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Miracula einbuarlaekurica sp. nov., a new holocarpic endoparasitoid species from pennate freshwater diatoms in Iceland Miracula einbuarlaekurica sp.nov.,来自冰岛三角洲淡水硅藻的一个新的全壳内寄生物种
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1980446
A. Buaya, M. Thines
ABSTRACT Holocarpic oomycetes infecting freshwater diatoms are obligate endobiotic parasites reported from a wide range of habitats. So far, the taxonomy of and phylogeny of most species remains unresolved, since most have not been reported throughout the past decades and sequence data are available for only the four species, Aphanomycopsis bacillariacearum, Diatomophthora gillii, Ectrogella bacillariacearum, and the recently-discovered species Miracula moenusica. In the current study, a new freshwater diatom parasite resembling Ectrogella bacillariacearum in the sense of Scherffel was discovered from pennate diatoms (Ulnaria acus, Ulnaria ulna) collected from the small stream Einbúalækur on Víkurskarð, North Iceland and investigated for its life cycle and phylogenetic placement. In contrast to the original description, Scherffel reports an achlya-like spore discharge for Ectrogella bacillariacearum. The phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological characterisation in this study revealed that Scherffel’s E. bacillariacearum is largely unrelated to the epitype of the species and is a member of the early-diverging genus Miracula. Consequently, the new species is described as M. einbuarlaekurica in the present study. This adds a second freshwater member to the genus, demonstrating the high ecological adaptability of the genus, which thrives in both freshwater and marine ecosystems.
全新世卵菌感染淡水硅藻是专性内源性寄生虫,据报道来自广泛的栖息地。到目前为止,大多数物种的分类和系统发育仍未得到解决,因为大多数物种在过去的几十年里都没有报道过,只有四个物种的序列数据是可获得的,它们是bacillariacearum Aphanomycopsis, Diatomophthora gillii, Ectrogella bacillariacearum,以及最近发现的物种Miracula moenusica。在本研究中,从冰岛北部Víkurskarð小溪Einbúalækur中收集的羽状硅藻(Ulnaria acus, Ulnaria ulna)中发现了一种新的淡水硅藻寄生虫,类似于Scherffel意义上的Ectrogella bacillariacearum,并对其生命周期和系统发育位置进行了研究。与最初的描述相反,Scherffel报告了杆菌芽胞杆菌的achlylike孢子排出物。本研究的系统发育重建和形态特征表明,Scherffel 's E. bacillariacearum与该物种的表型基本无关,属于早期分化的Miracula属。因此,本研究将该新种命名为M. einbuarlaekurica。这为该属增加了第二个淡水成员,表明该属具有高度的生态适应性,在淡水和海洋生态系统中都很旺盛。
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引用次数: 3
Biocontrol efficacy of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains against aflatoxin contamination in peanut field in Guangdong province, South China 广东花生黄曲霉毒素污染的生物防治效果
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1978573
Firew Tafesse Mamo, Bo Shang, J. N. Selvaraj, Yongquan Zheng, Yang Liu
ABSTRACT Application of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavusto soils is the most successful aflatoxin biological control approach. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of native non-aflatoxin producing (atoxigenic) strains as a biocontrol agent in peanut field in China. The competitive atoxigenic A. flavus strains (JS4, SI1and SXN) isolated from different crops, in China were used for field evaluation. The strains applied during the growing season (June – October, 2016) in the field at rate of 25 kg inoculum/hectare. The colonization of these biocontrol agents has been investigated and the population of A. flavus communities in soil were determined. The incidences of toxin producing (toxigenic) A. flavus strains and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts were also determined. Treated plots produced significant reductions in the incidence of toxigenic isolates of A. flavus in soil. However, the total fungal densities were not significantly different (p > 0.05) after treatments. Large percentage of aflatoxin reductions, ranging from 82.8% (SXN) up to 87.2% (JS4) were recorded in treated plots. Generally, the results suggest that the strategy can be used to control aflatoxin contamination and continuous evaluation should be done.
黄曲霉土壤产氧菌株的应用是最成功的黄曲霉毒素生物防治方法。本研究的目的是评价国产不产黄曲霉毒素(产氧)菌株在中国花生田的防效。利用从中国不同作物中分离的竞争性抗氧黄曲霉菌株JS4、si1和SXN进行田间鉴定。菌株在生长季节(2016年6 - 10月)田间施用,接种量为25 kg /公顷。对这些生物防治剂的定殖情况进行了调查,并测定了黄曲霉在土壤中的群落数量。测定了花生中产毒素(产毒素)黄曲霉菌株和黄曲霉毒素污染的发生率。处理过的地块在土壤中黄曲霉产毒分离株的发生率显著降低。但处理后真菌总密度无显著差异(p < 0.05)。在处理过的地块中,黄曲霉毒素减少的百分比很大,从82.8% (SXN)到87.2% (JS4)不等。结果表明,该策略可用于控制黄曲霉毒素污染,但需进行持续评价。
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引用次数: 2
Correction Notice. 更正通知。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-22 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1930912

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1461142.].

[这更正了文章DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1461142.]。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Developments in Industrial Mycozymes: A Current Appraisal 工业真菌酶的最新进展:当前评价
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1974111
S. Nath, N. Kango
ABSTRACT Fungi, being natural decomposers, are the most potent, ubiquitous and versatile sources of industrial enzymes. About 60% of market share of industrial enzymes is sourced from filamentous fungi and yeasts. Mycozymes (myco-fungus; zymes-enzymes) are playing a pivotal role in several industrial applications and a number of potential applications are in the offing. The field of mycozyme production, while maintaining the old traditional methods, has also witnessed a sea change due to advents in recombinant DNA technology, optimisation protocols, fermentation technology and systems biology. Consolidated bioprocessing of abundant lignocellulosic biomass and complex polysaccharides is being explored at an unprecedented pace and a number of mycozymes of diverse fungal origins are being explored using suitable platforms. The present review attempts to revisit the current status of various mycozymes, screening and production strategies and applications thereof.
摘要真菌作为一种天然分解物,是工业酶最有效、最普遍、最通用的来源。工业酶约60%的市场份额来自丝状真菌和酵母。支原体(真菌;酶)在一些工业应用中发挥着关键作用,许多潜在的应用正在酝酿中。由于重组DNA技术、优化方案、发酵技术和系统生物学的进步,霉菌酶生产领域在保持旧的传统方法的同时,也发生了翻天覆地的变化。丰富的木质纤维素生物质和复杂多糖的联合生物加工正在以前所未有的速度进行探索,并且正在使用合适的平台探索多种不同真菌来源的霉菌酶。本综述试图重新审视各种同工酶的现状、筛选和生产策略及其应用。
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引用次数: 3
Characterisation of two unique sesquiterpenoids from Trichoderma hypoxylon. 来自次生毛霉的两种独特倍半萜的特性。
IF 4.6 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-12 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1964630
Jinyu Zhang, Wen-Bing Yin

Two new sesquiterpenoids, 1-2, together with three known compounds, were isolated from Trichoderma hypoxylon. Among the known compounds, compound 4 was isolated as naturally occurring compound for the first time. The structures of these new compounds were characterized by HR-ESI-MS and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configurations of 1-2 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations.

从次生毛霉中分离出两种新的倍半萜化合物 1-2 和三种已知化合物。在已知化合物中,化合物 4 是首次作为天然化合物被分离出来。通过 HR-ESI-MS 和光谱方法(包括一维和二维核磁共振)对这些新化合物的结构进行了表征。通过电子圆二色性(ECD)计算确定了 1-2 的绝对构型。
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引用次数: 0
Decolourisation of triphenylmethane dyes by biogenically synthesised iron nanoparticles from fungal extract. 真菌提取物生物合成铁纳米颗粒对三苯甲烷染料脱色的研究。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-17 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1948928
Simon Schuster, Adeline Su Yien Ting

In this study, the extract from endophytic Fusarium proliferatum was used to synthesise iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs). The properties of the biogenically synthesised Fe-NPs were then characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The efficacy of the synthesised Fe-NPs in decolourizing triphenylmethane dyes was evaluated. Results revealed that fungal extract from F. proliferatum was successfully used to synthesise Fe-NPs. The Fe-NPs produced were 20-50 nm in size, and consist of substantial elemental Fe content (14.83%). The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of amino acids and proteins on the surface of the Fe-NPs, confirming the biogenic synthesis of the Fe-NPs. When tested for decolourisation, the Fe-NPs were most effective in decolourising Methyl Violet (28.9%), followed by Crystal Violet (23.8%) and Malachite Green (18.3%). This study is the first few to report the biogenic synthesis of Fe-NPs using extracts from an endophytic Fusarium species and their corresponding dye decolourisation activities.

本研究以内生真菌增殖镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)提取物为原料合成铁纳米颗粒(Fe-NPs)。然后用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能量色散x射线光谱(EDX)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对生物合成的Fe-NPs的性质进行了表征。评价了所合成的Fe-NPs对三苯基甲烷染料脱色的效果。结果表明,该真菌提取物可成功合成Fe-NPs。制备的Fe- nps尺寸为20 ~ 50 nm,铁元素含量高达14.83%。FTIR光谱显示Fe-NPs表面存在氨基酸和蛋白质,证实了Fe-NPs是生物合成的。在脱色测试中,Fe-NPs对甲基紫(28.9%)的脱色效果最好,其次是结晶紫(23.8%)和孔雀石绿(18.3%)。本研究首次报道了利用内生镰刀菌提取物合成Fe-NPs及其相应的染料脱色活性。
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引用次数: 2
Adhesins in the virulence of opportunistic fungal pathogens of human. 粘附素在人机会真菌致病菌毒力中的作用。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-05 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1934176
Amrita Kumari, Ankita H Tripathi, Poonam Gautam, Rekha Gahtori, Amit Pande, Yogendra Singh, Taruna Madan, Santosh K Upadhyay

Aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis are the most common cause of mycoses-related disease and death among immune-compromised patients. Adhesins are cell-surface exposed proteins or glycoproteins of pathogens that bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents or mucosal epithelial surfaces of the host cells. The forces of interaction between fungal adhesins and host tissues are accompanied by ligand binding, hydrophobic interactions and protein-protein aggregation. Adherence is the primary and critical step involved in the pathogenesis; however, there is limited information on fungal adhesins compared to that on the bacterial adhesins. Except a few studies based on screening of proteome for adhesin identification, majority are based on characterization of individual adhesins. Recently, based on their characteristic signatures, many putative novel fungal adhesins have been predicted using bioinformatics algorithms. Some of these novel adhesin candidates have been validated by in-vitro studies; though, most of them are yet to be characterised experimentally. Morphotype specific adhesin expression as well as tissue tropism are the crucial determinants for a successful adhesion process. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various studies on fungal adhesins and discusses the targetability of the adhesins and adherence phenomenon, for combating the fungal infection in a preventive or therapeutic mode.

曲霉病、念珠菌病和隐球菌病是免疫功能低下患者中真菌相关疾病和死亡的最常见原因。黏附素是病原体的细胞表面暴露蛋白或糖蛋白,可与宿主细胞的细胞外基质(ECM)成分或粘膜上皮表面结合。真菌黏附素与宿主组织之间的相互作用力伴随着配体结合、疏水相互作用和蛋白质-蛋白质聚集。依从性是发病机制的主要和关键步骤;然而,与细菌黏附素相比,真菌黏附素的研究资料有限。除了少数基于蛋白质组筛选黏附素鉴定的研究外,大多数都是基于单个黏附素的表征。最近,基于它们的特征特征,使用生物信息学算法预测了许多假定的新型真菌粘附素。其中一些新的候选黏附素已被体外研究证实;不过,它们中的大多数还有待实验鉴定。形态特异性粘附素的表达以及组织趋向性是成功粘附过程的关键决定因素。本文综述了真菌粘附素的各种研究,并讨论了粘附素的靶向性和粘附现象,以预防或治疗方式对抗真菌感染。
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引用次数: 9
Entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain IMI 268317 colonises on tomato leaf surface through conidial adhesion and general and microcycle conidiation 昆虫病原真菌Akanthomyces muscarius(下creales: Cordycipitaceae)菌株IMI 268317通过分生孢子粘附和一般和微循环分生作用在番茄叶片表面定植
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1944929
Oumi Nishi, Hirotoshi Sushida, Y. Higashi, Y. Iida
ABSTRACT The entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius strain IMI 268317, previously known as Lecanicilliummuscariumand Verticillium lecanii, is currently used as a microbial insecticide to protect tomatoes from serious leaf-inhabiting pests in greenhouses. However, its persistence on tomato leaves has been unidentified. Understanding the events and processes of phyllosphere colonisation by this strain should help in developing its practical applications. This study assessed the epiphytic abilities of this strain on tomato leaves in humid conditions, simulating closed greenhouse environments. Conidia applied on tomato leaflets strongly adhered 12 h after inoculation. The mucilage-like materials were found around the germinated conidia after 3 days after inoculation (dpi), which possibly strengthened the adhesion. A total of 15% of conidia germinated at 3 dpi, of which 2% formed typical conidium or an enlarged structure on germ-tube tips. Many conidia were produced on phialide tips that branched from elongated hyphae at 7 dpi; however, invasion into leaf tissue was not observed. On the leaflets, inoculated conidia suspensions of 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 conidia/mL, colony forming units increased 52.6 and 8.8 folds from 0 to 14 dpi, respectively. These results suggested that A. muscarius strain IMI 268317 has high epiphytic abilities on tomato leaflets in a humid condition.
摘要昆虫病原真菌Akantomyces muscarius菌株IMI 268317,以前被称为Lecanicilliummuscariman和Verticillium lecanii,目前被用作一种微生物杀虫剂,用于保护番茄免受温室中严重的叶性害虫的侵害。然而,它在番茄叶片上的持久性尚未得到证实。了解该菌株在叶层定植的事件和过程应有助于开发其实际应用。本研究模拟封闭温室环境,评估了该菌株在潮湿条件下对番茄叶片的附生能力。接种后12小时,将Conidia涂抹在番茄小叶上,使其牢固粘附。接种3天后,在发芽的分生孢子周围发现了粘液状物质,这可能增强了粘附性。共有15%的分生孢子在3 dpi时发芽,其中2%在芽管尖端形成典型分生孢子或扩大的结构。在7 dpi时,许多分生孢子在从细长菌丝分支出来的药瓶内酯顶端产生;然而,没有观察到对叶片组织的入侵。在接种1×105和1×106分生孢子/mL的分生孢子悬浮液的小叶上,从0到14dpi,菌落形成单位分别增加了52.6和8.8倍。这些结果表明,A.muscarius菌株IMI 268317在潮湿条件下对番茄小叶具有较高的附生能力。
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引用次数: 2
Endophytic fungi: a tool for plant growth promotion and sustainable agriculture. 内生真菌:促进植物生长和可持续农业的工具。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-29 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1945699
Noemi Carla Baron, Everlon Cid Rigobelo
ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi are found in most, if not all, plant species on the planet. They colonise inner plant tissues without causing symptoms of disease, thus providing benefits to the host plant while also benefiting from this interaction. The global concern for the development of more sustainable agriculture has increased in recent years, and research has been performed to decipher ecology and explore the potential of endophytic interactions in plant growth. To date, many studies point to the positive aspects of endophytic colonisation, and in this review, such research is summarised based on the direct (acquisition of nutrients and phytohormone production) and indirect (induced resistance, production of antibiotics and secondary metabolites, production of siderophores and protection for abiotic and biotic stresses) benefits of endophytic colonisation. An in-depth discussion of the mechanisms is also presented.
内生真菌存在于地球上大多数(如果不是全部的话)植物物种中。它们在植物内部组织中定植而不引起疾病症状,从而为寄主植物提供益处,同时也从这种相互作用中受益。近年来,全球对可持续农业发展的关注日益增加,研究已经开始破译生态学并探索植物生长中内生相互作用的潜力。迄今为止,许多研究都指出了内生定殖的积极方面,在这篇综述中,这些研究是基于内生定殖的直接(获取营养物质和植物激素的产生)和间接(诱导抗性、抗生素和次生代谢物的产生、铁载体的产生和对非生物和生物胁迫的保护)益处进行总结的。本文还对这些机制进行了深入的讨论。
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引用次数: 73
Updates on food and feed mycotoxin contamination and safety in Africa with special reference to Nigeria. 非洲食品和饲料霉菌毒素污染和安全的最新情况,特别提到尼日利亚。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q1 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-20 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1941371
Francis Imade, Edgar Mugizi Ankwasa, Hairong Geng, Sana Ullah, Tanvir Ahmad, Gang Wang, Chenxi Zhang, Oyeyemi Dada, Fuguo Xing, Yongquan Zheng, Yang Liu

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a major concern in sub-Sahara African countries, particularly Nigeria. It represents a significant limit to health of human, livestock as well as the international trade. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and beauvericin are the major mycotoxins recognised in the aetiology of food safety challenges that precipitated countless number of diseases. In Nigeria, aflatoxins and fumonisin found in nearly all crops are the most common mycotoxins of economic and health importance such as sorghum, maize and groundnuts. Thus, consumption of food contaminated with mycotoxins are inevitable, hence the need for adequate regulation is necessary in these frontier economies as done in many developed economies to ensure food safety for human and animals. In low and middle-income countries, especially Nigeria, there is lack of awareness and sufficient information on the risk associated with consequent of mycotoxin contamination on wellbeing of human, animals health and the economy. It is based on the foregoing that this paper summarized the status of mycotoxin present in Nigerian food and feeds relative to the global regulatory standards. This aimed at preventing consuming mycotoxin contaminated food stuff while confronting its associated challenges. Suggestions on some possible control strategies to mitigate vending mycotoxin food and feeds were made.

食品和饲料霉菌毒素污染是撒哈拉以南非洲国家,特别是尼日利亚的一个主要问题。它对人类、牲畜的健康以及国际贸易构成了重大限制。黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇和beauvericin是引发无数疾病的食品安全挑战的病原学中公认的主要真菌毒素。在尼日利亚,在几乎所有作物中发现的黄曲霉毒素和伏马菌素是最常见的具有经济和健康重要性的真菌毒素,如高粱、玉米和花生。因此,食用受真菌毒素污染的食品是不可避免的,因此,这些前沿经济体需要像许多发达经济体一样进行适当的监管,以确保人类和动物的食品安全。在低收入和中等收入国家,特别是尼日利亚,人们对霉菌毒素污染对人类福祉、动物健康和经济造成的风险缺乏认识,也缺乏足够的信息。基于上述,本文总结了尼日利亚食品和饲料中真菌毒素的现状,并与全球监管标准进行了比较。此举旨在防止食用受霉菌毒素污染的食品,同时应对相关挑战。提出了一些可能的控制策略,以减少贩卖霉菌毒素食品和饲料。
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引用次数: 16
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