of immersion during quenching, the research also used a micro-jet system of cooling.After quenching, the experimental samples were also submitted to artificial aging in three differentvariations. The achieved results were compared with the mechanical properties of the alloyin the as-cast state. Samples from the experimental alloy were subjected to micro-jet cooling during quenching;in principle, they had a similar level of properties as related to the samples that were cooled byimmersion; only in some cases did the micro-jet cooling give better results. Further works in the field should be aimed at constructing machines for micro-jet cooling with water pressure levelssignificantly higher than the typical pressure of community waterworks.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"148 1","pages":"153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75654351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.1.67
M. Wojciechowska, K. Ziewiec, Jarosław Ferenc
{"title":"Investigations of microstructure and phase transformations of Fe71.25Si9.5B14.25In5 alloy","authors":"M. Wojciechowska, K. Ziewiec, Jarosław Ferenc","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76698784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.141
V. Boyko, E. Czekaj, M. Warmuzek, K. Mykhalenkov
The strength of Al-Mg-Si-Mn casting alloy strongly depends on Mg content in solid solution and precipitation of strengthening phases. Alloys with the nominal composition AlMg5Si2Mn with addition of Li and Ti+Zr were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). DSC measurements show that the eutectic melting temperature was about 595°C and it is higher than that of commercial A356 casting alloy. The macro- and microhardness tests show that in as-cast state hardness were higher than for A356 and continuously growth during artificial aging. TEM investigations reveal that during artificial aging three different precipitation types are forms in the alloy matrix. Two of them belong to the different structures of Mg 2 Si precipitates. Appearance of the third one identified as d’-Al3Li phase represent that Al-Mg-Si system can be successfully used for designing of Li-containing casting alloy which is not developed yet.
{"title":"DESIGN OF NEW CASTING ALLOYS OF Al-Mg-Si-Mn SYSTEM WITH ALLOYING ADDITIONS, ITS STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES","authors":"V. Boyko, E. Czekaj, M. Warmuzek, K. Mykhalenkov","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.141","url":null,"abstract":"The strength of Al-Mg-Si-Mn casting alloy strongly depends on Mg content in solid solution and precipitation of strengthening phases. Alloys with the nominal composition AlMg5Si2Mn with addition of Li and Ti+Zr were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX). DSC measurements show that the eutectic melting temperature was about 595°C and it is higher than that of commercial A356 casting alloy. The macro- and microhardness tests show that in as-cast state hardness were higher than for A356 and continuously growth during artificial aging. TEM investigations reveal that during artificial aging three different precipitation types are forms in the alloy matrix. Two of them belong to the different structures of Mg 2 Si precipitates. Appearance of the third one identified as d’-Al3Li phase represent that Al-Mg-Si system can be successfully used for designing of Li-containing casting alloy which is not developed yet.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84222519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.313
Prashant Parhad, A. Likhite, J. Bhatt, D. Peshwe
The present paper examines and compares the influence of austempering parameters such as temperature and time on the isothermal transformation and microstructural changes of ductile iron. To identify the compositional and structural changes during an isothermal transformation, a very wide austempering period is chosen at a transformation temperature for the precise determination of the process window. XRD, optical, and scanning electron microscopic techniques are exploited to identify and analyze the changes in the austempered structure, at austempering temperatures of 250°C and 400°C. The various structural parameters like austenite volume fraction (Vg, its carbon content (Cg), lattice parameter, and the average cell size of the ferrite are ascertained. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to identify the carbide precipitation obtained due to the austempering Stage-II reaction. It is noticed that, at the end of the austempering Stage-II reaction, there is a significant reduction in the volume fraction of stabilized austenite and it’s carbon content, as the microstructure at this stage not only contains ausferrite but also additional precipitated iron carbides. With an increase in austempering time, the austenite and ferrite volume fraction increase until the austenite becomes stabilized with sufficient carbon. The increase in the lattice parameter of the austenite during austempering corresponds to the rise in carbon content within the austenite. A rise in the austempering temperature leads to a reduction in the volume fraction of the ferrite and an increase in the stabilized austenite volume fraction. The optimum isothermal transformation period for austempered ductile iron is established, based on the period during which the maximum content of the austenite volume fraction, its carbon, the lattice parameter, and the average cell size of the ferrite are maintained.
{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATION PERIOD FOR AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON","authors":"Prashant Parhad, A. Likhite, J. Bhatt, D. Peshwe","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.313","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper examines and compares the influence of austempering parameters such as temperature and time on the isothermal transformation and microstructural changes of ductile iron. To identify the compositional and structural changes during an isothermal transformation, a very wide austempering period is chosen at a transformation temperature for the precise determination of the process window. XRD, optical, and scanning electron microscopic techniques are exploited to identify and analyze the changes in the austempered structure, at austempering temperatures of 250°C and 400°C. The various structural parameters like austenite volume fraction (Vg, its carbon content (Cg), lattice parameter, and the average cell size of the ferrite are ascertained. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to identify the carbide precipitation obtained due to the austempering Stage-II reaction. It is noticed that, at the end of the austempering Stage-II reaction, there is a significant reduction in the volume fraction of stabilized austenite and it’s carbon content, as the microstructure at this stage not only contains ausferrite but also additional precipitated iron carbides. With an increase in austempering time, the austenite and ferrite volume fraction increase until the austenite becomes stabilized with sufficient carbon. The increase in the lattice parameter of the austenite during austempering corresponds to the rise in carbon content within the austenite. A rise in the austempering temperature leads to a reduction in the volume fraction of the ferrite and an increase in the stabilized austenite volume fraction. The optimum isothermal transformation period for austempered ductile iron is established, based on the period during which the maximum content of the austenite volume fraction, its carbon, the lattice parameter, and the average cell size of the ferrite are maintained.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90665596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.133
R. Romankiewicz, F. Romankiewicz
Research on the modification of manganese-iron brass CuZn40Mn3Fe with the use of variable additions of titanium and boron have shown that these additives cause fragmentation (refinement) of the structures (grains and precipitates of phase a) and an increase in the amount of precipitations of phase a in the brass structure. As a result of this modification, growth in the brass impact resistance (from 40 J/cm2 to 46–48 J/cm2) and tensile strength (from 400 MPa to 509 MPa) are achieved.
{"title":"RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF MODIFICATION ON STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE-IRON BRASS CuZn40Mn3Fe","authors":"R. Romankiewicz, F. Romankiewicz","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.133","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the modification of manganese-iron brass CuZn40Mn3Fe with the use of variable additions of titanium and boron have shown that these additives cause fragmentation (refinement) of the structures (grains and precipitates of phase a) and an increase in the amount of precipitations of phase a in the brass structure. As a result of this modification, growth in the brass impact resistance (from 40 J/cm2 to 46–48 J/cm2) and tensile strength (from 400 MPa to 509 MPa) are achieved.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87382792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.169
J. Grzegorek, A. Tarasek, B. Olszowska-Sobieraj, P. Lewicki
Qualitative microstructure investigations of the AlSiMg alloy’s microstructure in both its original state (with the characteristic primary structure) and after precipitation hardening revealed the significant heterogeneity of the eutectic phases concerning their shape, size, and distribution. An evaluation of the stereological parameters of the eutectic phases was carried out. The computer-image analysis was performed in order to define the fraction of the relative volume and shape of the eutectic phases and to establish their influence on the mechanical properties.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF CHANGES OF STEREOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF EUTECTIC PHASES IN AlSiMg ALLOY AFTER PRECIPITATION HARDENING","authors":"J. Grzegorek, A. Tarasek, B. Olszowska-Sobieraj, P. Lewicki","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.3.169","url":null,"abstract":"Qualitative microstructure investigations of the AlSiMg alloy’s microstructure in both its original state (with the characteristic primary structure) and after precipitation hardening revealed the significant heterogeneity of the eutectic phases concerning their shape, size, and distribution. An evaluation of the stereological parameters of the eutectic phases was carried out. The computer-image analysis was performed in order to define the fraction of the relative volume and shape of the eutectic phases and to establish their influence on the mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"144 1","pages":"169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86196042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.269
I. Sulima, P. Hyjek
The friction coefficient and wear behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel and 316L steel + 8vol% TiB2 + 1vol% B composites were investigated within a temperature range of 20°C to 800°C. The materials were prepared by the powder metallurgy method. The wear behavior was studied by using a ball-on-disc wear tester at room temperature. The surface before and after wear tests was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the friction coefficient and wear resistance of stel-8TiB2-1B composites depend on the wear test conditions.
{"title":"EFFECT OF TEST CONDITIONS ON WEAR PROPERTIES OF STEEL-MATRIX COMPOSITES","authors":"I. Sulima, P. Hyjek","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2017.43.4.269","url":null,"abstract":"The friction coefficient and wear behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel and 316L steel + 8vol% TiB2 + 1vol% B composites were investigated within a temperature range of 20°C to 800°C. The materials were prepared by the powder metallurgy method. The wear behavior was studied by using a ball-on-disc wear tester at room temperature. The surface before and after wear tests was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the friction coefficient and wear resistance of stel-8TiB2-1B composites depend on the wear test conditions.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"87 1","pages":"269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83436279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.7494/mafe.2017.43.3.179
J. Grzegorek, A. Tarasek, B. Olszowska-Sobieraj, Ł. Maj
This article discusses the nucleation and propagation of microcracks in gravity-cast aluminum--silicon and aluminum-lit alloys. Microstructural observations were made on both an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. In addition, hardness measurements were made using the Vickers indenter and strength tests – a static compression test. Experiments have allowed us to determine the very important differences in both the nucleation and propagation of microcracks emerging after crossing the yield point between gravity-cast aluminum-silicon aluminum alloys.
{"title":"NUCLEATION OF MICROCRACKS AND THEIR PROPAGATION IN GRAVITY-CAST Al-Si AND Al-Li ALLOYS","authors":"J. Grzegorek, A. Tarasek, B. Olszowska-Sobieraj, Ł. Maj","doi":"10.7494/mafe.2017.43.3.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/mafe.2017.43.3.179","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the nucleation and propagation of microcracks in gravity-cast aluminum--silicon and aluminum-lit alloys. Microstructural observations were made on both an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. In addition, hardness measurements were made using the Vickers indenter and strength tests – a static compression test. Experiments have allowed us to determine the very important differences in both the nucleation and propagation of microcracks emerging after crossing the yield point between gravity-cast aluminum-silicon aluminum alloys.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"108 1","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88052040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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