Mycologia最新文献

Cystinarius is a small genus belonging to the family Cortinariaceae, distinguished by its distinctive combination of small basidiospores and presence of both cheilo- and pleurocystidia, a combination that is rarely found in other genera within the Cortinariaceae. To date, this genus consists of only two subgenera and includes seven recognized species. Previously, only a single specimen of Cy. crassus was reported from China. Based on the analysis of 17 newly collected specimens, supported by morphological evidence and two-locus phylogenetic inference, five species, namely, Cy. fulvellus, Cy. longipes, Cy. shennongensis, Cy. crassus, and Cy. paurigarhwalensis, were recognized. Among them, the former three species are new to science, whereas the last one is new to China. This study provides comprehensive taxonomic descriptions and a detailed identification key to the Cystinarius species discovered in China.

Global fungal diversity is estimated at about 6.2 million species, but only 150 000 are currently described. Molecular studies reveal that this diversity is often underestimated, especially in less-studied regions. Phaeoclavulina, a genus of ramarioid fungi, has a wide distribution in areas with temperate and tropical climates. However, in southern South America, research on Phaeoclavulina species has been scarce, with only a few studies conducted in Argentina covering the morphology of a few species. This research aims to analyze Phaeoclavulina species in Argentina, exploring their morphology, ecological roles, and distribution. Four different ecological regions across Argentina were sampled. Molecular data (Sanger and next-generation sequencing [NGS] technology) were obtained to construct their phylogenetic relationships. Our results show a greater diversity of Phaeoclavulina than previously known. Eight taxa are described here, four of which are new species to science (Phaeoclavulina aena, P. angularis, P. prasina, and P. stelligera). Additionally, a neotypification is proposed for Phaeoclavulina camellia. For the other three species (P. articulotela, P. campoi, and P. minutispora), we provide new molecular data and elucidate their phylogenetic relationships with other previously described species. In addition, a key to species of Phaeoclavulina from Argentina and Chile is included to facilitate identification of known taxa. Finally, most Phaeoclavulina species richness is associated with tropical and subtropical forests.

Co-evolution of plants and fungi is of great importance for the phylogeny of both groups. Here we establish fossil thyriothecioid stromata on sequoioid (Cupressaceae) leaves from the Albian-Cenomanian of Western Siberia, Russia, which are assigned to the new fossil genus and species, Kiyamyces sequoiae. The new genus is described on the basis of thyriothecioid stromata arising from a host plant stoma, appearing first as a columella and with tendency to be confluent forming crusts. Thyriothecioid stromata are characterized by a "basal layer," a scutellum of radial, septate cells, a pseudoparenchyma inside the thyriothecioid stromata; a prominent hypostroma and an endophytic, septate mycelium. The new data contribute to our understanding of the range of character combinations of early epiphyllous Ascomycota. The newly discovered fungus and the conifer plant in the Cretaceous extend the range of character combinations of early epiphyllous Dothideomycetes.

The ascomycetes placed in Parmulariaceae represent a diverse assemblage of biotrophic plant parasites. They usually produce discoid/scutellinioid stromata that are external to erumpent on living leaves of plants in the tropics. Disease symptoms are usually mild, and fungal structures are often cryptic on their hosts. These fungi are poorly known to science, and their classification has relied mostly on morphological features. There was a general lack of molecular data for taxa placed in this family, until recently, and morphological descriptions of many genera and species were brief and incomplete. Morphology remains the main source of information for taxonomic delimitation within the family. Here we follow a polyphasic approach, combining morphological, molecular, and host association information in order to elucidate the identity of three members of the Parmulariaceae found on samples of three neotropical palm species (Arecaceae), namely, (i) Acrocomia aculeata (macaw palm), (ii) Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (brejaúva), and (iii) Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm). Each palm species is a host for a novel species, each belonging to a new genus. The following names are proposed: (i) Concertinularia acrocomiae, sp. et gen. nov.-on macaw palm; (ii) Amphistromularia astrocaryi, sp. et gen. nov.-on brejaúva, and (iii) Labyrinthularia syagri, sp. et gen. nov.-on queen palm.

Climate change is an important driver of shifts in species' geographic distributions, including those of several truffle species. Understanding these shifts is essential for effective conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. This study aimed to identify suitable habitats for three Tuber species discovered in Thailand-Tuber lannaense, T. thailandicum, and T. magnatum-and project their future distributions under climate change scenarios. Using MaxEnt modeling and presence-only occurrence data, we predicted current and future suitable habitats under two climate scenarios: SSP1-2.6 (low emissions) and SSP5-8.5 (high emissions) for the year 2050. Annual precipitation (bio12) and mean diurnal range (bio02) were the most influential environmental variables for three Tuber species and their host plants. Currently, suitable habitats for Tuber species and their host trees (Betula alnoides and Carpinus londoniana) are concentrated in mountainous areas of northern and northeastern Thailand, covering approximately 6000 km². By 2050, under both SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the shared suitable habitat between truffles and their host plants is projected to be completely lost (100%). Carpinus londoniana is expected to lose nearly 100% of its suitable habitat under SSP1-2.6 and retain only 37 km² under SSP5-8.5, whereas B. alnoides shows potential for southward range expansion despite some habitat loss. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies to preserve Thai Tuber species and their symbiotic hosts under changing climatic conditions.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex carbon source with recalcitrant properties whose degradation via industrial enzymatic hydrolysis is challenging, directly affecting the cost of reliable energy production. In nature, filamentous fungi, including Trichoderma species, degrade lignocellulose via an arsenal of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that act synergistically to process it into soluble sugar monomers. This work explored the genomic content of Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma harzianum strains with hydrolytic abilities by identifying regions possessing degradative enzyme-encoding genes, namely, hydrolytic clusters. We employed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) methodology to target specific genomic regions and explore their genetic organization, proximal gene context, and gene expression under degradative conditions. With this tool, it was possible to inspect the linear structure and expression profile of target hydrolytic-rich genomic regions. The present work offers a perspective on the organization of genome regions related to carbohydrate metabolism. This study revealed novel genes and genome regions that are positively regulated during cellulose degradation, contributing to elucidating differences in gene organization that potentially impact hydrolysis among Trichoderma species.

Wood-boring insects play an important role in turnover of trees and biomass in temperate forests and interact with a functionally diverse mycobiome. However, the diversity and dynamics of ambrosia beetles, other wood-boring insects, and their fungi remain relatively poorly understood in the forests of temperate South America. Baseline knowledge of insect and fungal diversity is therefore needed to provide a foundation for understanding the potential future dynamics of these critically important ecosystems in the context of global change. This study aimed to document fungal diversity that could be obtained in culture from larvae, adults, and galleries of ambrosia beetles (Gnathotrupes spp.) and a carpenter moth (Chilecomadia valdiviana) from lenga (Nothofagus pumilio) in northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Long molecular barcodes from fungal cultures isolated from galleries, larvae, and adult insects were obtained using nanopore sequencing. Fungal assemblages associated with Gnathotrupes spp. (32 unique taxa) and C. valdiviana (17 unique taxa) differed in structure and composition but shared 11 distinct taxa. Differences were found between fungal assemblages associated with C. valdiviana gut tracts and galleries. Fungal assemblages found in galleries and insect bodies of Gnathotrupes varied among species, seasons, and health conditions of the host crown. Our results also showed that the ophiostomatoid fungi Raffaelea spp. and yeast Cyberlindnera sp. were commonly found with Gnathotrupes spp. whereas Ambrosiozyma angophorae and Oidiodendron sp. were found with C. valdiviana. Species of the blue stain fungi Ophiostoma patagonicum, O. nothofagi, an unidentified Sporothrix sp. and Huntiella decorticans were found with both beetles and moths, and O. patagonicum was the most frequently isolated species. This is the first comprehensive study of microbiota isolated from Gnathotrupes spp. and C. valdiviana.

The impact of plant-bacterial symbioses in roots on plant-fungal interactions in distant tissues, such as leaves, remains a significant knowledge gap, particularly for tropical legume trees. In this study, we analyzed the ITS2 sequences of fungal endophytes from eight tropical Fabaceae species, differing in their ability to form root nodules, to explore patterns in foliar fungal community composition. Our findings reveal differences in fungal community richness and composition between nodulating and non-nodulating species, with non-nodulating species hosting a richer and more diverse fungal community. Specifically, non-nodulating plants supported 72 taxonomic orders and 130.5 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), compared with 45 orders and 42.7 ASVs in nodulating plants. Moreover, 40% of fungal orders were exclusive to non-nodulating species. These patterns provide insights into the diversity of fungal endophytes in tropical legumes and lay the groundwork for future research on plant-microbe interactions. This study emphasizes the need for further exploration of the ecological factors influencing fungal community composition in tropical forest ecosystems.

Spot and blight diseases are prevalent in the paddy sector, particularly in Malaysia, and are caused by the pathogens Burkholderia glumae and Curvularia lunata. To combat these issues, chemical pesticides, fungicides, and antibiotics are commonly used due to their affordability and ease of application. However, their excessive use has led to serious environmental issues, including groundwater pollution, soil contamination, and toxicity to non-target organisms. To address these concerns, nanotechnology, especially the "green synthesis" method, has recently gained attention. One approach uses metabolites from microbes as reducing agents to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles, offering a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional disease control methods. This study aims to explore the ability of a soil-derived fungal isolate to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and to characterize the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of the generated ZnO-NPs against paddy pathogens. In this study, a single fungal isolate capable of growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 2 mM ZnSO₄·7H₂O was obtained from soil. The isolate, identified as Lecanicillium coprophilum, demonstrated the ability to synthesize ZnO-NPs. Characterization of the synthesized ZnO-NPs using various analytical techniques revealed distinct rod- and spherical shaped nanoparticles with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Antimicrobial assessment showed that higher ZnO-NP concentrations led to greater inhibition of B. glumae and C. lunata. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized ZnO-NPs as an eco-friendly alternative for managing paddy diseases.

The seventh part of this series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews presents the phylogeny and taxonomy of species assigned to the genera Leveillula, Phyllactinia, Pleochaeta, and Queirozia (Erysiphaceae tribe Phyllactinieae). Phylogenetic trees based on multiple loci (ITS+28S, CAM, GADPH, GS, IGS, RPB2, and TUB) are presented. All species with available sequence data are included. The present analyses aim at providing a reference for analyses of powdery mildews of tribe Phyllactinieae. A special focus is on the generic distinction at the base of tribe Phyllactinieae and between Leveillula and Phyllactinia. The inclusion of a larger number of phylogenetically basal Phyllactinia spp. and multiple loci allowed a better insight into the phylogeny of tribe Phyllactinieae and confirmed that Leveillula spp. are nested within the Phyllactinia clade. As a consequence, Leveillula is reduced to synonymy with Phyllactinia. Additionally, Queirozia was found to be nested within the Pleochaeta clade, and as such we have reduced Queirozia to synonymy with Pleochaeta. Multiple species have been sequenced for the first time, in particular multiple North American species. Erysiphe betulae, E. orbicularis, E. polychaeta, E. saxaouli, Phyllactinia antarctica, Ph. broussonetiae-kaempferi, Ph. hamamelidis, Ph. kakicola, Ph. pyri-serotinae, Ph. salmonii, Ph. zanthoxylicola, Uncinula lynchii, and U. shiraiana are epitypified. The new species Ph. amelanchieris, sp. nov. Ph. fraxini-pennsylvanicae, sp. nov. and Ph. oemleriae, sp. nov. are described, and the new combinations Phyllactinia buddlejae, Ph. cleomes, Ph. cylindrospora, Ph. farinosa, Ph. golovinii, Ph. guilanensis, Ph. jaczewskii, Ph. lactucae-seriolae, Ph. lactucarum, Ph. lanugiosa, Ph. lappae, Ph. mindii, Ph. oxalidicola, Ph. picridis, Ph. rubiae, Ph. saxaoulii, Ph. taurica, Ph. thevenotiae, Ph. ulmi (comb. et stat. nov.), Ph. verbasci, Ph. wissadulae, and Pleochaeta erysiphoides are introduced. Furthermore, Phyllactinia sect. Basiphyllactinia, sect. nov. Phyllactinia sect. Leveillula, comb. et stat. nov. and Pleochaeta sect. Ovulariopsis, comb. et stat. nov. are presented.