Aim: This research examines the role of nutrition, particularly carbohydrate consumption, in optimizing athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. Method: A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, encompassing various study types such as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case reports, editorials, original research articles, and abstracts. Databases including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched. The review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing a narrative synthesis approach due to the heterogeneity of collected data. Results: Carbohydrates emerged as a vital energy source for athletic performance. Adequate carbohydrate intake, appropriate timing, and nutrient composition were found to be critical for maintaining muscle glycogen levels during intense physical activity. Sports nutrition practices, such as high-carbohydrate diets and carbohydrate intake during exercise, have implications for athletes’ immune system status. Low glycemic-index carbohydrates exhibited benefits in endurance sports by promoting fat oxidation and reducing glucose oxidation. Gender-specific dietary guidelines were recommended to address substrate utilization differences during exercise. Conclusion: Nutrition, particularly carbohydrate consumption, significantly influences athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. The study underscores the importance of individualized nutrition plans, considering nutrient timing and composition, to optimize performance and overall well-being. Further research is needed to address limitations and establish conclusive evidence on the relationship between carbohydrate intake, recovery, and athletic performance. Overall, the research provides valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and practitioners aiming to enhance performance through effective nutritional strategies.
目的:本研究探讨营养，特别是碳水化合物的消耗，在优化运动表现和运动后恢复中的作用。方法:对相关文献进行系统综述，包括各种研究类型，如荟萃分析、系统综述、病例报告、社论、原创研究文章和摘要。数据库包括PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Taylor &Francis和Google Scholar进行了全面的搜索。由于收集数据的异质性，该综述遵循系统评价和荟萃分析(PRISMA)指南的首选报告项目，采用叙述综合方法。结果:碳水化合物成为运动表现的重要能量来源。充足的碳水化合物摄入、适当的时间和营养成分对于在剧烈运动期间维持肌糖原水平至关重要。运动营养实践，如高碳水化合物饮食和运动期间的碳水化合物摄入，对运动员的免疫系统状态有影响。低血糖指数碳水化合物在耐力运动中表现出促进脂肪氧化和减少葡萄糖氧化的好处。针对不同性别的饮食指南被推荐用于解决运动中基质利用的差异。结论:营养，尤其是碳水化合物的消耗，显著影响运动表现和运动后恢复。该研究强调了个性化营养计划的重要性，考虑到营养时间和成分，以优化表现和整体健康。需要进一步的研究来解决局限性，并建立碳水化合物摄入、恢复和运动表现之间关系的结论性证据。总的来说，这项研究为旨在通过有效的营养策略提高成绩的运动员、教练和实践者提供了有价值的见解。
{"title":"Optimizing Athletic Performance and Post- Exercise Recovery: The Significance of Carbohydrates and Nutrition","authors":"Chanderkant Dhiman, Bhuwan Chand Kapri","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230907","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This research examines the role of nutrition, particularly carbohydrate consumption, in optimizing athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. Method: A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, encompassing various study types such as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case reports, editorials, original research articles, and abstracts. Databases including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched. The review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing a narrative synthesis approach due to the heterogeneity of collected data. Results: Carbohydrates emerged as a vital energy source for athletic performance. Adequate carbohydrate intake, appropriate timing, and nutrient composition were found to be critical for maintaining muscle glycogen levels during intense physical activity. Sports nutrition practices, such as high-carbohydrate diets and carbohydrate intake during exercise, have implications for athletes’ immune system status. Low glycemic-index carbohydrates exhibited benefits in endurance sports by promoting fat oxidation and reducing glucose oxidation. Gender-specific dietary guidelines were recommended to address substrate utilization differences during exercise. Conclusion: Nutrition, particularly carbohydrate consumption, significantly influences athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. The study underscores the importance of individualized nutrition plans, considering nutrient timing and composition, to optimize performance and overall well-being. Further research is needed to address limitations and establish conclusive evidence on the relationship between carbohydrate intake, recovery, and athletic performance. Overall, the research provides valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and practitioners aiming to enhance performance through effective nutritional strategies.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Only a few studies have produced equations that can estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR) in female athletes, but the accuracy of these equations for combat athletes has not yet been tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 12 different equations which are commonly using to determine resting metabolite rate (RMR) in the literature. Twenty-three female combat sport athletes (24.23± 3.39 years; 166.8 ± 5.3 cm; 63.13±6.53 kg; 8.78±3.19 experience years.; 56.40±3.43 VO2 mL/kg/min) were participated this study in voluntarily basis. A cross-validation approach used to compare the accuracy of 12 commonly prediction equations with measured RMR by indirect calorimetry to determine RMR in female combat sports athletes. All the predictive equation was underestimated RMR when compared with the measured RMR (p < 0.05) and the smallest mean difference (92.46 ± 210.38 kcal·d-1) was observed for Altman & Dittmer equation amongst the 12 predictive equations. The Altman & Dittmer equation was accurately predicted 16 out of 30 subjects’ RMR value within the range ±10%. However, based on the Bland–Altman plots, the prediction equations were not accurately nor precisely predicted RMR in the current sample of female combat sport athletes. The results in the present study showed that the Altman & Dittmer equation is most suitable equation to predict RMR amongst 12 equations. Although the Altman & Dittmer equation was resulted with smallest mean difference, it seems that there is need to further research with longitudinal approach to understand the effects of training intensity and body mass changes on RMR in order to develop the formulas already exist used commonly.
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction in Female Combat Sports Athletes","authors":"Erkan Tortu, Abdulkadir Birol, Meryem Aksarı","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230906","url":null,"abstract":"Only a few studies have produced equations that can estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR) in female athletes, but the accuracy of these equations for combat athletes has not yet been tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 12 different equations which are commonly using to determine resting metabolite rate (RMR) in the literature. Twenty-three female combat sport athletes (24.23± 3.39 years; 166.8 ± 5.3 cm; 63.13±6.53 kg; 8.78±3.19 experience years.; 56.40±3.43 VO2 mL/kg/min) were participated this study in voluntarily basis. A cross-validation approach used to compare the accuracy of 12 commonly prediction equations with measured RMR by indirect calorimetry to determine RMR in female combat sports athletes. All the predictive equation was underestimated RMR when compared with the measured RMR (p < 0.05) and the smallest mean difference (92.46 ± 210.38 kcal·d-1) was observed for Altman & Dittmer equation amongst the 12 predictive equations. The Altman & Dittmer equation was accurately predicted 16 out of 30 subjects’ RMR value within the range ±10%. However, based on the Bland–Altman plots, the prediction equations were not accurately nor precisely predicted RMR in the current sample of female combat sport athletes. The results in the present study showed that the Altman & Dittmer equation is most suitable equation to predict RMR amongst 12 equations. Although the Altman & Dittmer equation was resulted with smallest mean difference, it seems that there is need to further research with longitudinal approach to understand the effects of training intensity and body mass changes on RMR in order to develop the formulas already exist used commonly.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tjaša Ocvirk, Jerneja Premelč, Bojan Leskosek, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak
Physical fitness is an important health indicator and component of physical literacy. Therefore, monitoring youth fitness performance is crucial for identifying potential health risks and tracking physical literacy development. Over the years, many fitness test batteries have been developed while different protocols for footwear have been used in fitness testing. The comparison of fitness results performed in different footwear could therefore be questioned. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the differences between barefoot and shod performance of selected motor tests in adolescents. Eighty-six adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years performed standing long jump, 20-m shuttle run, and polygon backwards in both footwear conditions. A strong correlation (r=0.83-0.95) was noted between both performances. No significant differences between barefoot and shod performance in the standing long jump and the backward obstacle course test were found, while significant differences were noted in the 20-m shuttle run. In this test, both, boys and girls performed better in shod conditions. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in performance of all tests among those who are habitually barefoot and others. From practical perspective, this study demonstrated that researchers could compare scores of samples in barefoot and shod performance of standing long jump and backward obstacle course tests. However, when physical teachers compare individual scores over the years, this should be made under the same footwear conditions, as differences in test conditions can provide a distorted picture of motor development.
{"title":"Differences between barefoot and shod performance in selected fitness tests in adolescents","authors":"Tjaša Ocvirk, Jerneja Premelč, Bojan Leskosek, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230908","url":null,"abstract":"Physical fitness is an important health indicator and component of physical literacy. Therefore, monitoring youth fitness performance is crucial for identifying potential health risks and tracking physical literacy development. Over the years, many fitness test batteries have been developed while different protocols for footwear have been used in fitness testing. The comparison of fitness results performed in different footwear could therefore be questioned. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the differences between barefoot and shod performance of selected motor tests in adolescents. Eighty-six adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years performed standing long jump, 20-m shuttle run, and polygon backwards in both footwear conditions. A strong correlation (r=0.83-0.95) was noted between both performances. No significant differences between barefoot and shod performance in the standing long jump and the backward obstacle course test were found, while significant differences were noted in the 20-m shuttle run. In this test, both, boys and girls performed better in shod conditions. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in performance of all tests among those who are habitually barefoot and others. From practical perspective, this study demonstrated that researchers could compare scores of samples in barefoot and shod performance of standing long jump and backward obstacle course tests. However, when physical teachers compare individual scores over the years, this should be made under the same footwear conditions, as differences in test conditions can provide a distorted picture of motor development.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krešimir Hrg, Petra Lončar, Wanda Haber Zelanto, Dario Novak, Hrvoje Podnar
This study investigated the impact of educational video content in the final part of the PE lesson on students’ health literacy and their perceptions of the usefulness and satisfaction of PE lessons. The study included 160 students in grades 6 to 8 from an elementary school in Croatia, with an average age of 13.75 years, of which 93 (58%) were female. The experimental group (n=111) participated in the PE lessons with educational video content, while the control group (n=49) participated in the standard PE lesson. At the beginning and at the end of the research, both groups completed a theoretical written knowledge test on health literacy and a questionnaire to assess attitudes towards PE lessons. An ANCOVA was used to measure the impact of the experimental programme on post-intervention results while including initial results as a covariate. After the experiment, statistically significant differences were observed between the results of the experimental and control groups of students for Theoretical knowledge (9.90±0.29 vs. 8.33±0.43, F(1,159) = 8.998, p = 0.003) and Perception of the usefulness of PE lessons (2.93±0.06 vs 2.69±0.09, F(1,163) = 4.434, p = 0.037), while no statistically significant differences were observed for Satisfaction with PE lessons (2.95±0, 09 vs. 3.02±0.06, p = 0.553). The intervention positively affected students’ knowledge and perception of PE lessons without impairing their satisfaction, indicating that integrating educational video content into PE lessons connecting physical activity and health literacy is viable.
本研究旨在探讨体育课程最后部分的教育视频内容对学生健康素养的影响，以及学生对体育课程有用性和满意度的看法。该研究包括克罗地亚一所小学6至8年级的160名学生，平均年龄为13.75岁，其中93名(58%)是女生。实验组(n=111)参加了具有教育视频内容的体育课，对照组(n=49)参加了标准的体育课。在研究开始和结束时，两组都完成了一项关于健康素养的理论书面知识测试和一份评估对体育课态度的问卷。使用ANCOVA来测量实验方案对干预后结果的影响，同时将初始结果作为协变量。实验结束后，实验组学生的理论知识(9.90±0.29 vs. 8.33±0.43,F(1159) = 8.998, p = 0.003)、对体育课程有用性的感知(2.93±0.06 vs. 2.69±0.09,F(1163) = 4.434, p = 0.037)和对体育课程的满意度(2.95±0,09 vs. 3.02±0.06,p = 0.553)与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义。干预正向影响学生对体育课程的知识和感知，但不影响其满意度，表明将教育视频内容整合到体育课程中，将体育活动与健康素养联系起来是可行的。
{"title":"Attainment of the Health Outcomes by Implementing Educational Videos During the Final Part of the Physical Education Lesson","authors":"Krešimir Hrg, Petra Lončar, Wanda Haber Zelanto, Dario Novak, Hrvoje Podnar","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230902","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the impact of educational video content in the final part of the PE lesson on students’ health literacy and their perceptions of the usefulness and satisfaction of PE lessons. The study included 160 students in grades 6 to 8 from an elementary school in Croatia, with an average age of 13.75 years, of which 93 (58%) were female. The experimental group (n=111) participated in the PE lessons with educational video content, while the control group (n=49) participated in the standard PE lesson. At the beginning and at the end of the research, both groups completed a theoretical written knowledge test on health literacy and a questionnaire to assess attitudes towards PE lessons. An ANCOVA was used to measure the impact of the experimental programme on post-intervention results while including initial results as a covariate. After the experiment, statistically significant differences were observed between the results of the experimental and control groups of students for Theoretical knowledge (9.90±0.29 vs. 8.33±0.43, F(1,159) = 8.998, p = 0.003) and Perception of the usefulness of PE lessons (2.93±0.06 vs 2.69±0.09, F(1,163) = 4.434, p = 0.037), while no statistically significant differences were observed for Satisfaction with PE lessons (2.95±0, 09 vs. 3.02±0.06, p = 0.553). The intervention positively affected students’ knowledge and perception of PE lessons without impairing their satisfaction, indicating that integrating educational video content into PE lessons connecting physical activity and health literacy is viable.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed the aerobic fitness and body mass index of officers of the Nigerian Police Force in Enugu State, Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional study and a total number of 343 police officers participated. Aerobic fitness was evaluated with a 20-metre shuttle run also known as Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Run (PACER) test which was used to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of participants. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also measured and a proforma was used to record PACER performance, gender, age and years of service. Mean, Standard Deviation and Linear regression were used for analyses. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for the data analysis. The findings revealed that the police officers had a mean VO2max of 46.01±8.644 ml/kg -1 ·minute -1. The police officers had a mean BMI of 25.68kg/m2, which was significantly associated (<0.001) with their VO2max. The study concluded that higher BMI is associated with decrease in VO2max. Gender had a significant relationship with the BMI of police officers, as female officers had higher BMI while male officers had lower BMI. Age had a significant relationship with the BMI of police officers, as their higher age is associated with their higher BMI. However, officers of both genders particularly females need to engage more in physical activities to have improved aerobic capacity and have their BMI within a healthy range.
本研究评估了尼日利亚埃努古州尼日利亚警察部队警官的有氧适能和体重指数。这是一项横断面研究，共有343名警察参与。有氧适能通过20米穿梭跑(也称为渐进式有氧心血管跑(PACER))测试来评估，该测试用于估计参与者的最大摄氧量(VO2max)。还测量了身体质量指数(BMI)，并使用形式表记录PACER表现、性别、年龄和服务年限。采用均值、标准差和线性回归进行分析。使用SPSS (Statistical Package for The Social Sciences)第25版进行数据分析。结果显示，警察的平均VO2max为46.01±8.644 ml/kg -1·min -1。警察的平均BMI为25.68kg/m2，与最大摄氧量显著相关(<0.001)。该研究得出结论，较高的BMI与最大摄氧量的降低有关。性别对警员BMI有显著影响，女性警员BMI较高，而男性警员BMI较低。年龄与警察的身体质量指数有显著关系，年龄越大，身体质量指数越高。然而，男女军官，特别是女性军官，都需要更多地参加体育活动，以提高有氧能力，并将其体重指数保持在健康范围内。
{"title":"Assessment of Aerobic Fitness and Body Mass Index of Officers of the Nigerian Police Force in Enugu State, South East Nigeria","authors":"Okechukwu Kingsley Oforka, Joshua Emeka Umeifekwem, Tochi Emmanuel Iwuagwu, Okey Aaron Umeakuka, Perpetua Chinyere Ofili, Umar Jinedu Badaru","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230909","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the aerobic fitness and body mass index of officers of the Nigerian Police Force in Enugu State, Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional study and a total number of 343 police officers participated. Aerobic fitness was evaluated with a 20-metre shuttle run also known as Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Run (PACER) test which was used to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of participants. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also measured and a proforma was used to record PACER performance, gender, age and years of service. Mean, Standard Deviation and Linear regression were used for analyses. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for the data analysis. The findings revealed that the police officers had a mean VO2max of 46.01±8.644 ml/kg -1 ·minute -1. The police officers had a mean BMI of 25.68kg/m2, which was significantly associated (<0.001) with their VO2max. The study concluded that higher BMI is associated with decrease in VO2max. Gender had a significant relationship with the BMI of police officers, as female officers had higher BMI while male officers had lower BMI. Age had a significant relationship with the BMI of police officers, as their higher age is associated with their higher BMI. However, officers of both genders particularly females need to engage more in physical activities to have improved aerobic capacity and have their BMI within a healthy range.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Perazzetti, Milivoj Dopsaj, Antonio Tessitore
In water polo, the playing style of a team is characterized by players’ tactical behaviour. The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of offensive actions, by means of the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) of the first four youth national teams during the 20th FINA Junior Water Polo World Championships. Twenty-nine elite youth (U20) water polo matches, involving the national teams of Greece (n=7), Serbia (n=7), Italy (n=7) and Croatia (n=8) were selected for the analysis. The TSAP included: i) two indicators of gaining possession of the ball; ii) four indicators of disposing the ball. Using these indicators, the following indices of technical performance were computed: Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS). The field was divided in twelve zones. The one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between teams for all parameters (p>0.05), except that for Offensive Balls (OB) and Successful Shots (SS) occurred in specific zones of the field: for OB significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.019), in zone 2 (p=.014) and in zone 5 (p=.007); for SS significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.026) and in zone 2 (p=.008). The main reason of between-teams differences could be explained by the presence of a left-hand player in the game, and by the tactical behaviour of coaches and players. The TSAP instrument could offer productive feedback to coaches to perceive the different requirements of playing and to evaluate how players understand the game.
{"title":"Technical and tactical evaluation of ball possession in international youth water polo matches using the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) instrument","authors":"Andrea Perazzetti, Milivoj Dopsaj, Antonio Tessitore","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230901","url":null,"abstract":"In water polo, the playing style of a team is characterized by players’ tactical behaviour. The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of offensive actions, by means of the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) of the first four youth national teams during the 20th FINA Junior Water Polo World Championships. Twenty-nine elite youth (U20) water polo matches, involving the national teams of Greece (n=7), Serbia (n=7), Italy (n=7) and Croatia (n=8) were selected for the analysis. The TSAP included: i) two indicators of gaining possession of the ball; ii) four indicators of disposing the ball. Using these indicators, the following indices of technical performance were computed: Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS). The field was divided in twelve zones. The one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between teams for all parameters (p>0.05), except that for Offensive Balls (OB) and Successful Shots (SS) occurred in specific zones of the field: for OB significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.019), in zone 2 (p=.014) and in zone 5 (p=.007); for SS significant differences were found in zone 1 (p=.026) and in zone 2 (p=.008). The main reason of between-teams differences could be explained by the presence of a left-hand player in the game, and by the tactical behaviour of coaches and players. The TSAP instrument could offer productive feedback to coaches to perceive the different requirements of playing and to evaluate how players understand the game.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Handball athletes are subjected to high loads, especially during the process of throwing or shooting overhead. These athletes often complain of pain and report unexplained loss of throwing velocity and throwing control. Shoulder dyskinesia and overuse syndrome have been identified as risk factors among elite handball athletes. Understanding the dynamics and kinematics of the throwing phase is vital for the exercise professional. This study evaluates the effect of an interventional exercise program on shoulder girdle biomechanics and overhead shooting. The sample consisted of 20 high level handball athletes from Greece. The athletes were divided into two groups: 10 in the study group, who were given the exercise program, and 10 in the control group, who only engaged in in-team handball training. Before and after the program, the following measurements were performed: a) angular measurements of abduction, adduction, flexion and extension of the shoulder; b) isokinetic evaluation of abduction flexion and adduction extension of the shoulder joint, at three angular velocities (60°/sec, 180°/sec and 300°/sec). Inferential statistics showed that there was a statistically significant difference in angular measurements with a reduction in range of motion for 10 of the study group. In the isokinetic assessment there was a statistically significant difference, in the 180°/sec velocities in flexion and extension, and in the deficit of flexion of both shoulders. In conclusion, the interventional exercise program had, to some extent, a beneficial effect on muscle strengthening of the shoulder girdle. The results of this study may suggest training guidelines, provide important information to exercise professionals, and provide feedback to handball athletes.
{"title":"The Effect of an Exercise Program on the Biomechanics of the Shoulder Girdle in Overhead Shooting in High-level Handball Players","authors":"Konstantinos Gkagkanas, Dimitris Hatzimanouil, Trifon Totlis, Georgia Stavropoulou","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230903","url":null,"abstract":"Handball athletes are subjected to high loads, especially during the process of throwing or shooting overhead. These athletes often complain of pain and report unexplained loss of throwing velocity and throwing control. Shoulder dyskinesia and overuse syndrome have been identified as risk factors among elite handball athletes. Understanding the dynamics and kinematics of the throwing phase is vital for the exercise professional. This study evaluates the effect of an interventional exercise program on shoulder girdle biomechanics and overhead shooting. The sample consisted of 20 high level handball athletes from Greece. The athletes were divided into two groups: 10 in the study group, who were given the exercise program, and 10 in the control group, who only engaged in in-team handball training. Before and after the program, the following measurements were performed: a) angular measurements of abduction, adduction, flexion and extension of the shoulder; b) isokinetic evaluation of abduction flexion and adduction extension of the shoulder joint, at three angular velocities (60°/sec, 180°/sec and 300°/sec). Inferential statistics showed that there was a statistically significant difference in angular measurements with a reduction in range of motion for 10 of the study group. In the isokinetic assessment there was a statistically significant difference, in the 180°/sec velocities in flexion and extension, and in the deficit of flexion of both shoulders. In conclusion, the interventional exercise program had, to some extent, a beneficial effect on muscle strengthening of the shoulder girdle. The results of this study may suggest training guidelines, provide important information to exercise professionals, and provide feedback to handball athletes.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research aims to identify the determinants of well-being of youth strength athletes taking into account individual parameters (level of stress, anxiety, depression) and contextual parameters (change of place of residence, change of opportunity to train due to war), differences compared to an older age group. The online study was performed on elite strength athletes (N=172) in Ukraine during Russo-Ukrainian war. In addition to demographic characteristics, the survey included question to sports activity, issues related to hostilities, standardized questionnaires to measure life satisfaction (SWLS), perceived stress level (PSS-10), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), physical, mental and social functioning (SF-36). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis to find association between variables, and building linear regression models. Samples of young and adult athletes that we analyzed did not differ in terms of life satisfaction. Among young athletes there were significantly fewer people with symptoms of stress (67%) and anxiety (25.53%). Three groups of factors that determine the life satisfaction of young Ukrainian athletes can be single out: individual (stress, depression), contextual (change of place of residence or training due to the war), and health-based (general perception of one’s own health and pain sensations). The data highlight the critical importance of mental health monitoring for the overall well-being of athletes. The obtained results can be used to rapidly screen persons in the risk group during a war and further develop individual psychotherapeutic programs to overcome trauma and the consequences of war.
{"title":"Well-being and Life Satisfaction of Strength Athletes During War: Role of Individual and Health-Related Determinants","authors":"Iuliia Pavlova, Mariia Roztorhui, Petro Petrytsa, Tetiana Melnyk, Natalia Nalyvayko, Andrii Ohnystyi","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230904","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to identify the determinants of well-being of youth strength athletes taking into account individual parameters (level of stress, anxiety, depression) and contextual parameters (change of place of residence, change of opportunity to train due to war), differences compared to an older age group. The online study was performed on elite strength athletes (N=172) in Ukraine during Russo-Ukrainian war. In addition to demographic characteristics, the survey included question to sports activity, issues related to hostilities, standardized questionnaires to measure life satisfaction (SWLS), perceived stress level (PSS-10), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), physical, mental and social functioning (SF-36). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis to find association between variables, and building linear regression models. Samples of young and adult athletes that we analyzed did not differ in terms of life satisfaction. Among young athletes there were significantly fewer people with symptoms of stress (67%) and anxiety (25.53%). Three groups of factors that determine the life satisfaction of young Ukrainian athletes can be single out: individual (stress, depression), contextual (change of place of residence or training due to the war), and health-based (general perception of one’s own health and pain sensations). The data highlight the critical importance of mental health monitoring for the overall well-being of athletes. The obtained results can be used to rapidly screen persons in the risk group during a war and further develop individual psychotherapeutic programs to overcome trauma and the consequences of war.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cíntia França, Francisco Martins, Diogo Martinho, Andreas Ihle, Adilson Marques, Hugo Sarmento, Manuel Clemente, Krzysztof Przednowek, Pedro Campos, Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
Muscle strength and balance ability have been related to injury prevention and game actions performance in football. The aims of this study are twofold: (1) to examine bilateral asymmetries in isokinetic strength and balance assessments, and (2) to evaluate the relationship between muscle strength and balance measures. Eighty-eight male adolescent football players were assessed for body composition (InBody 770), isokinetic strength (Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer), and balance performance (Biodex Balance System). Paired samples t-tests were conducted to determine bilateral differences in strength and balance. Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression analyses evaluated the relationship between strength and balance. No significant bilateral strength differences were observed in knee flexors (KF) and knee extensors (KE) peak torque (PT) scores. No bilateral differences were found for balance measures, except in the lateromedial stability index, which was better while performing with the preferred leg (p ≤ 0.01; d = 0.29). Significant correlations were found between KE PT and balance tasks (p ≤ 0.01). KF and KE PT shared between 18 and 22% of the common variance in the overall stability index in the non-preferred and preferred leg, respectively. Monitoring strategies of bilateral asymmetries may be crucial to enhance performance in tasks underpinned by unilateral movements, such as changes of direction and sprints, and to identify players at risk of injury. Adopting these strategies during the early stages of football training might be crucial for players’ long-term development.
在足球运动中，肌肉力量和平衡能力关系到伤病的预防和比赛动作的表现。本研究的目的有两个:(1)检查等速力量和平衡评估中的双边不对称;(2)评估肌肉力量和平衡测量之间的关系。对88名男性青少年足球运动员进行了身体成分(InBody 770)、等速力量(Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer)和平衡性能(Biodex balance System)评估。配对样本进行t检验，以确定双方在力量和平衡方面的差异。Pearson相关性和多元线性回归分析评估了力量和平衡之间的关系。在膝关节屈肌(KF)和膝关节伸肌(KE)峰值扭矩(PT)评分中没有观察到显著的双侧强度差异。除了外侧内侧稳定指数外，两组在平衡措施上没有差异，外侧内侧稳定指数在使用首选腿时更好(p≤0.01;D = 0.29)。KE PT与平衡任务有显著相关(p≤0.01)。KF和KE PT在非首选腿和首选腿的总体稳定性指数的共同方差分别为18%至22%。监测双侧不对称的策略对于提高单侧运动(如改变方向和冲刺)的表现以及识别有受伤风险的运动员可能至关重要。在足球训练的早期阶段采用这些策略可能对球员的长期发展至关重要。
{"title":"Bilateral Asymmetry and the Relationship Between Unilateral Isokinetic Strength and Balance Performance in Male Adolescent Football Players","authors":"Cíntia França, Francisco Martins, Diogo Martinho, Andreas Ihle, Adilson Marques, Hugo Sarmento, Manuel Clemente, Krzysztof Przednowek, Pedro Campos, Élvio Rúbio Gouveia","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230905","url":null,"abstract":"Muscle strength and balance ability have been related to injury prevention and game actions performance in football. The aims of this study are twofold: (1) to examine bilateral asymmetries in isokinetic strength and balance assessments, and (2) to evaluate the relationship between muscle strength and balance measures. Eighty-eight male adolescent football players were assessed for body composition (InBody 770), isokinetic strength (Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer), and balance performance (Biodex Balance System). Paired samples t-tests were conducted to determine bilateral differences in strength and balance. Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression analyses evaluated the relationship between strength and balance. No significant bilateral strength differences were observed in knee flexors (KF) and knee extensors (KE) peak torque (PT) scores. No bilateral differences were found for balance measures, except in the lateromedial stability index, which was better while performing with the preferred leg (p ≤ 0.01; d = 0.29). Significant correlations were found between KE PT and balance tasks (p ≤ 0.01). KF and KE PT shared between 18 and 22% of the common variance in the overall stability index in the non-preferred and preferred leg, respectively. Monitoring strategies of bilateral asymmetries may be crucial to enhance performance in tasks underpinned by unilateral movements, such as changes of direction and sprints, and to identify players at risk of injury. Adopting these strategies during the early stages of football training might be crucial for players’ long-term development.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Šagát, Peter Bartík, Ibrahim AlJasser, Denisa Kamenářová, Ladislav Pyšný, Jiří Suchý, Jana Pyšná
The muscles of the deep stabilization system (DSS) affect spinal stabilization, and correct muscular coordination as a prerequisite for a centered position of the joints with optimal biomechanics of movement. Its stimulation by special exercises might lead to better performance in sports. The study verifies the effect of an 8-week intervention to activate DSS on the shot speed in a group of 15 adult elite female handball players. 30 participants were distributed to either the Control group (CG) or the Experimental group (EG). The EG involved special blocks with exercises activating DSS included in regular handball training. The CG involved only casual training. Input and output measurements included shot velocity assessment from various positions with a Stalker Sports Radar Gun. Mann-Whitney U-test was utilized for the statistical analysis with a 0.05 level of significance. The experiment showed a significant speed increase for all three tested throws. Speed increased by 3.82% for a one-handed overhead shot from the ground from a distance of 7m (free throw), 2.23% for a one-handed overhead shot from the ground after a run-up from a distance of 9m, and 2.23% for a one-handed overhead shot from a jump from a distance of 9 m by 2.38%. Specific activation exercises of DSS of the spine led to increased shot speed in handball.
{"title":"Effect of Deep Stabilization System Training on the Shot Velocity in Professional Female Handball Players: Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Peter Šagát, Peter Bartík, Ibrahim AlJasser, Denisa Kamenářová, Ladislav Pyšný, Jiří Suchý, Jana Pyšná","doi":"10.26773/mjssm.230910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26773/mjssm.230910","url":null,"abstract":"The muscles of the deep stabilization system (DSS) affect spinal stabilization, and correct muscular coordination as a prerequisite for a centered position of the joints with optimal biomechanics of movement. Its stimulation by special exercises might lead to better performance in sports. The study verifies the effect of an 8-week intervention to activate DSS on the shot speed in a group of 15 adult elite female handball players. 30 participants were distributed to either the Control group (CG) or the Experimental group (EG). The EG involved special blocks with exercises activating DSS included in regular handball training. The CG involved only casual training. Input and output measurements included shot velocity assessment from various positions with a Stalker Sports Radar Gun. Mann-Whitney U-test was utilized for the statistical analysis with a 0.05 level of significance. The experiment showed a significant speed increase for all three tested throws. Speed increased by 3.82% for a one-handed overhead shot from the ground from a distance of 7m (free throw), 2.23% for a one-handed overhead shot from the ground after a run-up from a distance of 9m, and 2.23% for a one-handed overhead shot from a jump from a distance of 9 m by 2.38%. Specific activation exercises of DSS of the spine led to increased shot speed in handball.","PeriodicalId":18942,"journal":{"name":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135867867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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