Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.147
P. Palimąka, S. Pietrzyk
The solid electrolytes based on sodium cryolite are present in aluminium electrolysers as frozen crystals formed on the side walls of the carbon lining (side ledge). Their main task is to protect the lining from the effect of liquid electrolyte and ensure temperature stabilization during the process of electrolysis. On the other hand, being electrically conductive, they can reduce the current efficiency. In this study, the value of the electronic component of the total conductivity of the solidified electrolytes of different compositions was determined. It was found that the highest electronic conductivity is exhibited by electrolytes containing both aluminium and calcium fluoride. However, the electronic component of the total conductivity is not high and reaches 0.1-2.3 mS/cm. Its share in the total conductivity of the solid multi-component electrolytes varies and, depending on their composition, is in the range of 1 ÷ 10%.
{"title":"The Electronic Component of Solid Fluoride Electrolytes","authors":"P. Palimąka, S. Pietrzyk","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.147","url":null,"abstract":"The solid electrolytes based on sodium cryolite are present in aluminium electrolysers as frozen crystals formed on the side walls of the carbon lining (side ledge). Their main task is to protect the lining from the effect of liquid electrolyte and ensure temperature stabilization during the process of electrolysis. On the other hand, being electrically conductive, they can reduce the current efficiency. In this study, the value of the electronic component of the total conductivity of the solidified electrolytes of different compositions was determined. It was found that the highest electronic conductivity is exhibited by electrolytes containing both aluminium and calcium fluoride. However, the electronic component of the total conductivity is not high and reaches 0.1-2.3 mS/cm. Its share in the total conductivity of the solid multi-component electrolytes varies and, depending on their composition, is in the range of 1 ÷ 10%.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"74 1","pages":"147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83739484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.2.127
E. Rudnik
The European Union has established strict requirements for the recycling of spent batteries and accumulators. In Poland, this waste is currently recycled pyrometallurgically solely for Cd, Zn, Pb and ferronickel recovery. However, waste cells (Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Li-ion) represent a source of strategic metals (Ni, Co, Li). This paper shows an analysis of the market and applications of nickel and Li-ion batteries as well as current state of domestic collection and recycling of spent cells.
{"title":"COLLECTION AND RECYCLING OF SPENT NICKEL AND LITHIUM BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS IN POLAND","authors":"E. Rudnik","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.2.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.2.127","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union has established strict requirements for the recycling of spent batteries and accumulators. In Poland, this waste is currently recycled pyrometallurgically solely for Cd, Zn, Pb and ferronickel recovery. However, waste cells (Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, Li-ion) represent a source of strategic metals (Ni, Co, Li). This paper shows an analysis of the market and applications of nickel and Li-ion batteries as well as current state of domestic collection and recycling of spent cells.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74696700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.157
Patrícia Krištofová, E. Rudnik, A. Miškufová
The paper shows a review of the literature data on the possibilities of indium recovery from ITO layers of waste LCD and LED displays. A short characterization of indium, its compounds, resources, production and applications are presented. Structure and operation of LCD displays were shown. Detailed analysis of ITO leaching, methods of indium(III) ions separation from the leachate solutions (SX, HoLLE, IX) as well as recovery of final products (precipitation, cementation, electrowinning) were discussed.
{"title":"Hydrometallurgical methods of indium recovery from obsolete LCD and LED panels","authors":"Patrícia Krištofová, E. Rudnik, A. Miškufová","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2016.42.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"The paper shows a review of the literature data on the possibilities of indium recovery from ITO layers of waste LCD and LED displays. A short characterization of indium, its compounds, resources, production and applications are presented. Structure and operation of LCD displays were shown. Detailed analysis of ITO leaching, methods of indium(III) ions separation from the leachate solutions (SX, HoLLE, IX) as well as recovery of final products (precipitation, cementation, electrowinning) were discussed.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77047509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-18DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.85
M. Raza, R. Svenningsson, M. Irwin
The global requirements on lower fuel consumption and emissions are increasing the demand for lowering the weight of cast components. Reducing the wall thickness of cast components is one way of achieving this. The aim of this work was to investigate castability of 17-4PH stainless steel in thin-walled test geometries (less than 2mm). The casting trials were performed to investigate the fluidity as a function of casting temperature, mold preheat temperature and filling systems in thin-walled sections. It was observed that fluidityin a top-gated configuration is strongly affected by casting temperature, however, effect of mold pre heat temperature on fluidity was not significant. On the other hand, castings made in bottom-gated configuration were more stable and fluidity was not significantly affected by variation in casting temperature and mold preheat temperature. Less porosityand flow-related defects were observed in the bottom-gated system as compared to top-gated system.
{"title":"Experimental study of the filling of thin-walled investment Castings in 17-4PH stainless steel","authors":"M. Raza, R. Svenningsson, M. Irwin","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.85","url":null,"abstract":"The global requirements on lower fuel consumption and emissions are increasing the demand for lowering the weight of cast components. Reducing the wall thickness of cast components is one way of achieving this. The aim of this work was to investigate castability of 17-4PH stainless steel in thin-walled test geometries (less than 2mm). The casting trials were performed to investigate the fluidity as a function of casting temperature, mold preheat temperature and filling systems in thin-walled sections. It was observed that fluidityin a top-gated configuration is strongly affected by casting temperature, however, effect of mold pre heat temperature on fluidity was not significant. On the other hand, castings made in bottom-gated configuration were more stable and fluidity was not significantly affected by variation in casting temperature and mold preheat temperature. Less porosityand flow-related defects were observed in the bottom-gated system as compared to top-gated system.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"21 43","pages":"85-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91418545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-18DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.65
D. Drożyński, Ż. Kurleto, K. Kaczmarska, B. Grabowska
The paper presents the results of determination the effect of addition native starch and mineral-starch mixes on selected technological properties of sands. Study was carried out on permeability, compressive strength and wear resistance of molding. Green sand with bentonite and silica sand was compared with green sand with addition Superior Standard native starch or addition of mineral-starch composition in form of binder Albertine F/1. The main difference in applied starch materials is characteristic property of native starch, which is un-soluble in cold water, so in this case it was difficult to bond water added to the moulding sand during mixing of ingredients. However Albertine F/1 starch-based binder is mixture of starch and aluminosilicates, whereby the bonding of water added into moulding sand during ingredients mixing is more efficient.
{"title":"Analysis of selected technological properties of green sands with starch-based additives","authors":"D. Drożyński, Ż. Kurleto, K. Kaczmarska, B. Grabowska","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.65","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of determination the effect of addition native starch and mineral-starch mixes on selected technological properties of sands. Study was carried out on permeability, compressive strength and wear resistance of molding. Green sand with bentonite and silica sand was compared with green sand with addition Superior Standard native starch or addition of mineral-starch composition in form of binder Albertine F/1. The main difference in applied starch materials is characteristic property of native starch, which is un-soluble in cold water, so in this case it was difficult to bond water added to the moulding sand during mixing of ingredients. However Albertine F/1 starch-based binder is mixture of starch and aluminosilicates, whereby the bonding of water added into moulding sand during ingredients mixing is more efficient.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78910363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-18DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.71
I. Sulima, M. Homa, P. Malczewski
The results of corrosion studies of composite materials obtained by two state-of-the –art methods of powder metallurgy are presented in the article. The main goal of the studies was determination of high-temperature corrosion resistance of steel-matrix composites reinforced with 8 vol.% TiB 2 . Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted at 1100oC in air in 24 h cycle. Microstructure of the composited after thermogravimetric studies was observed at scanning electron microscope.
{"title":"Application of thermal analysis to study composite materials","authors":"I. Sulima, M. Homa, P. Malczewski","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"The results of corrosion studies of composite materials obtained by two state-of-the –art methods of powder metallurgy are presented in the article. The main goal of the studies was determination of high-temperature corrosion resistance of steel-matrix composites reinforced with 8 vol.% TiB 2 . Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted at 1100oC in air in 24 h cycle. Microstructure of the composited after thermogravimetric studies was observed at scanning electron microscope.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"117 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75538443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-08DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.4.161
A. Czarski, P. Matusiewicz
Other than granular and dispersive microstructures, the lamellar microstructure is one of the most-frequently observed traits in the case of metal alloys. This work defines a geometrical model of a lamellar microstructure and presents its stereological relationships as well as our computersimulation results for this model. The applied methodology creates – at least from a theoretical point of view – a series of interesting possibilities in the field of quantitative description of this type of microstructure and examinations of the properties of the parameter estimators that quantitatively characterize it.
{"title":"Computer simulation of lamellar microstructure","authors":"A. Czarski, P. Matusiewicz","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.4.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.4.161","url":null,"abstract":"Other than granular and dispersive microstructures, the lamellar microstructure is one of the most-frequently observed traits in the case of metal alloys. This work defines a geometrical model of a lamellar microstructure and presents its stereological relationships as well as our computersimulation results for this model. The applied methodology creates – at least from a theoretical point of view – a series of interesting possibilities in the field of quantitative description of this type of microstructure and examinations of the properties of the parameter estimators that quantitatively characterize it.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"50 1","pages":"161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85173421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-10DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.29
P. Hyjek, I. Sulima, P. Malczewski
Results of compression and corrosion resistance tests of NiAl alloys with 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% of titanium are described. The compression tests conducted in a wide range of temperature and strain rate showed that increase of titanium content causes increase of brittleness at room temperature, while at higher temperatures an increase of hardness and strength is observed. The analysis of electrochemical corrosion resistance showed that the alloys containing Ti are characterized by considerable resistance to sulfuric acid VI, because the emerging titanium oxide prevents active solubilizing of the alloy. Besides, microstructure observations performed at various levels of deformation which allowed to identify mechanisms responsible for fracture of the studied alloys.
{"title":"Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of cast NiAl alloys with the addition of Ti","authors":"P. Hyjek, I. Sulima, P. Malczewski","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.29","url":null,"abstract":"Results of compression and corrosion resistance tests of NiAl alloys with 1.0 and 2.0 wt.% of titanium are described. The compression tests conducted in a wide range of temperature and strain rate showed that increase of titanium content causes increase of brittleness at room temperature, while at higher temperatures an increase of hardness and strength is observed. The analysis of electrochemical corrosion resistance showed that the alloys containing Ti are characterized by considerable resistance to sulfuric acid VI, because the emerging titanium oxide prevents active solubilizing of the alloy. Besides, microstructure observations performed at various levels of deformation which allowed to identify mechanisms responsible for fracture of the studied alloys.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82375579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-10DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.7
R. Kowalik, D. Kutyła, K. Mech, M. Wróbel, T. Tokarski, P. Żabiński
The electrodeposition of the Mo-Se thin films from sulfate solution containing Na 2 MoO 4 and H 2 SeO 3 was studied. The process of deposition were conducted under potentiostatic condition on copper electrode. The effect of different potential, pH and time of deposition were examined. The deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.
{"title":"Electrochemical codeposition of molybdenum and selenium","authors":"R. Kowalik, D. Kutyła, K. Mech, M. Wróbel, T. Tokarski, P. Żabiński","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The electrodeposition of the Mo-Se thin films from sulfate solution containing Na 2 MoO 4 and H 2 SeO 3 was studied. The process of deposition were conducted under potentiostatic condition on copper electrode. The effect of different potential, pH and time of deposition were examined. The deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72556661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-10DOI: 10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.45
A. Garbacz-Klempka, S. Rzadkosz, T. Stolarczyk, J. Kozana, M. Piękoś, Z. Kwak, M. Tenerowicz
The casting workshop in Grzybiany is one of the most important archaeological sites in regards to casting technology from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. During the “Grzybiany. Osada nadjeziorna z epoki brązu i zelaza” [Grzybiany. Lakeside settlement from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages] research, the structure of casting moulds was analyzed as well as the chemical composition and microstructure of one of the more-interesting metal artefacts found within the workshop. Based on this, geometric visualization was performed with the help of computer-modeling methods. For scientific, experimental, and educational purposes, reconstruction of a zoomorphic pendant was performed using the lost-wax method. Wax models injected into a matrix were used, along with fired ceramic (gypsum) moulds and a specially prepared modeling alloy that corresponds to the original material. In this way, a true replica of the original was obtained: technologically, structurally and chemically. Studies of production technology of the casting workshop dated back to the Bronze and Early Iron Age help to increase the knowledge of the mould-preparing technology and the alloys used. Modern tools and computer programs aid in the research of old technologies and help disseminate the results.
Grzybiany的铸造车间是青铜和早期铁器时代铸造技术最重要的考古遗址之一。在“格雷兹比亚尼”期间。Osada nadjeziorna z epoki brązu i zelaza "[匈牙利]。从青铜和早期铁器时代的湖滨定居点研究，铸造模具的结构进行了分析，以及化学成分和微观结构的一个更有趣的金属工艺品在车间内发现。在此基础上，借助计算机建模方法进行几何可视化。为了科学、实验和教育的目的，我们使用失蜡法重建了一个兽形吊坠。使用了注入基体的蜡模型，以及烧制的陶瓷(石膏)模具和专门准备的与原始材料相对应的建模合金。通过这种方式，从技术上、结构上和化学上都获得了原物的真正复制品。对青铜和早期铁器时代铸造车间生产技术的研究有助于增加对模具制备技术和所使用合金的了解。现代工具和计算机程序有助于对旧技术的研究，并有助于传播研究成果。
{"title":"Computer modeling for the visualization and geometric reconstruction of artefacts from the casting workshop in Grzybiany","authors":"A. Garbacz-Klempka, S. Rzadkosz, T. Stolarczyk, J. Kozana, M. Piękoś, Z. Kwak, M. Tenerowicz","doi":"10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7494/MAFE.2015.41.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"The casting workshop in Grzybiany is one of the most important archaeological sites in regards to casting technology from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. During the “Grzybiany. Osada nadjeziorna z epoki brązu i zelaza” [Grzybiany. Lakeside settlement from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages] research, the structure of casting moulds was analyzed as well as the chemical composition and microstructure of one of the more-interesting metal artefacts found within the workshop. Based on this, geometric visualization was performed with the help of computer-modeling methods. For scientific, experimental, and educational purposes, reconstruction of a zoomorphic pendant was performed using the lost-wax method. Wax models injected into a matrix were used, along with fired ceramic (gypsum) moulds and a specially prepared modeling alloy that corresponds to the original material. In this way, a true replica of the original was obtained: technologically, structurally and chemically. Studies of production technology of the casting workshop dated back to the Bronze and Early Iron Age help to increase the knowledge of the mould-preparing technology and the alloys used. Modern tools and computer programs aid in the research of old technologies and help disseminate the results.","PeriodicalId":18751,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84130169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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