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Occurrence and toxigenic potential of Aspergillus section Flavi on wheat and sorghum silages in Uruguay. 乌拉圭小麦和高粱青贮黄曲霉的发生及产毒潜力。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1752321
Agustina Del Palacio, Dinorah Pan

Species belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi occur naturally in crops and can cause food spoilage and/or toxin production. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and diversity of the species of Aspergillus section Flavi found in wheat and sorghum at harvest time and during silage storage, and to evaluate the toxigenic potential of the isolates to determine the contamination risk of mycotoxins in grains. Strains from Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were found based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. This is the first report on the presence of A. parasiticus in wheat from Uruguay. Of the 80 isolates Aspergillus section Flavi, 30% produced aflatoxins (AFs), mainly type B1, and 25% produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Within the isolates from wheat samples, 35% were AFs producers and 27.5% were CPA producers. Among the Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from sorghum, 25% were AFs producers while 22.5% were CPA producers. This work contributes to the knowledge of the species in crops and helps define appropriate strategies for the prevention and control of contamination with AFs and CPA by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi.

黄曲霉属黄曲霉属,自然存在于农作物中,可引起食物变质和/或产生毒素。本研究的目的是测定小麦和高粱收获期和青贮期黄曲霉(Aspergillus section Flavi)的发生和多样性,并评估分离菌株的产毒潜力,以确定真菌毒素在谷物中的污染风险。对黄曲霉和寄生曲霉进行了多基因系统发育分析。本文首次报道了乌拉圭小麦中存在寄生蜂的情况。80株黄曲霉株中,30%产生黄曲霉毒素(AFs),主要为B1型,25%产生环吡唑酸(CPA)。在小麦分离株中,35%为AFs产生菌,27.5%为CPA产生菌。在高粱黄曲霉株中,产生AFs的菌株占25%,产生CPA的菌株占22.5%。这项工作有助于了解作物中的菌种,并有助于确定预防和控制黄曲霉部分真菌污染AFs和CPA的适当策略。
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引用次数: 6
Three-dimensional cellular aggregates formed by Beauveria pseudobassiana in liquid culture with potential for use as a biocontrol agent of the African black beetle (Heteronychus arator). 在液体培养液中形成的三维细胞聚集体有望用作非洲黑甲虫(Heteronychus arator)的生物控制剂。
IF 4.6 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-27 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1754953
Laura F Villamizar, Gloria Barrera, Sean D G Marshall, Marina Richena, Duane Harland, Trevor A Jackson

Beauveria pseudobassiana formed three-dimensional aggregates of cells (CAs) in liquid culture. CAs were formed mainly by blastospores and conidia, distinct from microsclerotia formed through adhesion of hyphae. The formation, germination and sporulation of CAs were studied, as well as the pathogenicity of conidia produced from them against adults of black beetle. After 4 days of culture, CAs were formed, becoming compact and melanised after 10 days of incubation. Electron microscopy showed three-dimensional CAs averaging 431.65 µm in length with irregular shapes and rough surfaces, where cells were trapped within an extracellular matrix. CAs germinated after 2 days of incubation on agar-plates producing hyphae and forming phialides and conidia after 4 days. Produced conidia caused 45% mortality of black beetle adults. CAs germination and sporulation on soil were directly correlated with soil moisture, reaching 80% and 100% germination on the surface of soil with 17% and 30% moisture, respectively. CAs maintained 100% germination after 2 years of storage under refrigeration. These CAs could have a similar function as microsclerotia in nature, acting as resistant structures able to protect internal cells and their ability to sporulate producing infective conidia, suggesting their potential to be used as bioinsecticides to control soil-dwelling insects.

Beauveria pseudobassiana 在液体培养中形成三维细胞聚集体(CA)。CAs 主要由囊孢子和分生孢子形成,有别于通过菌丝粘附形成的小硬孢子。研究了 CA 的形成、发芽和孢子化,以及由它们产生的分生孢子对黑甲虫成虫的致病性。培养 4 天后,CA 开始形成,培养 10 天后,CA 逐渐变得紧密和黑色。电子显微镜显示,三维 CA 的平均长度为 431.65 微米,形状不规则,表面粗糙,细胞被困在细胞外基质中。CA 在琼脂平板上培养 2 天后发芽,产生菌丝,4 天后形成菌丝体和分生孢子。产生的分生孢子导致 45% 的黑甲虫成虫死亡。CAs 在土壤中的发芽率和孢子数与土壤湿度直接相关,在湿度为 17% 和 30% 的土壤表面,发芽率分别达到 80% 和 100% 。在冷藏条件下储存 2 年后,CAs 仍能保持 100% 的发芽率。这些 CAs 可能与自然界中的小硬孢菌具有类似的功能,它们是能够保护内部细胞的抗性结构,并具有产生感染性分生孢子的孢子能力,这表明它们有可能用作生物杀虫剂来控制生活在土壤中的昆虫。
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引用次数: 0
Biological activities and variation of symbiotic fungi isolated from Coral reefs collected from Red Sea in Egypt. 从埃及红海珊瑚礁中分离的共生真菌的生物活性和变异。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1741470
Tahany M A Abd El-Rahman, Nagwa A Tharwat, Sayed M S Abo El-Souad, Ahmed A El-Beih, Ahmed I El-Diwany
<p><p>Ten specimens of coral reefs were collected from the Red Sea in the Ein El-Sukhna region. Fungal isolation was done using two media, Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (DYA) and Rose Bengal Agar (RBA). The morphological traits identified 18 fungal isolates belonging to the phyla Ascomycota, Mucoromycota and Deuteromycota. Five genera in three orders have been isolated: Eutrotiales (<i>Aspergillus, Penicillium</i> and <i>Byssochlamys</i>), Mucorales (<i>Rhizopus</i>) and Moniliales (<i>Curvularia</i>). The heat mapping clustering of the isolated fungi declared that <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Penicillium</i> were the most frequently isolate fungi in coral reefs. It was found that <i>A. fumigatus</i> colonised eight coral samples with 80% colonisation rate. Moreover, about 50% of the isolated fungal species were specific to one coral reef only such as <i>A.candidus</i> and <i>A.carneus</i> isolated from <i>Isophyllastrea rigida</i> only, <i>A.japonicus</i> and <i>A.ochraceopetaliformis</i> from <i>Glaxaea fascicularis, A.niger van Tieghem</i> from <i>Porites astreoides, A.sydowii, A.terreus</i> and <i>P.waksmanii</i> from <i>Cladocora arbuscula, P.janthinellum</i> from <i>Pterogorgia guadalupensis</i> and <i>Curvularia tuberculata, Byssochlamys spectabilis</i> and <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i> from <i>Acropora humilis</i>. Biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant antiradical and cytotoxicity) of the most predominant fungal species were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of coral fungal filtrates were investigated against six pathogenic bacteria including <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC11775, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> ATCC19424, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ATCC10145, <i>Streptococcus faecalis</i> ATCC19433, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> subsp. <i>aureus</i> ATCC25923, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> subsp. <i>spizizenii</i> ATCC6633 and two pathogenic yeast including <i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC7102 and <i>Candida parapsilosis</i> ATCC22019. Most of these fungal filtrates exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activities against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, however it showed relatively low bioactivity towards the pathogenic <i>Candida</i> species. Investigating the free radical scavenging activity using DPPH reagent showed low to moderate bioactivities. The highest cytotoxic activity against liver cancer cell line Hep-G2 with an IC<sub>50</sub> values of 18.8 µg/ml was exhibited by <i>Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis</i> MN083316 and a metabolomics study was done on the ethyl acetate extract of this strain using LC-ESI-MS fingerprints leading to the isolation and purification of compound <b>1</b>. Using 1D and 2D NMR techniques compound <b>1</b> was identified as ditryptophenaline. Compound <b>1</b> exhibited a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant activities as well as cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HEPG2 with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 5.8 and 7.6 mmole, respectively. The objective of this study, isolation of Coral-reef assoc
在Ein El-Sukhna地区的红海收集了10个珊瑚礁标本。采用葡萄糖酵母提取物琼脂(DYA)和孟加拉玫瑰琼脂(RBA)两种培养基进行真菌分离。形态特征鉴定出18株分离真菌,分别属于子囊菌门、毛菌门和后菌门。已分离出3目5属:富营养菌属(曲霉属、青霉属和青霉属)、毛霉属(根霉属)和Moniliales(曲霉属)。对分离真菌的热图聚类分析表明,曲霉和青霉是珊瑚礁中最常见的分离真菌。结果发现烟曲霉在8个珊瑚样本中定殖,定殖率达80%。此外,约50%的分离真菌仅对一种珊瑚礁有特异性,如从刚性异藻中分离出的a.c antus和a.c carneus,从束状冰原中分离出的a.c japonicus和a.c ochraceopealiformis,从星状Porites中分离出的A.niger van Tieghem,从丛枝枝中分离出的a.s sydowii、a.t terreus和P.waksmanii,从翼柳和结核曲霉中分离出的P.janthinellum,从葎草Acropora中分离出的Byssochlamys spectabilis和oryzae。研究了几种主要真菌的生物活性(抗菌、抗氧化、抗自由基和细胞毒性)。研究了珊瑚真菌滤液对大肠埃希菌ATCC11775、淋病奈瑟菌ATCC19424、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC10145、粪链球菌ATCC19433、金黄色葡萄球菌亚种6种病原菌的抑菌活性。金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923,枯草芽孢杆菌亚种。两种致病酵母,包括白色念珠菌ATCC7102和假丝酵母ATCC22019。这些真菌滤液对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均表现出中高的抗菌活性,但对致病性念珠菌表现出相对较低的生物活性。用DPPH试剂测定其自由基清除活性,结果显示其生物活性低至中等。结果表明,ochraceoptaliformis MN083316对肝癌细胞株Hep-G2的细胞毒活性最高,IC50值为18.8µg/ml。利用LC-ESI-MS指纹图谱对该菌株的乙酸乙酯提取物进行代谢组学研究,分离纯化了化合物1。通过一维和二维核磁共振技术鉴定化合物1为二氯酚。化合物1对MCF-7和HEPG2具有较强的抗菌、抗氧化活性和细胞毒活性,IC50值分别为5.8和7.6 mmol。本研究的目的是分离珊瑚礁伴生真菌并研究其生物活性,以产生最活跃的次生代谢产物,可能具有新的生物活性。
{"title":"Biological activities and variation of symbiotic fungi isolated from Coral reefs collected from Red Sea in Egypt.","authors":"Tahany M A Abd El-Rahman,&nbsp;Nagwa A Tharwat,&nbsp;Sayed M S Abo El-Souad,&nbsp;Ahmed A El-Beih,&nbsp;Ahmed I El-Diwany","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2020.1741470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2020.1741470","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ten specimens of coral reefs were collected from the Red Sea in the Ein El-Sukhna region. Fungal isolation was done using two media, Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (DYA) and Rose Bengal Agar (RBA). The morphological traits identified 18 fungal isolates belonging to the phyla Ascomycota, Mucoromycota and Deuteromycota. Five genera in three orders have been isolated: Eutrotiales (&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus, Penicillium&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Byssochlamys&lt;/i&gt;), Mucorales (&lt;i&gt;Rhizopus&lt;/i&gt;) and Moniliales (&lt;i&gt;Curvularia&lt;/i&gt;). The heat mapping clustering of the isolated fungi declared that &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Penicillium&lt;/i&gt; were the most frequently isolate fungi in coral reefs. It was found that &lt;i&gt;A. fumigatus&lt;/i&gt; colonised eight coral samples with 80% colonisation rate. Moreover, about 50% of the isolated fungal species were specific to one coral reef only such as &lt;i&gt;A.candidus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;A.carneus&lt;/i&gt; isolated from &lt;i&gt;Isophyllastrea rigida&lt;/i&gt; only, &lt;i&gt;A.japonicus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;A.ochraceopetaliformis&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Glaxaea fascicularis, A.niger van Tieghem&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Porites astreoides, A.sydowii, A.terreus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P.waksmanii&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Cladocora arbuscula, P.janthinellum&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Pterogorgia guadalupensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Curvularia tuberculata, Byssochlamys spectabilis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Rhizopus oryzae&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Acropora humilis&lt;/i&gt;. Biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant antiradical and cytotoxicity) of the most predominant fungal species were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of coral fungal filtrates were investigated against six pathogenic bacteria including &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; ATCC11775, &lt;i&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoeae&lt;/i&gt; ATCC19424, &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; ATCC10145, &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus faecalis&lt;/i&gt; ATCC19433, &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;aureus&lt;/i&gt; ATCC25923, &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;spizizenii&lt;/i&gt; ATCC6633 and two pathogenic yeast including &lt;i&gt;Candida albicans&lt;/i&gt; ATCC7102 and &lt;i&gt;Candida parapsilosis&lt;/i&gt; ATCC22019. Most of these fungal filtrates exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activities against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, however it showed relatively low bioactivity towards the pathogenic &lt;i&gt;Candida&lt;/i&gt; species. Investigating the free radical scavenging activity using DPPH reagent showed low to moderate bioactivities. The highest cytotoxic activity against liver cancer cell line Hep-G2 with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 18.8 µg/ml was exhibited by &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis&lt;/i&gt; MN083316 and a metabolomics study was done on the ethyl acetate extract of this strain using LC-ESI-MS fingerprints leading to the isolation and purification of compound &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. Using 1D and 2D NMR techniques compound &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; was identified as ditryptophenaline. Compound &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; exhibited a strong antimicrobial, antioxidant activities as well as cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HEPG2 with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 5.8 and 7.6 mmole, respectively. The objective of this study, isolation of Coral-reef assoc","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"11 3","pages":"243-255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21501203.2020.1741470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38493520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Identification and lipolytic activity of yeasts isolated from foods and wastes. 从食物和废物中分离的酵母菌的鉴定和溶脂活性。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-03-26 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1745922
Nattakorn Kuncharoen, Sujitra Techo, Ancharida Savarajara, Somboon Tanasupawat

Thirty-three yeasts were isolated from palm oil industrial wastes and traditional fermented foods in Thailand. Based on the analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) and their phenotypic characteristics, they were identified as Pichia kudriavzevii (11 isolates), Candida ethanolica (1 isolate), Clavispora lusitaniae (2 isolates), Ogataea polymorpha (1 isolate), Hanseniaspora opuntiae (1 isolate), Lodderomyces elongisporus (1 isolate), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2 isolates), C. tropicalis (5 isolates), Yarrowia lipolytica (2 isolates), Magnusiomyces ingens (1 isolate), and Magnusiomyces capitatus (3 isolates), Trichosporon insectorum (1 isolate), and Trichosporon asteroides (2 isolates). Seven strains, T. insectorum 4E-1D, M. capitatus 5E-1T and 5E-2D, T. asteroides 8E-1T and 8E-1D, and Y. lipolytica Fy-12 and Fy-13, showed high lipolytic activity ranged from 5.21 ± 0.09 to 45.68 ± 2.37 U/mL. Moreover, these seven strains exhibited good lipolytic activity after culturing in the medium containing palm oil (11.79 ± 0.67 to 28.19 ± 4.84 U/mL) and soy oil (9.14 ± 1.08 to 22.97 ± 0.69 U/mL) as lipase inducers. The result of this study suggests that the palm oil industrial wastes and Thai fermented foods could be promised as the invaluable sources of lipolytic yeasts.

从泰国棕榈油工业废料和传统发酵食品中分离出33株酵母。根据大亚基核糖体RNA基因(LSU rDNA) D1/D2区序列分析及其表型特征,鉴定为:苦毕赤酵母(11株)、乙醇假丝酵母(1株)、路西棒孢菌(2株)、多态奥加菌(1株)、机会菌(1株)、长孢Lodderomyces elongisporus(1株)、酿酒酵母菌(2株)、热带C.(5株)、多脂耶氏耶氏菌(2株)。大镰刀菌(1株)、大镰刀菌(3株)、食虫毛孢菌(1株)和行星毛孢菌(2株)。7个菌株的溶脂活性在5.21±0.09 ~ 45.68±2.37 U/mL之间,分别为:食虫弓形虫4E-1D、头形弓形虫5E-1T和5E-2D、asteroides弓形虫8E-1T和8E-1D、polylitica y-12和Fy-13。此外,在含有棕榈油(11.79±0.67 ~ 28.19±4.84 U/mL)和大豆油(9.14±1.08 ~ 22.97±0.69 U/mL)作为脂肪酶诱导剂的培养基中培养后,这7株菌株表现出良好的溶脂活性。本研究结果表明,棕榈油工业废弃物和泰国发酵食品有望成为脂肪酶酵母菌的宝贵来源。
{"title":"Identification and lipolytic activity of yeasts isolated from foods and wastes.","authors":"Nattakorn Kuncharoen,&nbsp;Sujitra Techo,&nbsp;Ancharida Savarajara,&nbsp;Somboon Tanasupawat","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2020.1745922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2020.1745922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thirty-three yeasts were isolated from palm oil industrial wastes and traditional fermented foods in Thailand. Based on the analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) and their phenotypic characteristics, they were identified as <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> (11 isolates), <i>Candida ethanolica</i> (1 isolate), <i>Clavispora lusitaniae</i> (2 isolates), <i>Ogataea polymorpha</i> (1 isolate), <i>Hanseniaspora opuntiae</i> (1 isolate), <i>Lodderomyces elongisporus</i> (1 isolate), <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2 isolates), <i>C. tropicalis</i> (5 isolates), <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> (2 isolates), <i>Magnusiomyces ingens</i> (1 isolate), and <i>Magnusiomyces capitatus</i> (3 isolates), <i>Trichosporon insectorum</i> (1 isolate), and <i>Trichosporon asteroides</i> (2 isolates). Seven strains, <i>T. insectorum</i> 4E-1D, <i>M. capitatus</i> 5E-1T and 5E-2D, <i>T. asteroides</i> 8E-1T and 8E-1D, and <i>Y. lipolytica</i> Fy-12 and Fy-13, showed high lipolytic activity ranged from 5.21 ± 0.09 to 45.68 ± 2.37 U/mL. Moreover, these seven strains exhibited good lipolytic activity after culturing in the medium containing palm oil (11.79 ± 0.67 to 28.19 ± 4.84 U/mL) and soy oil (9.14 ± 1.08 to 22.97 ± 0.69 U/mL) as lipase inducers. The result of this study suggests that the palm oil industrial wastes and Thai fermented foods could be promised as the invaluable sources of lipolytic yeasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"11 4","pages":"279-286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21501203.2020.1745922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38719696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Current views on endocytosis in filamentous fungi. 丝状真菌的内吞作用研究进展。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1741471
Blake Commer, Brian D Shaw

Filamentous fungi grow by adding cell wall and membrane exclusively at the apex of tubular structures called hyphae. Growth was previously believed to occur only through exocytosis at the Spitzenkörper, an organised body of secretory macro- and microvesicles found only in growing hyphae. More recent work has indicated that an area deemed the sub-apical collar is enriched for endocytosis and is also required for hyphal growth. It is now generally believed that polarity of filamentous fungi is achieved through the balancing of the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis at these two areas. This review is an update on the current progress and understanding surrounding the occurrence of endocytosis and its spatial regulation as they pertain to growth and pathogenicity in filamentous fungi.

丝状真菌通过在管状结构(称为菌丝)的顶端添加细胞壁和膜来生长。以前认为生长只通过Spitzenkörper的胞吐作用发生,Spitzenkörper是一种有组织的分泌大囊泡和微囊泡的体,只在生长的菌丝中发现。最近的研究表明,一个被认为是亚根尖领的区域丰富了内吞作用,也是菌丝生长所必需的。现在普遍认为丝状真菌的极性是通过这两个区域内吞和胞吐过程的平衡来实现的。本文综述了丝状真菌的内吞作用及其空间调控的最新进展和认识,因为它们与丝状真菌的生长和致病性有关。
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引用次数: 11
Ganoderma lucidum culture supplement ameliorates dyslipidemia and reduces visceral fat accumulation in type 2 diabetic rats. 补充灵芝培养物改善2型糖尿病大鼠血脂异常和减少内脏脂肪堆积。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-03-23 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1740409
Chung-Hsiung Huang, Wei-Kang Lin, Shun-Hsien Chang, Guo-Jane Tsai

Diabetic rats were daily fed with a high-cholesterol diet containing 1% or 3% freeze-dried whole submerged G. lucidum culture or its mycelia for 5 weeks. Body weight, adipose tissue weight and plasma triglyceride levels were reduced, while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were elevated in rats fed with G. lucidum powder supplement diets. Notably, G. lucidum supplements downregulated the activities of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase, but upregulated the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in the perirenal adipose tissues. Moreover, G. lucidum supplements increased the faecal triglyceride excretion. Therefore, daily supplementation of submerged G. lucidum culture, especially mycelia, can ameliorate dyslipidemia and reduce visceral fat accumulation in diabetic rats fed with a high-fat diet, which is closely related to the modulation of lipid synthesis, metabolism, and excretion.

糖尿病大鼠每天饲喂含有1%或3%冻干全液透明菌培养物或其菌丝的高胆固醇饲料,持续5周。补充灵芝粉能降低大鼠的体重、脂肪组织重量和血浆甘油三酯水平,提高高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平。值得注意的是,补充灵芝可下调肝脏乙酰辅酶a羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶和脂蛋白脂肪酶的活性,但上调肾周脂肪组织中激素敏感脂肪酶的活性。此外,补充灵芝可增加粪便甘油三酯的排泄量。因此,在高脂饲料喂养的糖尿病大鼠中,每日补充覆膜玻璃精培养物,特别是菌丝体,可以改善血脂异常,减少内脏脂肪堆积,这与调节脂质合成、代谢和排泄密切相关。
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引用次数: 5
Marine fungi of the Baltic Sea. 波罗的海的海生真菌。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-03-12 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1729886
Sanja Tibell, Leif Tibell, Ka-Lai Pang, Mark Calabon, E B Gareth Jones

Vast parts of the Baltic Sea have been mycologically neglected and are still awaiting exploration. Here we summarise earlier records of marine fungi from the Baltic, supplementing them with discoveries from fieldwork in Sweden in 2019. Although marine fungal diversity is clearly attenuated in the brackish water of the Baltic Sea, a substantial number has still been discovered. Here we list 77 species from the Baltic Sea, whereas after a critical assessment a further 18 species have been excluded as records of marine fungi. The species have mainly been identified by their morphological features, supplemented by DNA-based diagnostics. Most of the species have their main distributions in temperate areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the Baltic species discovered here represent far disjunctions to tropical waters while only a very few are until now only recorded for the Baltic Sea. In this paper two species belong in Basidiomycota, while the most ascomyceteous speciose classes are Sordariomycetes (with 42 species) and Dothideomycetes (24). Halosphaeriaceae is the most speciose family in marine habitats, as also in the Baltic Sea, represented here by 29 species. Three species are new to Europe, and in addition 13 to the Baltic Sea and 13 to Sweden.

波罗的海的大部分地区在真菌学上被忽视了,仍在等待探索。在这里,我们总结了波罗的海海洋真菌的早期记录,并以2019年瑞典实地调查的发现作为补充。虽然海洋真菌的多样性在波罗的海的半咸淡水中明显减弱,但仍然发现了相当数量的真菌。在这里,我们列出了来自波罗的海的77种,而经过严格的评估,另外18种被排除在海洋真菌的记录之外。主要通过其形态特征进行鉴定,并辅以基于dna的诊断。大多数种类主要分布在大西洋的温带地区。在这里发现的一些波罗的海物种代表着与热带水域相距甚远的物种,而只有极少数物种到目前为止只在波罗的海有记录。本文中有两个种属于担子菌纲,而子囊菌纲中最多的种是sordariomycates(42种)和dothideomycates(24种)。Halosphaeriaceae是海洋栖息地中种类最多的科,在波罗的海也是如此,这里有29种。三种是欧洲的新物种,另外波罗的海有13种,瑞典有13种。
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引用次数: 13
Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of submerged Ganoderma lucidum cultures in type 2 diabetic rats. 浸没灵芝培养物对2型糖尿病大鼠降血糖和抗氧化作用的评价。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1733119
Chung-Hsiung Huang, Wei-Kang Lin, Shun-Hsien Chang, Guo-Jane Tsai

We aim to investigate the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of submerged Ganoderma lucidum cultures and elucidate the potential mechanisms behind these effects using a type 2 diabetic rat model. Diabetic rats were daily fed with a high-fat diet supplemented with 1% or 3% freeze-dried whole submerged cultures of G. lucidum or mycelia for 5 weeks. We observed significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose levels, homoeostasis model assessment equation-insulin resistance, and plasma glucose in oral glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, we observed increased levels of glycogen, hepatic hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and intestinal disaccharidase activities. G. lucidum supplement downregulated the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea nitrogen as well as liver and kidney levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Based on the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of G. lucidum submerged cultures, we recommend the potential application of these products as functional foods or additives for controlling type 2 diabetes. Abbreviations ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; BW: Body weight; CREA: Creatinine; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; G6Pase: Glucose-6-phosphatase; G6PD: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HOMA-IR: Homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test; PTP: Protein tyrosine phosphatase; STZ: Streptozotocin; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

我们的目的是研究浸没灵芝培养物的降糖和抗氧化作用,并通过2型糖尿病大鼠模型阐明这些作用背后的潜在机制。糖尿病大鼠每天饲喂高脂肪饲料,并添加1%或3%的冻干全液培养物或菌丝体,持续5周。我们观察到空腹血糖水平、稳态模型评估方程-胰岛素抵抗和口服葡萄糖耐量试验中血浆葡萄糖水平显著降低。此外,我们观察到糖原、肝己糖激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和肠道双糖酶活性水平升高。G. lucidum补充剂下调血浆中天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、肌酐和尿素氮的水平,以及肝脏和肾脏中硫代巴比妥酸反应物质的水平。基于灵芝深层培养物的降糖和抗氧化作用,我们推荐这些产品作为功能食品或添加剂用于控制2型糖尿病。ALT:丙氨酸转氨酶;AST:天冬氨酸转氨酶;BUN:血尿素氮;BW:体重;克雷亚:肌酐;FPG:空腹血糖;G6Pase: Glucose-6-phosphatase;G6PD:葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶;HOMA-IR:胰岛素抵抗的稳态模型评估;OGTT:口服葡萄糖耐量试验;PTP:蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶;STZ:链脲霉素;TBARS:硫代巴比妥酸反应物质。
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引用次数: 17
Occurrence and analysis of mycotoxins in domestic Chinese herbal medicines. 国产中草药真菌毒素的发生及分析。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-02-20 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1727578
Lu Qin, Jia-Yi Jiang, Lei Zhang, Xiao-Wen Dou, Zhen Ouyang, Li Wan, Mei-Hua Yang

For time immemorial, Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used in China for disease treatment and promotion of general well-being. However, in recent years, many studies have shown that mycotoxins produced by fungi could contaminate CHMs due to unfavourable pre- or post-harvest conditions, raising major concern for consumer safety. At present, there is a significant focus on developing novel mycotoxin detection methods for analysing CHMs, and numerous studies have aimed to determine which kinds of raw herbal materials are most susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding and detection of mycotoxins in domestic raw herbal materials and related products from 2000 to 2018. Aspects of mycotoxin contamination of CHMs covered in this review include common mycotoxin contaminants in CHMs, maximum mycotoxin residue limits, analytical methods for mycotoxin detection and their applications and limitations, as well as a brief discussion of the trends in ongoing research.

自古以来,中草药在中国被广泛用于疾病治疗和促进一般健康。然而,近年来,许多研究表明,由于不利的收获前或收获后条件,真菌产生的真菌毒素可能污染中药材,这引起了对消费者安全的重大关注。目前,开发新的霉菌毒素检测方法用于中药材的分析是一个重要的重点,许多研究旨在确定哪些中草药原料最容易受到霉菌毒素污染。本文综述了2000 - 2018年国内中草药原料及相关产品中真菌毒素的认识和检测的最新进展。本文综述了中药中常见的霉菌毒素污染物、霉菌毒素最大残留限量、霉菌毒素检测的分析方法及其应用和局限性,并简要讨论了正在进行的研究趋势。
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引用次数: 22
Copper induces transcription of BcLCC2 laccase gene in phytopathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. 铜诱导真菌BcLCC2漆酶基因转录。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-02-11 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1725677
U V A Buddhika, S Savocchia, C C Steel

Laccases are one of many groups of inducible enzymes produced by the filamentous fungus, Botrytis cinerea during colonisation of host plant tissues. While the processes involved in laccase induction are not fully understood, Cupric ions (e.g. CuSO4) and gallic acid (GA) have been reported as laccase inducers. This study investigates laccases activities and the expression of three laccase genes (BcLCC1, BcLCC2, BcLCC3) in three B. cinerea isolates grown in laccase-inducing medium (LIM) supplemented with CuSO4 and GA. Laccase activity in culture filtrates with CuSO4 increased after 48 h of growth in LIM at 24°C. The induction of BcLCC2 transcription was greatest at a concentration of 0.6 mM CuSO4, concentrations greater than 0.6 mM inhibited fungal growth. In contrast, no laccase induction was observed in the presence of GA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (NanoLC ESI MS/MS) analysis confirmed the presence of a 63.4 kDa protein, the BcLCC2 isoform in the culture filtrate with 0.6 mM CuSO4. Analysis of mRNA transcripts further showed BcLCC3 was also inducible and the expression of BcLCC2 and BcLCC3 was isolate-dependent. In conclusion, CuSO4 induces a 63.4 kDa laccase in B. cinerea by induced transcription of the BcLCC2 gene.

漆酶是丝状真菌灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)在寄主植物组织定植过程中产生的众多诱导酶之一。虽然漆酶诱导的过程还不完全清楚,但铜离子(如CuSO4)和没食子酸(GA)已被报道为漆酶诱导剂。本研究研究了在添加CuSO4和GA的漆酶诱导培养基(LIM)中培养的3株灰绿芽孢杆菌的漆酶活性和3个漆酶基因(BcLCC1、BcLCC2、BcLCC3)的表达。在24°C条件下,添加CuSO4的培养滤液在LIM中生长48 h后,漆酶活性增加。浓度为0.6 mM的CuSO4对BcLCC2转录的诱导作用最大,浓度大于0.6 mM的CuSO4对真菌生长有抑制作用。相比之下,GA的存在没有观察到漆酶的诱导作用。液相色谱-质谱(NanoLC ESI MS/MS)分析证实,在0.6 mM CuSO4的培养滤液中存在63.4 kDa的BcLCC2蛋白异构体。mRNA转录本分析进一步表明BcLCC3也是可诱导的,并且BcLCC2和BcLCC3的表达是分离依赖的。综上所述,CuSO4通过诱导BcLCC2基因的转录,诱导出了一个63.4 kDa的漆酶。
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引用次数: 13
期刊
Mycology
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