Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700074
D. A. Todorenko, N. D. Sidochenko, A. A. Baizhumanov, L. B. Bratkovskaya, D. N. Matorin
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, have been actively used in medical practice, including the COVID-19 pandemic, to suppress adverse bacterial infections. Widespread application and improper disposal have resulted in the ubiquity of antibiotics in the environment, which can affect natural aquatic life, including phytoplankton. The effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on the photosynthetic processes of marine diatoms, which are the main producers in marine ecosystems, has been little studied. In this work, the effect of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the primary photosynthetic processes in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii has been studied. It was shown that ciprofloxacin affects the functioning of PSII, preventing the transfer of absorbed energy from the excited antenna chlorophyll molecules to the PSII RC (φDo). Under the influence of ciprofloxacin, a decrease in the efficiency of electron donation to P680+ (FV/FO), inhibition of the quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM), a decrease in the proportion of active RCs (ABS/RC), and an increase in the dissipation of absorbed energy in RCs (DI0/RC) were revealed. It was shown that the mechanism of ciprofloxacin’s action is associated with damage to the PSII RCs. Ciprofloxacin enhances the photosensitivity of microalgae and causes an increase in lipid peroxidation products. It is proposed to use the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence to analyze the effect of antibiotics on microalgae.
{"title":"Primary Photosynthetic Processes of Thalassiosira weissflogii under the Effect of Ciprofloxacin","authors":"D. A. Todorenko, N. D. Sidochenko, A. A. Baizhumanov, L. B. Bratkovskaya, D. N. Matorin","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700074","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, have been actively used in medical practice, including the COVID-19 pandemic, to suppress adverse bacterial infections. Widespread application and improper disposal have resulted in the ubiquity of antibiotics in the environment, which can affect natural aquatic life, including phytoplankton. The effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics on the photosynthetic processes of marine diatoms, which are the main producers in marine ecosystems, has been little studied. In this work, the effect of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the primary photosynthetic processes in the marine diatom <i>Thalassiosira weissflogii</i> has been studied. It was shown that ciprofloxacin affects the functioning of PSII, preventing the transfer of absorbed energy from the excited antenna chlorophyll molecules to the PSII RC (φ<sub>Do</sub>). Under the influence of ciprofloxacin, a decrease in the efficiency of electron donation to P680<sup>+</sup> (F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>O</sub>), inhibition of the quantum yield of PSII (F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub>), a decrease in the proportion of active RCs (ABS/RC), and an increase in the dissipation of absorbed energy in RCs (DI<sub>0</sub>/RC) were revealed. It was shown that the mechanism of ciprofloxacin’s action is associated with damage to the PSII RCs. Ciprofloxacin enhances the photosensitivity of microalgae and causes an increase in lipid peroxidation products. It is proposed to use the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence to analyze the effect of antibiotics on microalgae.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140011224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700025
E. S. Kirienko, N. A. Davidovich
Abstract
The application of the classical selection of diatoms on the example of the genus Haslea is considered. The ability of some representatives of this genus to synthesize marennine and marennine-like pigments is interesting to researchers and owners of oyster farms because these unique pigments can colorize the tissues of mollusks in a greenish color and improve their organoleptic properties. It has been shown that marennine has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and other biological activities. It is assumed that the efficiency of marennine biosynthesis can be increased by obtaining highly productive strains by selection, which was not previously carried out in diatoms. The assessment of the possibility and prospects of applying the methods of classical breeding in relation to representatives of the genus Haslea is given. It is shown that significant success has been achieved to date in the study of the life cycle, crossing systems, and other features of the reproductive biology of representatives of the genus Haslea, which allows classical selection by means of selection, hybridization, and obtaining descendants of the next generation.
{"title":"Features of the Reproductive Biology of Representatives of the Genus Haslea Simonsen (Bacillariophyta), Allowing the Use of Classical Breeding Methods","authors":"E. S. Kirienko, N. A. Davidovich","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700025","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The application of the classical selection of diatoms on the example of the genus <i>Haslea</i> is considered. The ability of some representatives of this genus to synthesize marennine and marennine-like pigments is interesting to researchers and owners of oyster farms because these unique pigments can colorize the tissues of mollusks in a greenish color and improve their organoleptic properties. It has been shown that marennine has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and other biological activities. It is assumed that the efficiency of marennine biosynthesis can be increased by obtaining highly productive strains by selection, which was not previously carried out in diatoms. The assessment of the possibility and prospects of applying the methods of classical breeding in relation to representatives of the genus <i>Haslea</i> is given. It is shown that significant success has been achieved to date in the study of the life cycle, crossing systems, and other features of the reproductive biology of representatives of the genus <i>Haslea</i>, which allows classical selection by means of selection, hybridization, and obtaining descendants of the next generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700050
A. A. Volgusheva, I. V. Konyukhov, T. K. Antal
Abstract
High-resolution chlorophyll fluorescence light induction curves (OJIP transients) are widely used to assess the primary photosynthetic responses of phototrophic cells. Chlorophyll fluorescence measuring methods coupled with microscopy techniques provide a promising opportunity to measure OJIP transients on individual algae cells, allowing scientists to investigate stress adaptation mechanisms related to reorganization of the microalgae population or the phytoplankton community. In this work, the authors first characterized the OJIP transients measured on individual algae cells using the original microfluorimeter and compared them with OJIP transients recorded in microalgae suspensions. Based on the results of the study, a method is proposed for analyzing OJIP curves of individual microalgae cells and ways to further improve microfluorimeters.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Primary Photosynthesis Reactions in Microalgae Single Cell by the Microfluorimetric Method","authors":"A. A. Volgusheva, I. V. Konyukhov, T. K. Antal","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700050","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>High-resolution chlorophyll fluorescence light induction curves (OJIP transients) are widely used to assess the primary photosynthetic responses of phototrophic cells. Chlorophyll fluorescence measuring methods coupled with microscopy techniques provide a promising opportunity to measure OJIP transients on individual algae cells, allowing scientists to investigate stress adaptation mechanisms related to reorganization of the microalgae population or the phytoplankton community. In this work, the authors first characterized the OJIP transients measured on individual algae cells using the original microfluorimeter and compared them with OJIP transients recorded in microalgae suspensions. Based on the results of the study, a method is proposed for analyzing OJIP curves of individual microalgae cells and ways to further improve microfluorimeters.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700037
A. V. Oleskin, Cao Boyang
Abstract
Apart from their functions in the nervous system of animals, neurotransmitters operate as regulatory agents and signals in diverse kingdoms of life. Many neurotransmitters at low concentrations exert specific effects on microalgae, predominantly functioning as algal growth stimulators. Neurotransmitters that promote microalgal biomass accumulation and enhance the synthesis of lipids, polysaccharides, and other valuable products are of much potential biotechnological interest in terms of projects aimed at producing “algal” drugs and food additives as well as biodiesel and other kinds of biofuel. Some microalgal species synthesize their own neurotransmitters and/or facilitate their synthesis by the symbiotic microbiota in the gastro-intestinal tract and, therefore, are expected to promote human physical and mental health. Microalgae can exert neuroprotective effects; nevertheless, many microalgae produce toxins affecting the functioning of the nervous system.
{"title":"Impact of Neurotransmitters on Microalgae: Conceptual and Practical Implications","authors":"A. V. Oleskin, Cao Boyang","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700037","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Apart from their functions in the nervous system of animals, neurotransmitters operate as regulatory agents and signals in diverse kingdoms of life. Many neurotransmitters at low concentrations exert specific effects on microalgae, predominantly functioning as algal growth stimulators. Neurotransmitters that promote microalgal biomass accumulation and enhance the synthesis of lipids, polysaccharides, and other valuable products are of much potential biotechnological interest in terms of projects aimed at producing “algal” drugs and food additives as well as biodiesel and other kinds of biofuel. Some microalgal species synthesize their own neurotransmitters and/or facilitate their synthesis by the symbiotic microbiota in the gastro-intestinal tract and, therefore, are expected to promote human physical and mental health. Microalgae can exert neuroprotective effects; nevertheless, many microalgae produce toxins affecting the functioning of the nervous system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700098
D. V. Telegina, D. A. Peunov, T. A. Kozlova, N. G. Kolosova, O. S. Kozhevnikova
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that is becoming the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 55 years of age. The development of the wet form of AMD is associated with impaired permeability of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). It was believed that the BRB does not change in the dry form of the disease, but it was recently shown that dysfunction of the BRB may also contribute to its development; however, information about the state of the BRB at different stages of AMD, especially preclinical ones, is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the possible contribution of changes in BRB permeability to the development of signs of AMD in OXYS rats, a model of the dry form of the disease. During the period when clinical signs of AMD in OXYS rats are absent (age 20 days) and during their manifestation (~5 months) and progression (at 12 and 18 months), the permeability of the BRB for Evans blue dye and the retinal contents of the tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were assessed. Wistar rats of the same age served as controls. In OXYS rats, a decrease in the permeability of the BRB was detected, which may result in a violation of the trophic supply of the retina as well as an increase in the level of occludin during the progression of signs of AMD. ZO-1 level decreased with age, but no interstrain differences were detected. Analysis of retinal transcriptomes (RNA-seq data) showed that changes in the expression of genes included (according to KEGG) in the category of tight junctions are maximum in the period from 20 days to 3 months in rats of both strains. In OXYS rats, the mRNA levels of the Dlg1, Cd1d1, Map3k5, and Arhgef2 genes at the age of 3 months and the Crb3, F11r, Cgn, Cd1d1, and Rap2c genes at the age of 18 months are different compared to Wistar rats. Such changes in gene expression in the retina of OXYS rats as AMD signs develop indicate the activation of compensatory mechanisms.
{"title":"Evaluation of the State of the Blood-Retinal Barrier during the Development of Signs of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in OXYS Rats","authors":"D. V. Telegina, D. A. Peunov, T. A. Kozlova, N. G. Kolosova, O. S. Kozhevnikova","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700098","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that is becoming the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 55 years of age. The development of the wet form of AMD is associated with impaired permeability of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). It was believed that the BRB does not change in the dry form of the disease, but it was recently shown that dysfunction of the BRB may also contribute to its development; however, information about the state of the BRB at different stages of AMD, especially preclinical ones, is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the possible contribution of changes in BRB permeability to the development of signs of AMD in OXYS rats, a model of the dry form of the disease. During the period when clinical signs of AMD in OXYS rats are absent (age 20 days) and during their manifestation (~5 months) and progression (at 12 and 18 months), the permeability of the BRB for Evans blue dye and the retinal contents of the tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were assessed. Wistar rats of the same age served as controls. In OXYS rats, a decrease in the permeability of the BRB was detected, which may result in a violation of the trophic supply of the retina as well as an increase in the level of occludin during the progression of signs of AMD. ZO-1 level decreased with age, but no interstrain differences were detected. Analysis of retinal transcriptomes (RNA-seq data) showed that changes in the expression of genes included (according to KEGG) in the category of tight junctions are maximum in the period from 20 days to 3 months in rats of both strains. In OXYS rats, the mRNA levels of the <i>Dlg1, Cd1d1, Map3k5</i>, and <i>Arhgef2</i> genes at the age of 3 months and the <i>Crb3, F11r, Cgn, Cd1d1</i>, and <i>Rap2c</i> genes at the age of 18 months are different compared to Wistar rats. Such changes in gene expression in the retina of OXYS rats as AMD signs develop indicate the activation of compensatory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523600710
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are found not only in animals, but also in other living organisms, including plants. However, the data on the functions of these compounds in the plant world are far from being comprehensive. In particular, the issue concerning their impact on plant cell death still demands further research. In the present study, we tested the effects of neurotransmitters on programmed cell death and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Programmed cell death was estimated from the destruction of cell nuclei. ROS was determined using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine (its synthetic analog) were used. The catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine suppressed KCN-induced destruction of guard cell nuclei in the pea leaf epidermis at concentrations of 0.01–1 mM. In contrast, serotonin and acetylcholine (1–3 mM) promoted the destruction of nuclei that was induced by KCN. Histamine and acetylthiocholine had no effect on KCN-induced destruction of nuclei at concentrations of 0.01–3 mM. Unlike natural neurotransmitters, acetylthiocholine (3 mM), caused the destruction of guard cell nuclei even when KCN was absent. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reduced menadione-induced ROS formation in the pea leaf epidermis. No similar effect was observed with histamine, acetylcholine, and acetylthiocholine. Therefore, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin possess antioxidant properties in plants. In addition, dopamine and norepinephrine prevent cell death.
{"title":"The Effect of Neurotransmitters on Programmed Cell Death and Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pea Leaf Epidermis","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523600710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523600710","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Neurotransmitters are found not only in animals, but also in other living organisms, including plants. However, the data on the functions of these compounds in the plant world are far from being comprehensive. In particular, the issue concerning their impact on plant cell death still demands further research. In the present study, we tested the effects of neurotransmitters on programmed cell death and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Programmed cell death was estimated from the destruction of cell nuclei. ROS was determined using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine (its synthetic analog) were used. The catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine suppressed KCN-induced destruction of guard cell nuclei in the pea leaf epidermis at concentrations of 0.01–1 mM. In contrast, serotonin and acetylcholine (1–3 mM) promoted the destruction of nuclei that was induced by KCN. Histamine and acetylthiocholine had no effect on KCN-induced destruction of nuclei at concentrations of 0.01–3 mM. Unlike natural neurotransmitters, acetylthiocholine (3 mM), caused the destruction of guard cell nuclei even when KCN was absent. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reduced menadione-induced ROS formation in the pea leaf epidermis. No similar effect was observed with histamine, acetylcholine, and acetylthiocholine. Therefore, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin possess antioxidant properties in plants. In addition, dopamine and norepinephrine prevent cell death.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523600722
N. V. Vorobjeva
Abstract—
Neutrophils release decondensed nuclear chromatin or neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) in response to a large number of different physiological stimuli in order to protect the host from the pathogens. However, as it has been recently established, NETs play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncological diseases. In this regard, understanding molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of NETs and leading, as a rule, to the death of neutrophils (NETosis) is extremely important to provide a control of aberrant chromatin release. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are involved in diverse cellular functions, such as oxidative burst, chemotaxis, degranulation, adhesion, and apoptosis; however, their role in NETosis was not sufficiently studied. Three families of MAP kinases were described in human neutrophils, including p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. In our work, the involvement of p38, ERK1/2, as well as protein kinase B Akt1/2, in the oxidative burst and NETosis was studied using an inhibitory analysis. We demonstrated that p38 MAP kinase and protein kinase B Akt1/2 are activated upon stimulation of the oxidative burst and NETosis by calcium ionophore ionomycin. At the same time, these kinases are not involved in the oxidative burst induced by diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but are involved in PMA-induced NETosis.
{"title":"Involvement of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases p38 and ERK1/2, as well as Protein Kinase B Akt1/2, in the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","authors":"N. V. Vorobjeva","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523600722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523600722","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract—</h3><p>Neutrophils release decondensed nuclear chromatin or neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) in response to a large number of different physiological stimuli in order to protect the host from the pathogens. However, as it has been recently established, NETs play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncological diseases. In this regard, understanding molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of NETs and leading, as a rule, to the death of neutrophils (NETosis) is extremely important to provide a control of aberrant chromatin release. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are involved in diverse cellular functions, such as oxidative burst, chemotaxis, degranulation, adhesion, and apoptosis; however, their role in NETosis was not sufficiently studied. Three families of MAP kinases were described in human neutrophils, including p38, ERK1/2, and JNK. In our work, the involvement of p38, ERK1/2, as well as protein kinase B Akt1/2, in the oxidative burst and NETosis was studied using an inhibitory analysis. We demonstrated that p38 MAP kinase and protein kinase B Akt1/2 are activated upon stimulation of the oxidative burst and NETosis by calcium ionophore ionomycin. At the same time, these kinases are not involved in the oxidative burst induced by diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but are involved in PMA-induced NETosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523600734
Abstract—
Histone proteins that play an important role in the chromatin dynamics and regulation of gene activity are a key epigenetic factor. They are divided into two broad classes: canonical histones and their variants. The canonical histones are expressed mainly during the S phase of the cell cycle, since they are involved in DNA packaging in the process of cell division. The histone variants are histone genes that are expressed and regulate the chromatin dynamics during the entire cell cycle. Due to the functional and species diversity, different families of variant histones are distinguished. Some proteins are characterized by minor differences from the canonical histones, while others, on the contrary, can have many important structural and functional peculiarities affecting the nucleosome stability and chromatin dynamics. In order to estimate the variability of histones of the H2A family and their effect on the nucleosome structure, we carried out a bioinformatics analysis of amino acid sequences of the H2A family histones. Clustering conducted using a UPGMA method allowed to distinguish two main subfamilies of H2A proteins: short H2A and other H2A variants that demonstrate higher conservatism of amino acid sequences. We also constructed and analyzed multiple alignments for different H2A histone subfamilies. It is important to note that the proteins of short H2A subfamily are not only the least conservative within their family, but also have the peculiarities that have a significant effect on the nucleosome structural properties. In addition, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of short H2A histones, as a result of which the subfamilies corresponding to the H2A.B, H2A.P, H2A.Q, H2A.L variants were characterized in more detail.
{"title":"Diversity of H2A Histones and Their Effect on Nucleosome Structural Properties","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523600734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523600734","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract—</h3> <p>Histone proteins that play an important role in the chromatin dynamics and regulation of gene activity are a key epigenetic factor. They are divided into two broad classes: canonical histones and their variants. The canonical histones are expressed mainly during the S phase of the cell cycle, since they are involved in DNA packaging in the process of cell division. The histone variants are histone genes that are expressed and regulate the chromatin dynamics during the entire cell cycle. Due to the functional and species diversity, different families of variant histones are distinguished. Some proteins are characterized by minor differences from the canonical histones, while others, on the contrary, can have many important structural and functional peculiarities affecting the nucleosome stability and chromatin dynamics. In order to estimate the variability of histones of the H2A family and their effect on the nucleosome structure, we carried out a bioinformatics analysis of amino acid sequences of the H2A family histones. Clustering conducted using a UPGMA method allowed to distinguish two main subfamilies of H2A proteins: short H2A and other H2A variants that demonstrate higher conservatism of amino acid sequences. We also constructed and analyzed multiple alignments for different H2A histone subfamilies. It is important to note that the proteins of short H2A subfamily are not only the least conservative within their family, but also have the peculiarities that have a significant effect on the nucleosome structural properties. In addition, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of short H2A histones, as a result of which the subfamilies corresponding to the H2A.B, H2A.P, H2A.Q, H2A.L variants were characterized in more detail.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392524600418
Abstract
Keratin-containing wastes (feathers and bristles) make up the majority of all animal wastes, a fast-growing agricultural sector that annually increases production volume. The development of methods for environmentally friendly processing of such waste to obtain valuable resources (amino acids and oligopeptides) is an important task in modern science, including biotechnology. A way to dispose of livestock waste according to the current trends of the development of green economy is the use of microorganisms and their enzymes. The possibility of production of keratinolytic enzymes of Aspergillus clavatus VKPM F-1593 has been studied under submerged conditions with different sources of nitrogen and carbon, including the growth of the producer on animal waste. The highest target activity (96.1 E) was achieved using mixed sources of carbon and nitrogen: an inorganic source (sodium nitrate), an easily digestible organic source (fish meal hydrolysate) and a hard-to-get organic source (ground chicken feather). The variation in the content of different substrates in the fermentation media has made it possible not only to regulate the level of proteolytic activity, but also to reach the peak of producer activity on different days of cultivation. The specific activity of the keratinase of A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 (pI 9.3) with respect to different protein substrates has been compared with the activity of the commercial proteinase K preparation. Both enzymes have shown a similar level of activity with respect to most of the used substrates. However, the protease of A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 has had a greater total proteolytic activity, which confirms the prospective use of this culture for the biodegradation of animal waste.
{"title":"Keratinolytic Potential of the Micromycete Aspergillus clavatus VKPM F-1593 and Comparison of Its Enzymes with the Commercial Keratinase Preparation","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0096392524600418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392524600418","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Keratin-containing wastes (feathers and bristles) make up the majority of all animal wastes, a fast-growing agricultural sector that annually increases production volume. The development of methods for environmentally friendly processing of such waste to obtain valuable resources (amino acids and oligopeptides) is an important task in modern science, including biotechnology. A way to dispose of livestock waste according to the current trends of the development of green economy is the use of microorganisms and their enzymes. The possibility of production of keratinolytic enzymes of <em>Aspergillus clavatus</em> VKPM F-1593 has been studied under submerged conditions with different sources of nitrogen and carbon, including the growth of the producer on animal waste. The highest target activity (96.1 E) was achieved using mixed sources of carbon and nitrogen: an inorganic source (sodium nitrate), an easily digestible organic source (fish meal hydrolysate) and a hard-to-get organic source (ground chicken feather). The variation in the content of different substrates in the fermentation media has made it possible not only to regulate the level of proteolytic activity, but also to reach the peak of producer activity on different days of cultivation. The specific activity of the keratinase of <em>A. clavatus</em> VKPM F-1593 (pI 9.3) with respect to different protein substrates has been compared with the activity of the commercial proteinase K preparation. Both enzymes have shown a similar level of activity with respect to most of the used substrates. However, the protease of <em>A. clavatus</em> VKPM F-1593 has had a greater total proteolytic activity, which confirms the prospective use of this culture for the biodegradation of animal waste.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140302749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.3103/s0096392523700086
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJ) provide metabolic cooperation between cells through the direct exchange of cytoplasmic components. The authors analyzed the effect of short-term hypoxic stress on the efficiency of communication through the GJs in cultured multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and characterized the sensitivity of MSCs to short-term hypoxic stress depending on the GJ function. Mitotically inactive MSCs were used in the experiments, in which the GJs were blocked with a specific inhibitor: carbenoxolone. The MSCs were continuously cultured at 20% O2. Further, MSCs with blocked and working GJs were subjected to hypoxic stress (0.1%, 24 h). The efficiency of GJ communication was attenuated under hypoxic stress. The combined action of GJ inhibition and hypoxic stress was accompanied by an increase in ROS level as compared to the MSCs after hypoxic stress only. MSCs with blocked GJs were less sensitive to short-term hypoxic stress in comparison with MSCs integrated into the common network through working GJs. This was manifested in attenuation of hypoxia-induced angiogenic activity of MSCs. The angiogenic effects of conditioned medium from the MSCs with blocked GJs were almost two times less, which seems to be related to differences in the angiogenic mediators’ profiles: VEGF level decreased and FGF-2 level increased, while the monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3) level was unchanged. Thus, a decrease in the efficiency of direct MSCs–MSCs communication had a negative effect on mostly requested MSC activity, the ability to induce angiogenesis. It is concluded that blocking of GJ communication in MSCs is a negative event that impairs the coordination of MSCs’ response to microenvironmental factors, in particular hypoxic stress, and reduces their functional plasticity.
{"title":"The Sensitivity of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Short-Term Hypoxic Stress In Vitro Depends on the Efficiency of Homotypic Communication through Gap Junctions","authors":"","doi":"10.3103/s0096392523700086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3103/s0096392523700086","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Gap junctions (GJ) provide metabolic cooperation between cells through the direct exchange of cytoplasmic components. The authors analyzed the effect of short-term hypoxic stress on the efficiency of communication through the GJs in cultured multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and characterized the sensitivity of MSCs to short-term hypoxic stress depending on the GJ function. Mitotically inactive MSCs were used in the experiments, in which the GJs were blocked with a specific inhibitor: carbenoxolone. The MSCs were continuously cultured at 20% O<sub>2</sub>. Further, MSCs with blocked and working GJs were subjected to hypoxic stress (0.1%, 24 h). The efficiency of GJ communication was attenuated under hypoxic stress. The combined action of GJ inhibition and hypoxic stress was accompanied by an increase in ROS level as compared to the MSCs after hypoxic stress only. MSCs with blocked GJs were less sensitive to short-term hypoxic stress in comparison with MSCs integrated into the common network through working GJs. This was manifested in attenuation of hypoxia-induced angiogenic activity of MSCs. The angiogenic effects of conditioned medium from the MSCs with blocked GJs were almost two times less, which seems to be related to differences in the angiogenic mediators’ profiles: VEGF level decreased and FGF-2 level increased, while the monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3) level was unchanged. Thus, a decrease in the efficiency of direct MSCs–MSCs communication had a negative effect on mostly requested MSC activity, the ability to induce angiogenesis. It is concluded that blocking of GJ communication in MSCs is a negative event that impairs the coordination of MSCs’ response to microenvironmental factors, in particular hypoxic stress, and reduces their functional plasticity.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":19004,"journal":{"name":"Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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