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BODIPY Compounds Substituted on Boron. 硼取代的 BODIPY 化合物。
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215157
Marko Bogomolec, Mladena Glavaš, Irena Škorić

BODIPY compounds are important organic dyes with exceptional spectral and photophysical properties and numerous applications in different scientific fields. Their widespread applications have flourished due to their easy structural modifications, which enable the preparation of different molecular structures with tunable spectral and photophysical properties. To date, researchers have mostly devoted their efforts to modifying BODIPY meso-position or pyrrole rings, whereas the substitution of fluorine atoms remains largely unexplored. However, chemistry of the boron atom is possible, and it enables tuning of the photophysical properties of the dyes, without tackling their spectral properties. Furthermore, modifications of boron affect the solubility and aggregation propensity of the molecules. This review article highlights methods for the preparation of 4-substituted compounds and the most important reactions on the boron of the BODIPY dyes. They were divided into reactions promoted by Lewis acid (AlCl3 or BCl3), or bases such as alkoxides and organometallic reagents. By using these two methodologies, it is possible to cleave B-F bonds and substitute them with B-C, B-N, or B-O bonds from different nucleophiles. A special emphasis in this review is given to still underdeveloped photochemical reactions of the boron atom of BODIPY dyes. These reactions have the potential to be used in the development of a new line of BODIPY photo-cleavable protective groups (also known as photocages) with bio-medicinal and photo-pharmacological applications, such as drug delivery.

BODIPY 化合物是一种重要的有机染料,具有特殊的光谱和光物理特性,在不同的科学领域有着广泛的应用。由于 BODIPY 易于结构修饰,可以制备出具有可调光谱和光物理特性的不同分子结构,因此其应用十分广泛。迄今为止,研究人员大多致力于对 BODIPY 中位或吡咯环进行改性,而对氟原子的取代在很大程度上仍未涉及。不过,硼原子的化学变化是可能的,它可以调整染料的光物理特性,而无需处理其光谱特性。此外,对硼的修饰还会影响分子的溶解性和聚集倾向。这篇综述文章重点介绍了制备 4 取代化合物的方法,以及 BODIPY 染料硼元素上最重要的反应。这些反应分为由路易斯酸(AlCl3 或 BCl3)或碱(如烷氧基化合物和有机金属试剂)促进的反应。通过这两种方法,可以裂解 B-F 键,并用来自不同亲核剂的 B-C、B-N 或 B-O 键代替。本综述特别强调了 BODIPY 染料硼原子的光化学反应,这些反应仍处于开发阶段。这些反应有可能被用于开发一系列新的 BODIPY 光可裂解保护基团(也称为光笼子),这些保护基团具有生物医学和光药理学用途,如药物输送。
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引用次数: 0
Drying of Red Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Process Kinetics, Color Changes, Carotenoid Content and Phenolic Profile. 红辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)的干燥:过程动力学、颜色变化、类胡萝卜素含量和酚类物质概况。
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215164
Andrzej Krzykowski, Stanisław Rudy, Renata Polak, Beata Biernacka, Anna Krajewska, Emilia Janiszewska-Turak, Iwona Kowalska, Jerzy Żuchowski, Bartosz Skalski, Dariusz Dziki

Studies were conducted focusing on the drying of chili pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivar Cyklon, using convective (AD), convective-microwave (AMD), vacuum (VD), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The influence of the drying method and temperature on the kinetics of the process and selected quality attributes of the dried product were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the Midilli model best described the drying kinetics for all methods across the entire measurement range. FD and VD produced dried products with the highest brightness and the greatest value of the a* color parameter. The lowest b* color parameter was observed for the product dried using FD at 40 °C, while the highest b* value was noted for samples dried using AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The highest carotenoid retention was achieved with the FD method at 40 °C, while the lowest carotenoid content was found in the product obtained using the AMD method (100 W) at 60 °C. The smallest losses of capsaicinoids were observed after FD drying at 40 °C, while the largest were found for AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The analysis of chili pepper fruit extracts revealed the quantitative composition of 12 main phenolic compounds using the UHPLC-UV method. The highest polyphenol content was obtained with FD, while the lowest total polyphenol content was recorded after AD. Regardless of temperature, the total flavonoid content was highest in extracts from FD products, and the lowest flavonoid content was found after AMD at 100 W. For all drying methods analyzed, the total flavonoid content in the pepper extracts decreased with increasing temperature.

研究重点是使用对流(AD)、对流-微波(AMD)、真空(VD)和冷冻干燥(FD)方法干燥辣椒果实(Capsicum annuum L.)(栽培品种 Cyklon)。评估了干燥方法和温度对过程动力学和干燥产品选定质量属性的影响。结果表明,在整个测量范围内,Midilli 模型最能描述所有方法的干燥动力学。FD 和 VD 生产的干燥产品亮度最高,a* 颜色参数值最大。在 40 °C 下使用 FD 干燥的产品 b* 颜色参数最低,而在 60 °C 下使用 AMD(100 W)干燥的样品 b* 值最高。类胡萝卜素保留率最高的是在 40 °C 下使用 FD 方法获得的产品,而在 60 °C 下使用 AMD 方法(100 瓦)获得的产品中类胡萝卜素含量最低。在 40 °C 下进行 FD 干燥后,辣椒素的损失最小,而在 60 °C 下进行 AMD(100 W)干燥后,辣椒素的损失最大。采用超高效液相色谱-紫外法对辣椒果实提取物进行分析,发现了 12 种主要酚类化合物的定量成分。FD 的多酚含量最高,而 AD 的多酚总含量最低。在所有分析的干燥方法中,辣椒提取物中的总黄酮含量随着温度的升高而降低。
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引用次数: 0
A Facile Synthesis of RGO-Ag2MoO4 Nanocomposites for Efficient Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution. 从水溶液中高效去除铅的 RGO-Ag2MoO4 纳米复合材料的简易合成。
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215152
Mohd Shoeb, Fouzia Mashkoor, Mohmmad Naved Khan, Changyoon Jeong

Efficiently treating wastewater, particularly the elimination of heavy metal ions from water systems, continues to be one of the most pressing and complex challenges in modern environmental management. In this work, reduced graphene oxide coupled silver molybdate binary nanocomposites (RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs) have been prepared via hydrothermal method. The crystalline nature and surface properties of the developed RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs were proved by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDS techniques. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that the nanocomposites (NCs) effectively removed Pb(II) ions within 120 min, achieving a maximum removal efficiency ranging from 94.96% to 86.37% for Pb(II) concentrations between 20 and 100 mg/L at pH 6. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm analysis presented that the Langmuir model provided the greatest fit for the equilibrium data, with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 128.94 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The results of this study highlight RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs as a highly promising and eco-friendly material for the effective elimination of Pb(II) ions from wastewater. Their strong adsorption capacity, coupled with sustainable properties, makes them an efficient solution for addressing lead contamination, offering significant potential for practical applications in water treatment systems.

有效处理废水,尤其是消除水系统中的重金属离子,仍然是现代环境管理中最紧迫、最复杂的挑战之一。本研究通过水热法制备了还原氧化石墨烯耦合钼酸银二元纳米复合材料(RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs)。XRD、FTIR、SEM 和 EDS 技术证明了所制备的 RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs 的结晶性质和表面特性。吸附实验表明,纳米复合材料(NCs)能在 120 分钟内有效去除 Pb(II) 离子,在 pH 值为 6、Pb(II) 浓度为 20 至 100 mg/L 的条件下,最大去除率为 94.96% 至 86.37%。等温线分析表明,Langmuir 模型对平衡数据的拟合度最高,单层吸附容量为 128.94 毫克/克。热力学分析表明,吸附过程是自发和内热的。本研究的结果表明,RGO-Ag2MoO4 NCs 是一种极具前景的环保材料,可有效去除废水中的铅(II)离子。其强大的吸附能力和可持续特性使其成为解决铅污染问题的有效解决方案,在水处理系统中的实际应用潜力巨大。
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引用次数: 0
Construction and Evaluation of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery System with Hydroxycamptothecin in Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. 干细胞衍生外泌体中羟基喜树碱肝脏靶向给药系统的构建与评估
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215174
Qiongjun Zhao, Zixuan Mo, Liuting Zeng, Yue Yuan, Yan Wang, Ying Wang

Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) is commonly used in the treatment of liver cancer; however, its low water solubility and poor stability significantly limit its clinical application. In recent years, research on exosomes has deepened considerably. Exosomes possess a unique phospholipid bilayer structure, enabling them to traverse tissue barriers, which provides natural advantages as drug carriers. Nevertheless, delivering exosomes safely and efficiently to target cells remains a major challenge. In this study, we utilized the affinity of the SP94 peptide for human liver cancer cell receptors. HCPT was coated with exosomes in our experimental design, and the exosome membrane was modified with SP94 peptide to facilitate drug delivery to liver cancer cells. Exosomes were purified from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and targeted peptides were attached to their surfaces via post-insertion techniques. Subsequently, HCPT was incorporated into the exosomes through electroporation. Using the HepG2 hepatoma cell line, we evaluated a series of in vitro pharmacodynamics and studied pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in animal models. The results indicated that ligand-targeted, modified drug-carrying exosomes significantly enhance drug bioavailability, prolong retention time in vivo, and facilitate liver targeting. Moreover, this approach reduces drug nephrotoxicity, enhances anti-tumor efficacy, and lays the groundwork for the development of novel liver cancer-targeting agents.

羟基喜树碱(HCPT)常用于治疗肝癌,但其水溶性低、稳定性差,大大限制了其临床应用。近年来,关于外泌体的研究有了很大的进展。外泌体具有独特的磷脂双分子层结构,能够穿越组织屏障,具有作为药物载体的天然优势。然而,如何将外泌体安全高效地输送到靶细胞仍是一大挑战。在这项研究中,我们利用了 SP94 肽对人类肝癌细胞受体的亲和力。在我们的实验设计中,外泌体涂覆了 HCPT,外泌体膜用 SP94 肽修饰,以促进药物向肝癌细胞的递送。外泌体从骨髓间充质干细胞中纯化而来,通过后植入技术将靶向肽附着在其表面。随后,通过电穿孔将 HCPT 加入外泌体。我们利用 HepG2 肝癌细胞系评估了一系列体外药效学,并在动物模型中研究了药代动力学和组织分布。结果表明,配体靶向的修饰载药外泌体可显著提高药物的生物利用度,延长药物在体内的滞留时间,并促进肝脏靶向作用。此外,这种方法还降低了药物的肾毒性,提高了抗肿瘤疗效,为开发新型肝癌靶向药物奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking Long-Lived Free Radicals in Dandelion Caused by Air Pollution Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 利用电子顺磁共振波谱追踪蒲公英中由空气污染引起的长寿命自由基
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215173
Ireneusz Stefaniuk, Bogumił Cieniek, Agata Ćwik, Katarzyna Kluska, Idalia Kasprzyk

Studies on particulate air pollution indicate that a new type of pollutant should be considered from mainly fossil fuel combustion and automobile exhaust emissions, i.e., environmentally persistent free radicals. These radicals, ubiquitous in the environment, have a long life span and are capable of producing harmful reactive oxygen species. Samples of dandelion were collected in 2020 and 2021 in spring and late summer. Roots, leaves, flower stalks, and inflorescences of Taraxacum sp. were collected from six sites with three plants each, along with monitoring of particulate matter air pollution. Four sites were located at streets with heavy traffic and two were control sites in the rural part of the city. The free radical content in each part of the plant was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance. The leaf was selected as the most appropriate part of the plant for the measurement of carbon-derived free radicals. The geff value and the total number of spins were calculated. Relationships were found between location, season, and measurements. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum consists of at least two components, which can be attributed to C-type radicals and mixed C + O radicals. Their increase in numbers in the fall seasons, compared to the spring seasons, is also noticeable. It has also been observed that leaves collected in autumn have a higher geff value, which is probably related to the higher amount of oxygen- and carbon-derived free radicals.

对微粒空气污染的研究表明,应考虑一种主要来自化石燃料燃烧和汽车尾气排放的新型污染物,即环境持久性自由基。这些自由基在环境中无处不在,寿命很长,能够产生有害的活性氧。我们在 2020 年和 2021 年的春季和夏末采集了蒲公英样本。在六个地点采集了蒲公英的根、叶、花茎和花序,每个地点采集了三株蒲公英,同时对空气中的颗粒物污染进行了监测。其中四个地点位于交通繁忙的街道,两个地点为城市农村地区的对照地点。通过电子顺磁共振测量了植物各部位的自由基含量。叶片被选为测量碳自由基的最合适部位。计算了 Geff 值和自旋总数。发现了位置、季节和测量之间的关系。电子顺磁共振谱至少由两个部分组成,分别是 C 型自由基和 C + O 混合自由基。与春季相比,它们在秋季的数量明显增加。此外,还观察到秋季采集的树叶具有较高的 geff 值,这可能与氧和碳衍生自由基的数量较多有关。
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引用次数: 0
Discovery of Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors Targeted on TNFα-TNFR1 from Computational Design and Bioactivity Verification. 通过计算设计和生物活性验证发现针对 TNFα-TNFR1 的环肽抑制剂
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215147
Jiangnan Zhang, Huijian Zhao, Qianqian Zhou, Xiaoyue Yang, Haoran Qi, Yongxing Zhao, Longhua Yang

Activating tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is one of the key pathological mechanisms resulting in the exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immune response. Despite various types of drugs being available for the treatment of RA, a series of shortcomings still limits their application. Therefore, developing novel peptide drugs that target TNFα-TNFR1 interaction is expected to expand therapeutic drug options. In this study, the detailed interaction mechanism between TNFα and TNFR1 was elucidated, based on which, a series of linear peptides were initially designed. To overcome its large conformational flexibility, two different head-to-tail cyclization strategies were adopted by adding a proline-glycine (GP) or cysteine-cysteine (CC) to form an amide or disulfide bond between the N-C terminal. The results indicate that two cyclic peptides, R1_CC4 and α_CC8, exhibit the strongest binding free energies. α_CC8 was selected for further optimization using virtual mutations through in vitro activity and toxicity experiments due to its optimal biological activity. The L16R mutant was screened, and its binding affinity to TNFR1 was validated using ELISA assays. This study designed a novel cyclic peptide structure with potential anti-inflammatory properties, possibly bringing an additional choice for the treatment of RA in the future.

肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)激活肿瘤坏死因子受体1(TNFR1)是导致类风湿性关节炎(RA)免疫反应加剧的关键病理机制之一。尽管目前治疗类风湿性关节炎的药物种类繁多,但一系列缺陷仍限制了它们的应用。因此,开发针对 TNFα-TNFR1 相互作用的新型多肽药物有望扩大治疗药物的选择范围。本研究阐明了 TNFα 与 TNFR1 之间的详细相互作用机制,并在此基础上初步设计了一系列线性多肽。为了克服其较大的构象灵活性,研究人员采用了两种不同的头尾环化策略,即在 N-C 端添加脯氨酸-甘氨酸(GP)或半胱氨酸-半胱氨酸(CC)以形成酰胺键或二硫键。结果表明,R1_CC4 和 α_CC8 这两种环肽的结合自由能最强。由于α_CC8具有最佳的生物活性,因此通过体外活性和毒性实验,利用虚拟突变对其进行了进一步优化。筛选出了 L16R 突变体,并通过酶联免疫吸附试验验证了其与 TNFR1 的结合亲和力。这项研究设计出了一种具有潜在抗炎特性的新型环肽结构,可能会为未来治疗RA带来新的选择。
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引用次数: 0
The Effects of Enriching Shortbread Cookies with Dried Sea Buckthorn Fruit on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties. 用沙棘果干为酥饼增添营养对其理化和感官特性的影响
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215148
Mirosława Karpińska-Tymoszczyk, Magdalena Surma, Marzena Danowska-Oziewicz, Lidia Kurp, Monika Jabłońska, Karolina Kusek, Tomasz Sawicki

The present study evaluated the physicochemical parameters, polyphenolics content, levels of heat-induced compounds (acrylamide, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), antioxidant properties, as well as sensory quality of shortbread cookies enriched with dried sea buckthorn fruit (SBF). The SBF-enriched cookies were prepared by replacing 1, 2, 3, or 5% of the flour with dried sea buckthorn fruit. Our results showed the presence of 12 phenolic acids and 5 flavonoids in the SBF, while two phenolic acids and two flavonoids were detected in the cookies. Most of the compounds were identified in the cookies enriched with 5% SBF. Among the phenolic acids, benzoic acid was the most abundant, while among the flavonoids, quercetin was the most abundant. 5-hydroxymethylofurfural was not detected in any cookies, and the addition of SBF contributed to the presence of furfural in baked products and increased the amount of acrylamide, and their content increased with the amount of SBF addition. The addition of sea buckthorn fruit at 5% distinctly exceeded the benchmark level of acrylamide in the cookies and worsened their sensory quality. It should also be noted that SBF significantly (p < 0.05) improved the antioxidant potential determined by two tests, ABTS and DPPH. The SBF-enriched cookies were characterized by significantly higher values of crispness and browning index compared to the control cookies. The results of the study indicate that SBF can be successfully used as a component of bakery products. In conclusion, the cookies with SBF can show improved technological and functional properties and constitute an added value bakery product that could provide health benefits.

本研究评估了富含沙棘果干(SBF)的酥饼的理化参数、多酚含量、热诱导化合物(丙烯酰胺、糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛)水平、抗氧化特性以及感官质量。富含沙棘果干的饼干是用沙棘果干替代1%、2%、3%或5%的面粉制成的。结果显示,沙棘果中含有 12 种酚酸和 5 种类黄酮,而饼干中则检测到 2 种酚酸和 2 种类黄酮。在富含 5%SBF的饼干中发现了大部分化合物。在酚酸类化合物中,苯甲酸的含量最高,而在黄酮类化合物中,槲皮素的含量最高。在所有饼干中均未检测到 5-羟甲基糠醛,而 SBF 的添加会导致烘焙产品中糠醛的存在,并增加丙烯酰胺的含量,且其含量随 SBF 添加量的增加而增加。添加 5%的沙棘果明显超出了饼干中丙烯酰胺的基准水平,使其感官质量变差。还应注意的是,SBF 显著(p < 0.05)提高了 ABTS 和 DPPH 两种测试测定的抗氧化潜力。与对照饼干相比,富含 SBF 的饼干的脆度和褐变指数值明显更高。研究结果表明,SBF 可以成功地用作烘焙产品的成分。总之,添加了 SBF 的饼干可以显示出更好的技术和功能特性,是一种具有附加值的烘焙产品,可为健康带来益处。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Combination of Quercetin and Mafosfamide in Treatment of Bladder Cancer Cells. 槲皮素与马福酰胺协同治疗膀胱癌细胞
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215176
Carmela Spagnuolo, Francesco Mautone, Anna Maria Iole Meola, Stefania Moccia, Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Carlo Buonerba, Gian Luigi Russo

Bladder cancer, which has a rising incidence, is the 10th most common cancer. The transitional cell carcinoma histotype is aggressive and often current therapies are ineffective. We investigated the anti-proliferative effect of quercetin, a natural flavonoid, in combination with the alkylating agent mafosfamide (MFA) on two human bladder cancer cell lines, namely RT112 and J82, representing the progression from low-grade to high-grade tumors, respectively. In both cell types, the combined treatment led to a synergic reduction in cell viability confirmed by a combination index of less than one, though different biological responses were noted. In J82 cells, MFA alone and, to a lesser extent, with quercetin caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, but only the combined treatment triggered apoptotic cell death. In contrast, in RT112 cells, quercetin induced autophagy, evidenced by the autophagosome formation and the increase in LC-3 lipidation. Interestingly, the synergistic effect was observed only when cells were pre-treated with MFA for 24 h before adding quercetin, not in the reverse order. This suggests that quercetin may help overcome MFA resistance to apoptosis. Although further studies are needed, investigating the combined effects of quercetin and MFA could help elucidate the mechanisms of drug resistance in bladder cancer treatment.

膀胱癌发病率呈上升趋势,在常见癌症中排名第十。过渡性细胞癌组织型具有侵袭性,目前的疗法往往效果不佳。我们研究了天然类黄酮槲皮素与烷化剂马磷酰胺(MFA)联合使用对两种人类膀胱癌细胞系(RT112和J82)的抗增殖作用。在这两种细胞中,联合治疗可协同降低细胞活力,联合指数小于 1,但生物反应不同。在 J82 细胞中,单独使用 MFA 以及在较小程度上与槲皮素一起使用会导致细胞周期停滞在 G2/M 阶段,但只有联合治疗才会引发细胞凋亡。相反,在 RT112 细胞中,槲皮素可诱导自噬,表现为自噬体的形成和 LC-3 脂化的增加。有趣的是,只有在加入槲皮素前用 MFA 预处理细胞 24 小时,才能观察到协同效应,而不是相反的顺序。这表明槲皮素可能有助于克服 MFA 对细胞凋亡的抗性。尽管还需要进一步研究,但研究槲皮素和 MFA 的联合作用有助于阐明膀胱癌治疗中的耐药机制。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Different Solid-Phase Microextraction Formats Dedicated to the Analysis of Volatile Compounds-A Comprehensive Study. 用于分析挥发性化合物的不同固相微萃取形式的比较--一项综合研究。
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215137
Martyna Natalia Wieczorek

The coupling of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) technology with gas chromatography (GC) has a well-established and successful history. Traditionally, SPME fibers have been the most popular form thanks to their versatility and the ease with which they can be fully automated. However, alternative geometries for SPME have been developed over the years, beginning with Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and later evolving into Thin-Film SPME (TF-SPME) devices. Each of these formats offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, which are explored in this study. The primary objective of this study was to comprehensively compare available forms of SPME devices, with a special focus on the advantages of TF-SPME, a novel microextraction method particularly suited for the analysis of odorants in food. The study involved analyzing a standard mixture of 11 key food odorants, representing a range of polarities, to evaluate the efficiency of TF-SPME devices in terms of the number of analytes extracted. Furthermore, four types of TF-SPME devices were compared against each other in both standard mixtures and actual food samples. The final stage of the study employed GCxGC-ToFMS analysis to showcase the potential of the most efficient HLB-TF-SPME device in the non-targeted analysis of complex samples, exemplified by unfiltered wheat beer. This analysis demonstrated the significant capability of HLB-TF-SPME in capturing and identifying a wide range of volatile compounds in complex matrices.

固相微萃取(SPME)技术与气相色谱法(GC)的结合有着悠久而成功的历史。传统上,固相微萃取(SPME)纤维因其多功能性和易于实现全自动化而一直是最受欢迎的形式。不过,多年来,SPME 的其他几何形状也得到了发展,首先是搅拌棒吸附萃取 (SBSE),后来发展到薄膜 SPME (TF-SPME) 装置。这些形式各有优缺点,本研究将对其进行探讨。本研究的主要目的是全面比较现有形式的 SPME 设备,并特别关注 TF-SPME 的优势,这是一种新型的微萃取方法,尤其适用于分析食品中的气味物质。这项研究分析了 11 种主要食品气味物质的标准混合物,它们代表了不同的极性,以评估 TF-SPME 装置在萃取分析物数量方面的效率。此外,还在标准混合物和实际食品样品中对四种 TF-SPME 装置进行了比较。研究的最后阶段采用了 GCxGC-ToFMS 分析方法,以展示最高效的 HLB-TF-SPME 装置在复杂样品(例如未经过滤的小麦啤酒)的非目标分析中的潜力。这项分析表明,HLB-TF-SPME 在复杂基质中捕获和鉴定多种挥发性化合物方面具有显著的能力。
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引用次数: 0
The Degree of Branching of Serum IgG N-glycans as a Marker of Advanced Endometriosis. 作为晚期子宫内膜异位症标志物的血清 IgG N-糖的分支程度
IF 4.2 2区 化学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215136
Ewa Maria Kratz, Katarzyna Sołkiewicz, Marcin Jędryka

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease for which the diagnostics are difficult and often invasive; therefore, non-invasive diagnostic methods using sensitive and specific parameters present in easily available body fluid such as blood serum are needed for the detection of this disease. Our study aimed to answer the question of whether there are any differences between women with advanced endometriosis (AE), patients with gynecological diseases other than endometriosis (NE), and healthy women (control) in terms of the number of antennas of N-glycans from serum IgG. The degree of branching of IgG N-glycans was determined by a modified lectin ELISA with biotinylated lectin Con A (Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin) recognizing α-linked mannose, specifically reacting with biantennary N-glycans. The PHA-L/Con A ratio was calculated from the obtained N-glycan reactivities with Con A and PHA-L (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, specific to tri- and/or tetra-antennary N-linked glycans). The expression of Con A-reactive biantennary N-glycans in serum IgG was significantly lower in the control group than in the NE group (p = 0.045). The values of the PHA-L/Con A ratio were significantly higher in the NE group than in the AE and control groups (p = 0.019 and p = 0.022, respectively). The PHA-L/Con A ratio could be taken into account as a parameter helpful in the non-invasive diagnosis of advanced endometriosis, thus differentiating this disease from other gynecological diseases with an inflammatory background.

子宫内膜异位症是一种妇科疾病,其诊断比较困难,而且往往是侵入性诊断;因此,需要使用在血清等容易获得的体液中存在的敏感和特异性参数的非侵入性诊断方法来检测这种疾病。我们的研究旨在回答晚期子宫内膜异位症(AE)妇女、子宫内膜异位症以外的妇科疾病患者(NE)和健康妇女(对照组)在血清 IgG 的 N-聚糖天线数量方面是否存在差异的问题。IgG N-聚糖的分支程度是通过改良的凝集素酶联免疫吸附试验测定的,该试验使用生物素化凝集素 Con A(Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin)识别α-连接甘露糖,并与双天线 N-聚糖发生特异性反应。PHA-L/Con A 比值是根据获得的 N-聚糖与 Con A 和 PHA-L(Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin,特异于三和/或四反式 N-聚糖)的反应性计算得出的。对照组血清 IgG 中 Con A 反应性双ennary N-聚糖的表达量明显低于 NE 组(p = 0.045)。NE 组的 PHA-L/Con A 比值明显高于 AE 组和对照组(分别为 p = 0.019 和 p = 0.022)。PHA-L/Con A 比值可作为一种有助于晚期子宫内膜异位症无创诊断的参数,从而将这种疾病与其他具有炎症背景的妇科疾病区分开来。
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