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Europeans support large carnivore recovery while opposing both further population growth and hunting 欧洲人支持大型食肉动物的恢复,同时反对进一步的人口增长和狩猎
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02914-1
Guillaume Chapron, Yaffa Epstein, Jeremy T. Bruskotter, José Vicente López-Bao
After centuries of persecution in Europe, large carnivores are now recovering. Whether this conservation success continues depends in part on public support. Here we show, using a survey of 10,000 respondents across European Union Member States, that while support for the recovery of wolves, bears and lynx remains strong, most respondents oppose both further population growth and hunting—particularly of wolves. Attitudes are remarkably consistent across rural and urban populations, and many respondents express no strong position, suggesting that large carnivores are less polarizing than often portrayed. The recent amendment to the Habitats Directive, which grants Member States greater flexibility to manage their wolf populations, appears broadly aligned with public opinion, as long as its implementation does not lead to population declines. However, the presence of views in tension—rejecting both population growth and hunting— may pose challenges for designing policies that are both science based and supported by the public. A survey of 10,000 members of the public across European Union countries in which there are large carnivores finds strong support for carnivore recovery but simultaneous, and somewhat paradoxical, opposition to both population growth and hunting.
在欧洲遭受了几个世纪的迫害之后,大型食肉动物正在恢复。这种保护能否继续成功,部分取决于公众的支持。在这里,我们通过对欧盟成员国10000名受访者的调查显示,尽管对恢复狼、熊和猞猁的支持仍然很强,但大多数受访者都反对进一步的人口增长和狩猎——尤其是狼。农村和城市人口的态度非常一致,许多受访者没有表达强烈的立场,这表明大型食肉动物并不像通常描绘的那样两极分化。最近对栖息地指令的修正,赋予成员国更大的灵活性来管理其狼的数量,只要其实施不导致数量下降,似乎与公众舆论基本一致。然而,紧张的观点——既反对人口增长又反对狩猎——的存在可能对设计既基于科学又得到公众支持的政策构成挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Congruent direction but different magnitude of biodiversity response to land-use intensification in space and time 生物多样性对土地利用集约化的响应在空间和时间上方向一致但程度不同
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02896-0
L. Neuenkamp, H. Saiz, N. Schenk, M. Fischer, N. Blüthgen, M. M. Gossner, N. Hoelzel, V. H. Klaus, T. Kleinebecker, D. Prati, S. Seibold, N. Simons, W. Weisser, E. Allan, C. Penone
Land-use intensification is considered a major driver of biodiversity loss. However, most evidence for land-use effects come from comparing biodiversity in areas differing in current land-use intensity. The robustness of such space-for-time substitutions in capturing temporal changes in biodiversity remains unclear. Here we compare spatial and temporal responses of plant and arthropod communities with changes in land-use intensity using 150 time series of 11 years each from German grasslands. We show that land-use intensification across both space and time resulted in a loss of plant and arthropod α- and β-diversity. The direction of biodiversity response, in both space and time, was generally similar, which supports the value of using spatial data to estimate temporal changes in biodiversity following land-use intensification. However, we find a smaller magnitude of response in α- and β-diversity over time, probably because temporal changes in land use were smaller than spatial ones and biodiversity may take several years to respond to changes in land-use intensity. Our research highlights the utility of space-for-time substitution approaches to approximate temporal trends in biodiversity but also calls for more standardized temporal data to capture delayed biodiversity responses and reliably measure the time course of biodiversity change. Many ecological studies assume that space-for-time substitution approaches can be suitable proxies for unavailable time series. Here the authors show congruence between the two approaches in the direction but not the magnitude of grassland plant and arthropod community responses to land-use intensification.
土地利用集约化被认为是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素。然而,大多数关于土地利用效应的证据来自于比较当前土地利用强度不同地区的生物多样性。这种时空替换在捕捉生物多样性的时间变化方面的稳健性尚不清楚。本文利用德国草原150个11年的时间序列,比较了植物和节肢动物群落对土地利用强度变化的时空响应。研究表明,在空间和时间上,土地利用集约化导致植物和节肢动物α-和β-多样性的丧失。在空间和时间上,生物多样性响应的方向大致相似,这支持了利用空间数据估计土地利用集约化后生物多样性时空变化的价值。然而,我们发现α-和β-多样性随时间变化的响应幅度较小,这可能是因为土地利用的时间变化小于空间变化,生物多样性可能需要数年时间才能响应土地利用强度的变化。我们的研究强调了时空替代方法在近似生物多样性时间趋势方面的效用,但也需要更多标准化的时间数据来捕获延迟的生物多样性响应,并可靠地测量生物多样性变化的时间过程。许多生态学研究假设,空间-时间替代方法可以代替不可用的时间序列。这两种方法在草地植物和节肢动物群落对土地利用集约化响应的方向上是一致的,但在程度上是不一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Space-for-time substitution can predict grassland biodiversity dynamics 时空替代可以预测草地生物多样性动态
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02905-2
We showed the robustness of space-for-time substitutions in approximating temporal biodiversity responses of German grasslands to land-use intensification, which is a major driver of biodiversity decline. Our research calls for more standardized temporal data to fine-tune approximated biodiversity trends.
研究表明,空间-时间替换法在近似德国草原对土地利用集约化的时间生物多样性响应方面具有稳稳性,而土地利用集约化是生物多样性下降的主要驱动因素。我们的研究需要更多标准化的时间数据来微调近似的生物多样性趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Substrate utilization and cross-feeding synergistically determine microbiome resistance to pathogen invasion 底物利用和交叉取食协同决定微生物组对病原体入侵的抵抗力
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02908-z
Xinrun Yang, Tianjie Yang, Ziru Zhang, Yaozhong Zhang, Xinlan Mei, Yang Gao, Ningqi Wang, Gaofei Jiang, Yangchun Xu, Qirong Shen, Marnix H. Medema, Alexandre Jousset, Zhong Wei
Understanding how plant-associated microbiomes resist phytopathogen invasion remains a key challenge in natural ecosystems. Here we combined genome-scale metabolic models with synthetic community experiments, both in vitro and in planta, to unravel the mechanisms driving pathogen suppression. We developed curated genome-scale models for each strain, incorporating 48 common resource utilization profiles to fully capture their metabolic capacities. Trophic interactions inferred from models effectively predicted pathogen invasion outcomes across diverse microbial communities and nutrient environments. Importantly, considering both substrate and metabolite features provided a more holistic understanding of pathogen suppression. In particular, cross-feeding metabolites within the native community emerged as crucial yet often overlooked predictors of community resistance, disproportionally favouring native species over invaders. This study lays the foundation for designing disease-resistant microbiomes, with broad implications for mitigating pathogen exposure in diverse environments. Combining genome-scale metabolic modelling with in vitro and in planta experiments, the authors show that cross-feeding metabolites and substrate utilization synergistically determine microbial community resistance to pathogen invasion.
了解植物相关微生物群如何抵抗植物病原体的入侵仍然是自然生态系统中的一个关键挑战。在这里,我们将基因组尺度的代谢模型与体外和植物中的合成群落实验相结合,以揭示驱动病原体抑制的机制。我们为每个菌株建立了精心设计的基因组尺度模型,纳入了48种常见的资源利用谱,以充分捕捉它们的代谢能力。从模型中推断出的营养相互作用有效地预测了病原体在不同微生物群落和营养环境中的入侵结果。重要的是,考虑底物和代谢物的特征提供了对病原体抑制的更全面的理解。特别是,本地群落内的交叉摄食代谢物成为群落抗性的关键因素,但往往被忽视,不成比例地有利于本地物种而不是入侵物种。该研究为设计抗病微生物群奠定了基础,对减轻不同环境下的病原体暴露具有广泛意义。将基因组尺度代谢模型与体外和植物实验相结合,作者表明,交叉饲养代谢物和底物利用协同决定了微生物群落对病原体入侵的抵抗力。
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引用次数: 0
Author Correction: India’s agroecology programme, ‘Zero Budget Natural Farming’, delivers biodiversity and economic benefits without lowering yields 作者更正:印度的农业生态学项目“零预算自然农业”在不降低产量的情况下提供了生物多样性和经济效益
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02931-0
Iris Berger, Ajit Kamble, Oscar Morton, Varsha Raj, Sayuj R. Nair, David P. Edwards, Hannah S. Wauchope, Viral Joshi, Parthiba Basu, Barbara Smith, Lynn V. Dicks
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引用次数: 0
Cultivate your empathy 培养同理心
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02921-2
Catherine E. Lovelock
Empathy is helpful when integrating Indigenous and Western science, which in turn can lead to beneficial environmental and social outcomes
在整合本土和西方科学时,同理心是有帮助的,这反过来又能带来有益的环境和社会结果
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引用次数: 0
Recurrent evolution of selfishness from an essential tRNA synthetase in Caenorhabditis tropicalis 热带隐杆线虫中一种必需tRNA合成酶的自私性反复进化
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02894-2
Polina Tikanova, James Julian Ross, Andreas Hagmüller, Florian Pühringer, Pinelopi Pliota, Daniel Krogull, Valeria Stefania, Manuel Hunold, Alevtina Koreshova, Anja Koller, Ivanna Ostapchuk, Jacqueline Okweri, Joseph Gokcezade, Peter Duchek, Gang Dong, Eyal Ben-David, Alejandro Burga
No genome on Earth is free of selfish genes. This reflects both their ability to subvert the laws of inheritance and their de novo emergence from host genes. Yet, despite their ubiquity and key role in driving innovation, the mechanisms responsible for their genesis remain largely unexplored. Here we report the discovery of three toxin–antidote elements in the nematode Caenorhabditis tropicalis. Toxin–antidote elements are selfish genes that increase their frequency in populations by poisoning non-carrier individuals. We find that all three novel toxins—klmt-1, pzl-1 and hyde-1—arose via gene duplication from fars-3, an essential subunit of the phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase. Their antidotes—KSS proteins—are rapidly evolving F-box proteins that degrade toxins via the SCF ubiquitin–ligase complex. Our phylogenetic and genomic analyses strongly suggest that the ancestor of all extant KSS antidotes fortuitously acquired affinity for FARS-3, much like ‘self’ proteins are targeted in autoimmune disease. This interaction neutralized the toxicity of future paralogues before it arose (presuppression), allowing otherwise deleterious mutant alleles to persist and ultimately evolve into selfish genes—consistent with the theory of constructive neutral evolution. In Caenorhabditis tropicalis, three toxin–antidote elements arose via gene duplication from the essential tRNA-synthetase subunit FARS-3. The ancestral antidote probably acquired affinity for FARS-3, enabling presuppression of toxicity and allowing otherwise deleterious mutant alleles to evolve into selfish genes.
地球上没有一个基因组是没有自私基因的。这既反映了它们颠覆遗传规律的能力,也反映了它们从宿主基因中重新出现的能力。然而,尽管它们无处不在,在推动创新方面发挥着关键作用,但它们产生的机制在很大程度上仍未被探索。在这里,我们报告三毒素解毒剂元素在线虫热带隐杆线虫的发现。毒素解毒剂元素是自私的基因,通过毒害非携带者来增加其在种群中的频率。我们发现这三种新型毒素——klmt-1、pzl-1和hyde-1都是通过fars-3的基因复制而产生的,fars-3是苯丙酰tRNA合成酶的一个重要亚基。它们的解毒剂——kss蛋白——是一种快速进化的F-box蛋白,通过SCF泛素连接酶复合物降解毒素。我们的系统发育和基因组分析强烈表明,所有现存的KSS解毒剂的祖先都偶然获得了FARS-3的亲和力,就像自身免疫性疾病的“自我”蛋白一样。这种相互作用在未来的同源基因出现之前就中和了它的毒性(预抑制),允许其他有害的突变等位基因持续存在并最终进化成自私的基因——这与建设性中性进化理论是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Twenty-five years of misinterpreting the biodiversity hotspot approach 25年来对生物多样性热点方法的误解
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02903-4
Robert J. Smith, Hermenegildo Matimele
A quarter of a century after its publication, the biodiversity hotspot concept remains one of the most cited and influential frameworks in conservation science. But its real-world impact is poorly documented in peer-reviewed literature, which hinders the development of new approaches for prioritizing conservation action.
在生物多样性热点概念提出25年后,它仍然是保护科学中被引用最多、最具影响力的框架之一。但是,在同行评议的文献中,它对现实世界的影响几乎没有记录,这阻碍了优先保护行动的新方法的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive tracking with antagonistic pleiotropy results in seemingly neutral molecular evolution 具有拮抗多效性的自适应跟踪导致了看似中性的分子进化
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02887-1
Siliang Song, Piaopiao Chen, Xukang Shen, Jianzhi Zhang
The neutral theory of molecular evolution, positing that most amino acid substitutions in protein evolution are neutral, is supported by vast comparative genomic data. However, here we report that the key premise of the theory—beneficial mutations are extremely scarce—is violated. Deep mutational scanning data from 12,267 amino acid-altering mutations in 24 prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes reveal that > 1% of these mutations are beneficial, predicting that > 99% of amino acid substitutions would be adaptive. This observation demands a new theory that is compatible with both the high beneficial mutation rate and the comparative genomic data considered consistent with the neutral theory. We propose such a theory named adaptive tracking with antagonistic pleiotropy. In this theory, virtually all beneficial mutations observed are environment specific. Frequent environmental changes and mutational antagonistic pleiotropy across environments render most of the beneficial mutations seen at one time deleterious soon after and hence rarely fixed. Consequently, despite the occurrence of adaptive tracking—continuous adaptation to a changing environment fuelled by beneficial mutations—neutral substitutions prevail. We show that this theory is supported by population genetics simulation, empirical observations and experimental evolution and has implications for the adaptedness of natural populations and the tempo and mode of evolution. Population genetics simulations and analysis of experimental datasets in yeast, Drosophila and E. coli show that beneficial mutations are abundant but transient, as they become deleterious after environmental turnover (antagonistic pleiotropy). Consequently, populations continuously adapt to changing environments (adaptive tracking), yet most mutations that reach fixation are neutral.
分子进化的中性理论假定蛋白质进化中的大多数氨基酸替换是中性的,这一理论得到了大量比较基因组数据的支持。然而,在这里,我们报告说,理论的关键前提-有益的突变是极其稀缺的-是违反的。来自24个原核和真核基因的12267个氨基酸改变突变的深度突变扫描数据显示,这些突变中有1%是有益的,这预示着99%的氨基酸替换将是适应性的。这一观察结果需要一种新的理论,既能与高有益突变率相容,又能与被认为与中性理论一致的比较基因组数据相容。我们提出了一种具有拮抗多效性的自适应跟踪理论。在这个理论中,几乎所有观察到的有益突变都是环境特异性的。频繁的环境变化和不同环境下的突变拮抗多效性使得大多数在一段时间内看到的有益突变很快就会有害,因此很少得到修复。因此,尽管出现了适应性跟踪——由有益突变推动的对不断变化的环境的持续适应——中性替代仍然占上风。研究表明,这一理论得到了种群遗传学模拟、经验观察和实验进化的支持,并对自然种群的适应性以及进化的速度和模式具有启示意义。对酵母、果蝇和大肠杆菌实验数据集的群体遗传学模拟和分析表明,有益突变丰富但短暂,因为它们在环境转换后变得有害(拮抗多效性)。因此,种群不断适应不断变化的环境(适应性跟踪),但大多数达到固定的突变是中性的。
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引用次数: 0
Deep mutational scans clarify the record of evolution 深度突变扫描阐明了进化的记录
IF 13.9 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-025-02902-5
Manolo Mischler, Olivier Tenaillon
Population genetics simulations and experimental evolution in yeast reconcile the apparent contradiction between high levels of beneficial mutations observed in the laboratory and long-term evolutionary patterns that mimic neutrality.
群体遗传学模拟和酵母的实验进化调和了实验室观察到的高水平有益突变和模仿中性的长期进化模式之间的明显矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature ecology & evolution
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