H. Ertan, S. Yagcioglu, Alpaslan Yılmaz, Pekcan Ungan, F. Korkusuz
An archer requires a well-balanced and highly reproducible release of the bowstring to attain high scores in competition. Recurve archers use a mechanical device called the “clicker” to check the draw length. The fall of the clicker that generates an auditory stimulus should evoke a response in the brain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the event-related potentials during archery shooting as a response to the fall of the clicker. Fifteen high-level archers participated. An electro cap was placed on the archers’ scalps, and continuous EEG activity was recorded (digitized at 1000 Hz) and stored for off-line analysis. The EEG data were epoched beginning 200 ms before and lasting 800 ms after stimulus marker signals. An operational definition has been developed for classifying hits corresponding to hit and/or miss areas. The hit area enlarged gradually starting from the centre of the target (yellow: 10) to blue (6 score) by creating ten hit area indexes. It is found that the snap of the clicker during archery shooting evokes N1–P2 components of long-latency evoked brain potentials. N1 amplitudes are significantly higher in hit area than that of miss areas for the 2nd and 4th indexes with 95% confidence intervals and 90% confidence intervals for the 1st and 3rd indexes with 90% confidence intervals. We conclude that the fall of the clicker in archery shooting elicits an N1 response with higher amplitude. Although evoked potential amplitudes were higher in successful shots, their latencies were not significantly different from the unsuccessful ones.
{"title":"Accuracy in Archery Shooting is linked to the Amplitude of the ERP N1 to the Snap of Clicker","authors":"H. Ertan, S. Yagcioglu, Alpaslan Yılmaz, Pekcan Ungan, F. Korkusuz","doi":"10.26773/MJSSM.210306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/MJSSM.210306","url":null,"abstract":"An archer requires a well-balanced and highly reproducible release of the bowstring to attain high scores in competition. Recurve archers use a mechanical device called the “clicker” to check the draw length. The fall of the clicker that generates an auditory stimulus should evoke a response in the brain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the event-related potentials during archery shooting as a response to the fall of the clicker. Fifteen high-level archers participated. An electro cap was placed on the archers’ scalps, and continuous EEG activity was recorded (digitized at 1000 Hz) and stored for off-line analysis. The EEG data were epoched beginning 200 ms before and lasting 800 ms after stimulus marker signals. An operational definition has been developed for classifying hits corresponding to hit and/or miss areas. The hit area enlarged gradually starting from the centre of the target (yellow: 10) to blue (6 score) by creating ten hit area indexes. It is found that the snap of the clicker during archery shooting evokes N1–P2 components of long-latency evoked brain potentials. N1 amplitudes are significantly higher in hit area than that of miss areas for the 2nd and 4th indexes with 95% confidence intervals and 90% confidence intervals for the 1st and 3rd indexes with 90% confidence intervals. We conclude that the fall of the clicker in archery shooting elicits an N1 response with higher amplitude. Although evoked potential amplitudes were higher in successful shots, their latencies were not significantly different from the unsuccessful ones.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80030196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
João Martins, Porto Portugal Intervention in Sport, J. Afonso, Patrícia Coutinho, R. J. Fernandes, I. Mesquita
This study aimed to develop an instrument for analysing the attack in high-level volleyball considering the refined variables adjacent to the attack action, the interconnection between direct and indirect actions, the impact of the previous action, and the formation of composite variables. The game complexes were approached as interacting subsystems. The primary goal was to understand the influence of game actions adjacent to the attack. Three matches of a National Women’s 1st Division 2018/2019 (nine sets, 415 plays) were analysed, considering all game complexes (except attack coverage due to reduced occurrence). An Eigenvector Centrality network with 420 nodes and 7367 edges was created. The networks showed that ideal setting conditions, and strong attacks by the outside and opposite hitters without having received a perfect ball, were central in side-out. In transition, we highlight ideal setting conditions, preferences of the outside hitter, quick attacks in Z4, and high balls in Z2. This study is distinct because it considers different aspects related to the systemic review of the game by using composite variables and the actions prior to the attack. Of these results, we highlight that players attacked with slower tempos for the double action of receive-attack, and these were either preferably directed to the parallel or explored the block. Moreover, for the double defence-attack actions, attackers sought the soft spike in Z2, Z4, and Z8; and when two consecutive individual errors occurred, the players did not err but instead continued to attack to force the opponent’s error.
{"title":"The Attack in Volleyball from the Perspective of Social Network Analysis: Refining Match Analysis through Interconnectivity and Composite of Variables","authors":"João Martins, Porto Portugal Intervention in Sport, J. Afonso, Patrícia Coutinho, R. J. Fernandes, I. Mesquita","doi":"10.26773/MJSSM.210307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/MJSSM.210307","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to develop an instrument for analysing the attack in high-level volleyball considering the refined variables adjacent to the attack action, the interconnection between direct and indirect actions, the impact of the previous action, and the formation of composite variables. The game complexes were approached as interacting subsystems. The primary goal was to understand the influence of game actions adjacent to the attack. Three matches of a National Women’s 1st Division 2018/2019 (nine sets, 415 plays) were analysed, considering all game complexes (except attack coverage due to reduced occurrence). An Eigenvector Centrality network with 420 nodes and 7367 edges was created. The networks showed that ideal setting conditions, and strong attacks by the outside and opposite hitters without having received a perfect ball, were central in side-out. In transition, we highlight ideal setting conditions, preferences of the outside hitter, quick attacks in Z4, and high balls in Z2. This study is distinct because it considers different aspects related to the systemic review of the game by using composite variables and the actions prior to the attack. Of these results, we highlight that players attacked with slower tempos for the double action of receive-attack, and these were either preferably directed to the parallel or explored the block. Moreover, for the double defence-attack actions, attackers sought the soft spike in Z2, Z4, and Z8; and when two consecutive individual errors occurred, the players did not err but instead continued to attack to force the opponent’s error.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74521801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to an athlete’s physical abilities, his or her mental state is also vital for optimal recovery and a successful return to sport after an injury. The purpose of the present review was to determine which psychological factors affect the success of rehabilitation and return to sport following the most frequent musculotendinous thigh injuries (hamstrings, hip adductors, knee extensors), and to present the main psychological screening tools and interventions that can aid the athlete’s rehabilitation and return to sport. A systematic review of the literature did not reveal any relevant results related to those injuries; therefore, the search was expanded to whole lower limb injuries, which showed that several different psychological factors could have a significant impact on an athlete’s rehabilitation and decision to return to sport. It can be presumed that these factors can similarly affect the post-injury process for thigh injuries, which should be considered when planning the rehabilitation programme. Systematically implementing psychological screening and psychological interventions (if needed) into the already established rehabilitation protocols would be reasonable for optimizing an athlete’s recovery and for helping with the decision to return to sport.
{"title":"Psychological Aspect of Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Following Lower Limb Injuries","authors":"J. Marušič, Petra Dolenc, N. Šarabon","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200902","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to an athlete’s physical abilities, his or her mental state is also vital for optimal recovery and a successful return to sport after an injury. The purpose of the present review was to determine which psychological factors affect the success of rehabilitation and return to sport following the most frequent musculotendinous thigh injuries (hamstrings, hip adductors, knee extensors), and to present the main psychological screening tools and interventions that can aid the athlete’s rehabilitation and return to sport. A systematic review of the literature did not reveal any relevant results related to those injuries; therefore, the search was expanded to whole lower limb injuries, which showed that several different psychological factors could have a significant impact on an athlete’s rehabilitation and decision to return to sport. It can be presumed that these factors can similarly affect the post-injury process for thigh injuries, which should be considered when planning the rehabilitation programme. Systematically implementing psychological screening and psychological interventions (if needed) into the already established rehabilitation protocols would be reasonable for optimizing an athlete’s recovery and for helping with the decision to return to sport.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82253504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Agricola, Hradec Králové Czech Republic Sports, M. Bozděch, J. Zháněl
The issue of Relative Age Effect (RAE) focuses on the causes and consequences of the failure to respect development patterns of individuals in relation to their success, especially in sports. This study aims to determine whether the influence of the RAE can be proven in the Czech youth ice hockey league (U15) (n=744). A Chi-Square test (χ2) has shown that the influence in the whole investigated group cannot be rejected (χ2=25.34, p<0.01, w=0.11). The RAE can be rejected in the group of players (n=78) from the three best teams of the competition (χ2=3.09, p=0.38, w=0.11); the influence of the RAE can also be rejected in players (n=75) from the three worst teams (χ2=0.53, p=0.91, w=0.05). The assessment of RAE on playing positions has shown that the RAE can be rejected (χ2=7.31, p=0.06, w=0.22) in the most productive forwards (n=50) as well as in the least productive forwards (n=50) (χ2=0.48, p=0.92, w=0.06). The RAE is rejected in the group of the most productive defensemen (n=50) (χ2=1.71, p=0.11, w=0.11), and in the group of the least productive defensemen (n=50) (χ2=4.15, p=0.25, w=0.17). The RAE cannot be rejected (χ2=8.88, p=0.03, w=0.35) in the group of best goaltenders (n=24); the RAE is rejected in the group of the worst goaltenders (n=24) (χ2=1.5, p=0.68, w=0.14). Although the results have proven that the RAE cannot be rejected in the entire research group, there is no evidence of its influence (with the exception of the best goaltenders) in individual playing positions.
{"title":"The Influence of the Relative Age Effect in the Czech Youth Ice Hockey League","authors":"A. Agricola, Hradec Králové Czech Republic Sports, M. Bozděch, J. Zháněl","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200905","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of Relative Age Effect (RAE) focuses on the causes and consequences of the failure to respect development patterns of individuals in relation to their success, especially in sports. This study aims to determine whether the influence of the RAE can be proven in the Czech youth ice hockey league (U15) (n=744). A Chi-Square test (χ2) has shown that the influence in the whole investigated group cannot be rejected (χ2=25.34, p<0.01, w=0.11). The RAE can be rejected in the group of players (n=78) from the three best teams of the competition (χ2=3.09, p=0.38, w=0.11); the influence of the RAE can also be rejected in players (n=75) from the three worst teams (χ2=0.53, p=0.91, w=0.05). The assessment of RAE on playing positions has shown that the RAE can be rejected (χ2=7.31, p=0.06, w=0.22) in the most productive forwards (n=50) as well as in the least productive forwards (n=50) (χ2=0.48, p=0.92, w=0.06). The RAE is rejected in the group of the most productive defensemen (n=50) (χ2=1.71, p=0.11, w=0.11), and in the group of the least productive defensemen (n=50) (χ2=4.15, p=0.25, w=0.17). The RAE cannot be rejected (χ2=8.88, p=0.03, w=0.35) in the group of best goaltenders (n=24); the RAE is rejected in the group of the worst goaltenders (n=24) (χ2=1.5, p=0.68, w=0.14). Although the results have proven that the RAE cannot be rejected in the entire research group, there is no evidence of its influence (with the exception of the best goaltenders) in individual playing positions.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82574865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Lastella, Zozan Onay, A. Scanlan, Nathan Elsworthy, N. Pitchford, G. Vincent
Although sports officials are essential in the adjudication of rules during competitions, research into officiating populations is preliminary. This review explores existing research on the effects of sleep loss on decision-making in athlete populations, to gain relevant insight into sports officials and the growing decision-making demands of their role. Specifically, cognitive factors that influence decision-making are identified, and the potential relationship between sleep/wake behaviours and decision-making in sports officials were examined. Particular focus was granted to sleep, specifically sleep restriction in athlete populations, and the hypothesized relationship between sleep/wake behaviours and decision-making in sports officials. Impaired sleep duration and quality has been shown to impair cognitive performance. In the context of sport, impairments to sleep can negatively impact motivation, physical strength, reaction time, and decision-making, all of which are imperative to the role of the sports official. Despite numerous studies demonstrating that sleep loss reduces cognitive performance in athletes, this review revealed that similar research in sports officials has surprisingly yet to be conducted. Since sports officials require a high level of cognitive and physical skills to make correct decisions, an inquiry into the influence of sleep on cognitive performance may encourage research that facilitates improved performance training methods for decision-making in officials. Such findings are important to maintain the standard of officiating and allow for the development of guidelines and strategies to manage sleep and optimize decision-making across various sporting codes.
{"title":"Wakeup Call: Reviewing the Effects of Sleep on Decision-Making in Athletes and Implications for Sports Officials","authors":"M. Lastella, Zozan Onay, A. Scanlan, Nathan Elsworthy, N. Pitchford, G. Vincent","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200907","url":null,"abstract":"Although sports officials are essential in the adjudication of rules during competitions, research \u0000into officiating populations is preliminary. This review explores existing research on the effects of sleep loss \u0000on decision-making in athlete populations, to gain relevant insight into sports officials and the growing decision-making demands of their role. Specifically, cognitive factors that influence decision-making are identified, and the potential relationship between sleep/wake behaviours and decision-making in sports officials \u0000were examined. Particular focus was granted to sleep, specifically sleep restriction in athlete populations, \u0000and the hypothesized relationship between sleep/wake behaviours and decision-making in sports officials. \u0000Impaired sleep duration and quality has been shown to impair cognitive performance. In the context of sport, \u0000impairments to sleep can negatively impact motivation, physical strength, reaction time, and decision-making, all of which are imperative to the role of the sports official. Despite numerous studies demonstrating that \u0000sleep loss reduces cognitive performance in athletes, this review revealed that similar research in sports officials has surprisingly yet to be conducted. Since sports officials require a high level of cognitive and physical \u0000skills to make correct decisions, an inquiry into the influence of sleep on cognitive performance may encourage research that facilitates improved performance training methods for decision-making in officials. Such \u0000findings are important to maintain the standard of officiating and allow for the development of guidelines and \u0000strategies to manage sleep and optimize decision-making across various sporting codes.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88354679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María-José Paredes-Ruiz, María Jódar-Reverte, Vicente Ferrer-López, I. M. González-Moro
Determining oxygen muscle saturation (SmO2) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging technique that is increasingly used in sports science; therefore, it is necessary to know its results in different population groups. We analysed it in a group of recreational participants in Nordic Walking. The purpose of this research was to analyse the SmO2 values obtained at various times from testing in a group of athletes over 45. Thirty athletes (18 males) with a mean age of 51.3 years completed a maximal exercise testing in treadmill according to a modified Bruce protocol on a ramp. The electrocardiogram was continuously monitored. We measured VO2max (Metalyzer 3B). In addition, we placed a Humon Hex device on the right thigh to measure quadriceps oxygenation. Heart rate, VO2, and SmO2 ratios were obtained based on the exercise intensity. We obtained a SmO2 at startup of 63.3%, standard deviation (SD) 9.2%; SmO2 declined 61.8%, SD 11.4%; SmO2 in VO2max 57.4% SD 10.2% and SmO2 5 minutes after starting recovery 72.5% SD7.9%. There was a relationship between ventilatory thresholds and variations in SmO2. There were no significant differences between the sexes. We could conclude that the minimum values of SmO2 were related to the VO2 max. During the recovery phase, the values were higher than at rest. The information obtained could be used to control and plan the training.
{"title":"Quadriceps Muscle Oxygenation during a Maximum Stress Test in Middle-Aged Athletes","authors":"María-José Paredes-Ruiz, María Jódar-Reverte, Vicente Ferrer-López, I. M. González-Moro","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200908","url":null,"abstract":"Determining oxygen muscle saturation (SmO2) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging technique that is increasingly used in sports science; therefore, it is necessary to know its results in different population groups. We analysed it in a group of recreational participants in Nordic Walking. The purpose of this research was to analyse the SmO2 values obtained at various times from testing in a group of athletes over 45. Thirty athletes (18 males) with a mean age of 51.3 years completed a maximal exercise testing in treadmill according to a modified Bruce protocol on a ramp. The electrocardiogram was continuously monitored. We measured VO2max (Metalyzer 3B). In addition, we placed a Humon Hex device on the right thigh to measure quadriceps oxygenation. Heart rate, VO2, and SmO2 ratios were obtained based on the exercise intensity. We obtained a SmO2 at startup of 63.3%, standard deviation (SD) 9.2%; SmO2 declined 61.8%, SD 11.4%; SmO2 in VO2max 57.4% SD 10.2% and SmO2 5 minutes after starting recovery 72.5% SD7.9%. There was a relationship between ventilatory thresholds and variations in SmO2. There were no significant differences between the sexes. We could conclude that the minimum values of SmO2 were related to the VO2 max. During the recovery phase, the values were higher than at rest. The information obtained could be used to control and plan the training.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73753864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel Ortega-Castillo, Lidia Martin-Soto, I. Medina-Porqueres
The purpose of this systematic review was to produce a best evidence synthesis of the effects of Kinesiology Tape (KT) in the treatment of tendinopathies. An electronic search on five databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, SportDiscus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)) was conducted. Studies were included if (1) patients suffered from tendinopathy; (2) isolated KT was applied in at least one group; (3) comparisons between other techniques were developed; (4) outcomes based on pain, function, disability, or quality of life were analysed. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 13 articles met the eligibility criteria, involving 454 participants. Nine of these studies presented upper extremity tendinopathies, and four explored lower extremity tendinopathies. Selected papers ranged from low to high quality, with an average score of 5 on the PEDro scale. According to our findings, there is limited evidence to support KT alone for the treatment of tendinopathies beyond the short-term. Due to the mixed methodological quality and the insufficient number of clinical trials, larger, long-term, high-quality studies are needed to support the theory that tendinopathies can benefit from KT applications.
{"title":"Benefits of Kinesiology Tape on Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review","authors":"Miguel Ortega-Castillo, Lidia Martin-Soto, I. Medina-Porqueres","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200910","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this systematic review was to produce a best evidence synthesis of the effects of Kinesiology Tape (KT) in the treatment of tendinopathies. An electronic search on five databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, SportDiscus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)) was conducted. Studies were included if (1) patients suffered from tendinopathy; (2) isolated KT was applied in at least one group; (3) comparisons between other techniques were developed; (4) outcomes based on pain, function, disability, or quality of life were analysed. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 13 articles met the eligibility criteria, involving 454 participants. Nine of these studies presented upper extremity tendinopathies, and four explored lower extremity tendinopathies. Selected papers ranged from low to high quality, with an average score of 5 on the PEDro scale. According to our findings, there is limited evidence to support KT alone for the treatment of tendinopathies beyond the short-term. Due to the mixed methodological quality and the insufficient number of clinical trials, larger, long-term, high-quality studies are needed to support the theory that tendinopathies can benefit from KT applications.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72808622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although normalizing the EMG signals is necessary for physiological interpretation and comparison between muscles and between subjects, no EMG study has investigated the standardized position to achieve maximal contraction for the adductor magnus muscle. Accordingly, it is necessary to employ a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) position that elicits the highest activation to increase the validity of EMG studies and provide accurate comparisons between studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the peak electromyography (EMG) of the most commonly used positions in the literature (i.e., the fully extended hip and knee, hip-flexed 45°, and knee at 90°) to a novel position: prone hip extension with 90° knee flexion. An ultrasound imaging system was used to guide the surface EMG electrode placement on the adductor magnus (AM) muscle, for a group of ninety-four recreational runners. AM demonstrated the greatest MVIC activity in both prone and hip-flexed 45° positions with no significant differences between them (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were displayed between the AM activities while performing the fully extended hip position and the other two positions. Based on these results, it is recommended that the prone and hip-flexed 45° positions can be used to measure the MVIC of the AM interchangeably. Furthermore, the prone position can be considered to be a position of the greatest MVIC of AM, particularly when the position of hip-flexed 45° is limited as well as it can be used to quantify MVIC for both AM and hip extensor muscles simultaneously.
{"title":"Comparison of Electromyographic Amplitudes of the Adductor Magnus Muscle among Three Different Clinical Testing Positions","authors":"W. M. Elsais, W. S. Mohammad","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200904","url":null,"abstract":"Although normalizing the EMG signals is necessary for physiological interpretation and comparison between muscles and between subjects, no EMG study has investigated the standardized position to achieve maximal contraction for the adductor magnus muscle. Accordingly, it is necessary to employ a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) position that elicits the highest activation to increase the validity of EMG studies and provide accurate comparisons between studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the peak electromyography (EMG) of the most commonly used positions in the literature (i.e., the fully extended hip and knee, hip-flexed 45°, and knee at 90°) to a novel position: prone hip extension with 90° knee flexion. An ultrasound imaging system was used to guide the surface EMG electrode placement on the adductor magnus (AM) muscle, for a group of ninety-four recreational runners. AM demonstrated the greatest MVIC activity in both prone and hip-flexed 45° positions with no significant differences between them (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were displayed between the AM activities while performing the fully extended hip position and the other two positions. Based on these results, it is recommended that the prone and hip-flexed 45° positions can be used to measure the MVIC of the AM interchangeably. Furthermore, the prone position can be considered to be a position of the greatest MVIC of AM, particularly when the position of hip-flexed 45° is limited as well as it can be used to quantify MVIC for both AM and hip extensor muscles simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81630465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Abumoh'd, Samir Qasim, N. Bataineh, L. Salman
This study aimed to investigate whether cabergoline therapy alone for six months or in combination with a light exercise programme for an additional three months can attenuate hyperprolactinemia in 13 male patients (range: 22 to 45 yrs.) through measuring pituitary-gonadal hormones including prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and total testosterone. The exercise programme consisted of walking, brisk walking, jogging, and running for three months, during which the intensity and duration of exercise were gradually increased. All the patients performed the exercise programme at 6.30 AM to exclude the effects of the circadian rhythm. The exercise programme was performed at an intensity below 160 beats per min to ensure filling of the heart with blood during ventricular diastole. Blood samples were collected from each patient on three occasions: before treatment, at the end of cabergoline therapy, and after the combination of light exercise and cabergoline. At the end of cabergoline therapy, descriptive data revealed that serum prolactin levels were decreased while the other hormones were increased but without returning to the normal range, except for one patient. However, at the end of the combination procedure, most hormones, namely prolactin and testosterone, were returned to the normal range in most patients. In conclusion, light exercise combined with cabergoline therapy for additional 3 months after 6 months of cabergoline therapy alone returned hormones in most patients to normal range probably due to improved mood and decreased hostility as a result of tuberoinfundibular pathway activity.
{"title":"A Combination of Exercise and Therapy with Cabergoline Attenuate Disturbances of Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones in Hyperprolactinemic Male Patients","authors":"M. F. Abumoh'd, Samir Qasim, N. Bataineh, L. Salman","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.200906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.200906","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate whether cabergoline therapy alone for six months or in combination with a light exercise programme for an additional three months can attenuate hyperprolactinemia in 13 male patients (range: 22 to 45 yrs.) through measuring pituitary-gonadal hormones including prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and total testosterone. The exercise programme consisted of walking, brisk walking, jogging, and running for three months, during which the intensity and duration of exercise were gradually increased. All the patients performed the exercise programme at 6.30 AM to exclude the effects of the circadian rhythm. The exercise programme was performed at an intensity below 160 beats per min to ensure filling of the heart with blood during ventricular diastole. Blood samples were collected from each patient on three occasions: before treatment, at the end of cabergoline therapy, and after the combination of light exercise and cabergoline. At the end of cabergoline therapy, descriptive data revealed that serum prolactin levels were decreased while the other hormones were increased but without returning to the normal range, except for one patient. However, at the end of the combination procedure, most hormones, namely prolactin and testosterone, were returned to the normal range in most patients. In conclusion, light exercise combined with cabergoline therapy for additional 3 months after 6 months of cabergoline therapy alone returned hormones in most patients to normal range probably due to improved mood and decreased hostility as a result of tuberoinfundibular pathway activity.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76050948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiyeon Kim, Joungbo Ko, Jongil Lim, Hyejung Choi, Kyoungho Seo, Sukho Lee
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term core stability exercise on functional movement and balance in people with mild lower-limb discomfort. Twenty people with mild lower-limb discomfort were randomly assigned to control (CG) and core stability exercise training groups (SG, n=10 each). The SG completed twenty 30-min training sessions consisting of Pilates exercises for four weeks. Functional movement, balance, and discomfort level were assessed before and after core stability exercise, using a functional movement test, balance test and visual analogue scale (VAS), respectively. A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to determine the differences. SG demonstrated a significant increase in hurdle step (p = 0.024, group × time effect) and shoulder mobility (p = 0.037, group × time effect). The dynamic balance scores were significantly increased from the baseline in both limbs (right, p = 0.007; left, p = 0.011, time effect). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated these increases were significant only in SG. Additionally, ankle pain was significantly reduced in SG (p = 0.023, group × time effect). This study highlights that four weeks of core stability exercise can positively affect the lower limbs’ functional movement and balance in people with mild lower-limb discomfort.
{"title":"Effects of a Four-Week Core Stability Exercise on Functional Movement and Balance in People with Mild Lower-limb Discomfort","authors":"Jiyeon Kim, Joungbo Ko, Jongil Lim, Hyejung Choi, Kyoungho Seo, Sukho Lee","doi":"10.26773/MJSSM.200903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/MJSSM.200903","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the effects of a short-term core stability exercise on functional movement and balance in people with mild lower-limb discomfort. Twenty people with mild lower-limb discomfort were randomly assigned to control (CG) and core stability exercise training groups (SG, n=10 each). The SG completed twenty 30-min training sessions consisting of Pilates exercises for four weeks. Functional movement, balance, and discomfort level were assessed before and after core stability exercise, using a functional movement test, balance test and visual analogue scale (VAS), respectively. A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to determine the differences. SG demonstrated a significant increase in hurdle step (p = 0.024, group × time effect) and shoulder mobility (p = 0.037, group × time effect). The dynamic balance scores were significantly increased from the baseline in both limbs (right, p = 0.007; left, p = 0.011, time effect). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated these increases were significant only in SG. Additionally, ankle pain was significantly reduced in SG (p = 0.023, group × time effect). This study highlights that four weeks of core stability exercise can positively affect the lower limbs’ functional movement and balance in people with mild lower-limb discomfort.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77434003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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