Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01077-7
Vuk Cerovic, Oliver Pabst, Allan McI Mowat
Oral tolerance is the process by which feeding of soluble proteins induces antigen-specific systemic immune unresponsiveness. Oral tolerance is thought to have a central role in suppressing immune responses to ‘harmless’ food antigens, and its failure can lead to development of pathologies such as food allergies or coeliac disease. However, on the basis of long-standing experimental observations, the relevance of oral tolerance in human health has achieved new prominence recently following the discovery that oral administration of peanut proteins prevents the development of peanut allergy in at-risk human infants. In this Review, we summarize the new mechanistic insights into three key processes necessary for the induction of tolerance to oral antigens: antigen uptake and transport across the small intestinal epithelial barrier to the underlying immune cells; the processing, transport and presentation of fed antigen by different populations of antigen-presenting cells; and the development of immunosuppressive T cell populations that mediate antigen-specific tolerance. In addition, we consider how related but distinct processes maintain tolerance to bacterial antigens in the large intestine. Finally, we outline the molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of failure of oral tolerance and how these may be modulated to enhance clinical outcomes and prevent disease. Oral tolerance describes how the oral administration of harmless antigens (such as dietary proteins) leads to systemic immune unresponsiveness to these antigens. Its failure can lead to conditions such as food allergies. This Review from Cerovic, Pabst and Mowat explores new insights into the mechanisms of oral tolerance, discussing how ingested antigens enter and are processed in the intestine, the roles for unique antigen-presenting cells and the induction of immunosuppressive T cell populations. The authors also examine the maintenance of tolerance to bacterial antigens in the intestine, and they discuss the mechanisms behind the failure of oral tolerance and potential clinical interventions.
口服耐受性是指通过喂食可溶性蛋白质诱导抗原特异性全身免疫无反应的过程。口腔耐受性被认为在抑制对 "无害 "食物抗原的免疫反应方面发挥着核心作用，如果口腔耐受性失效，就会导致食物过敏或乳糜泻等病症的发生。然而，在长期实验观察的基础上，口服耐受性与人类健康的相关性最近得到了新的重视，因为我们发现口服花生蛋白可防止高危婴儿发生花生过敏。在这篇综述中，我们总结了诱导对口服抗原产生耐受所必需的三个关键过程的新机理认识：抗原摄取和通过小肠上皮屏障转运至底层免疫细胞；不同的抗原呈递细胞群处理、转运和呈递喂养的抗原；以及介导抗原特异性耐受的免疫抑制 T 细胞群的发展。此外，我们还考虑了相关但不同的过程如何维持大肠对细菌抗原的耐受性。最后，我们概述了口腔耐受失败的分子机制和功能性后果，以及如何调节这些机制以提高临床疗效和预防疾病。
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Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01070-0
Anna James, Petter Brodin
Personalized medicine for all requires a shift in science and clinical culture that puts more emphasis on the sources of inter-individual variation. Important examples are sex differences in the presentation and severity of diseases, as well as in responses to therapy. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these differences is important in the context of individualized healthcare, and also to better understand the immune sequelae of long-term sex hormone supplementation or inhibition in transgender individuals. Sex-specific differences in immunity are determined by genetics and by hormones. This Comment discusses first insights into the consequences of long-term sex-hormone supplementation on immunity in transgender individuals.
{"title":"Immunological studies in trans-individuals undergoing gender affirming hormone therapy","authors":"Anna James, Petter Brodin","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01070-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01070-0","url":null,"abstract":"Personalized medicine for all requires a shift in science and clinical culture that puts more emphasis on the sources of inter-individual variation. Important examples are sex differences in the presentation and severity of diseases, as well as in responses to therapy. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these differences is important in the context of individualized healthcare, and also to better understand the immune sequelae of long-term sex hormone supplementation or inhibition in transgender individuals. Sex-specific differences in immunity are determined by genetics and by hormones. This Comment discusses first insights into the consequences of long-term sex-hormone supplementation on immunity in transgender individuals.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"697-698"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01064-y
Mengliang Wu, Erica L. Fletcher, Holly R. Chinnery, Laura E. Downie, Scott N. Mueller
Balanced immune responses in the eyes are crucial to preserve vision. The ocular immune system has long been considered distinct, owing to the so-called ‘immune privilege’ of its component tissues. More recently, intravital imaging and transcriptomic techniques have reshaped scientific understanding of the ocular immune landscape, such as revealing the specialization of immune cell populations in the various tissues of the eye. As knowledge of the phenotypes of corneal and retinal immune cells has evolved, links to both the systemic immune system, and the central and peripheral nervous systems, have been identified. Using intravital imaging, T cells have recently been found to reside in, and actively patrol, the healthy human cornea. Disease-associated retinal microglia with links to retinal degeneration have also been identified. This Review provides an updated guide to the ocular immune system, highlighting current knowledge of the immune cells that are present in steady-state and specific diseased ocular tissues, as well as evidence for their relationship to systemic disease. In addition, we discuss emerging intravital imaging techniques that can be used to visualize immune cell morphology and dynamics in living human eyes and how these could be applied to advance understanding of the human immune system. This Review provides an overview of the immune system of the eye at steady state and in ocular disease, and it describes the links between ocular immunology and systemic disease. It highlights the intravital imaging techniques that have provided insights into immune cell morphology and dynamics in living human eyes.
眼部的平衡免疫反应对保护视力至关重要。长期以来，眼部免疫系统一直被认为是与众不同的，这是因为其组成组织具有所谓的 "免疫特权"。最近，眼内成像和转录组学技术重塑了科学界对眼部免疫环境的认识，例如揭示了眼部不同组织中免疫细胞群的特化。随着对角膜和视网膜免疫细胞表型的了解不断深入，与全身免疫系统以及中枢和外周神经系统的联系也被发现。最近，通过使用眼内成像技术，人们发现 T 细胞驻留在健康人的角膜上，并在角膜上积极巡视。此外，还发现了与视网膜变性有关的疾病相关视网膜小胶质细胞。本综述提供了眼部免疫系统的最新指南，重点介绍了目前关于稳态和特定病变眼部组织中存在的免疫细胞的知识，以及它们与全身性疾病关系的证据。此外，我们还讨论了可用于观察活体眼部免疫细胞形态和动态的新兴眼内成像技术，以及如何将这些技术用于促进对人体免疫系统的了解。
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Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01084-8
Mayar Allam, Ahmet F. Coskun
In this Tools of the Trade article, Mayar Allam and Ahmet Coskun describe how they combined spatial metabolomics and proteomics profiling — in a framework they call scSpaMet — to explore, at the single-cell level, how metabolic profiles vary by location and in disease.
在这篇《贸易工具》（Tools of the Trade）文章中，马亚尔-阿拉姆（Mayar Allam）和艾哈迈德-科斯昆（Ahmet Coskun）介绍了他们如何将空间代谢组学和蛋白质组学分析结合起来，在他们称之为 scSpaMet 的框架内，在单细胞水平上探索代谢特征如何因位置和疾病而异。
{"title":"Combining spatial metabolomics and proteomics profiling of single cells","authors":"Mayar Allam, Ahmet F. Coskun","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01084-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01084-8","url":null,"abstract":"In this Tools of the Trade article, Mayar Allam and Ahmet Coskun describe how they combined spatial metabolomics and proteomics profiling — in a framework they call scSpaMet — to explore, at the single-cell level, how metabolic profiles vary by location and in disease.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"701-701"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01086-6
Kirsty Minton
Kloosterman, Erbani et al. describe a lipid-mediated, metabolic crosstalk between tumour-associated macrophages and glioblastoma cells that supports tumour growth.
{"title":"Lipid transfer from tumour-associated macrophages supports glioblastoma","authors":"Kirsty Minton","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01086-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01086-6","url":null,"abstract":"Kloosterman, Erbani et al. describe a lipid-mediated, metabolic crosstalk between tumour-associated macrophages and glioblastoma cells that supports tumour growth.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"700-700"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142042396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01082-w
Yvonne Bordon
Organoids generated from individuals with coeliac disease identify a role for IL-7 in disease pathogenesis.
从患有乳糜泻的患者体内生成的器官组织确定了 IL-7 在疾病发病机制中的作用。
{"title":"Organoids identify a role for IL-7 in coeliac disease","authors":"Yvonne Bordon","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01082-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01082-w","url":null,"abstract":"Organoids generated from individuals with coeliac disease identify a role for IL-7 in disease pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"699-699"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142042383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9
Timothy J. Wells, Tyron Esposito, Ian R. Henderson, Larisa I. Labzin
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease is a phenomenon whereby host antibodies increase the severity of an infection. It is well established in viral infections but ADE also has an underappreciated role during bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. ADE can occur during both primary infections and re-infections with the same or a related pathogen; therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of ADE is critical for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of many infectious diseases. Here, we review the four distinct mechanisms by which antibodies increase disease severity during an infection. We discuss the most established mechanistic explanation for ADE, where cross-reactive, disease-enhancing antibodies bound to pathogens interact with Fc receptors, thereby enhancing pathogen entry or replication, ultimately increasing the total pathogen load. Additionally, we explore how some pathogenic antibodies can shield bacteria from complement-dependent killing, thereby enhancing bacterial survival. We interrogate the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies can amplify inflammation to drive severe disease, even in the absence of increased pathogen replication. We also examine emerging roles for autoantibodies in enhancing the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss how we can leverage these insights to improve vaccine design and future treatments for infectious diseases. This Review discusses the different mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease, including how antibodies can increase the pathogen load, protect bacteria from the immune system and amplify inflammation. The authors also highlight the role of autoantibodies and consider how a better understanding of ADE can be used to improve vaccines and treatments for infectious diseases.
传染性疾病的抗体依赖性增强（ADE）是宿主抗体增加感染严重程度的一种现象。这种现象在病毒感染中已得到公认，但在细菌、真菌和寄生虫感染中，ADE 的作用也未得到充分重视。ADE 既可发生在原发感染中，也可发生在同一病原体或相关病原体的再感染中；因此，了解 ADE 的基本机制对于了解许多感染性疾病的发病机制和进展至关重要。在此，我们回顾了抗体在感染期间增加疾病严重性的四种不同机制。我们讨论了 ADE 最成熟的机制解释，即与病原体结合的交叉反应性疾病增强抗体与 Fc 受体相互作用，从而增强病原体的进入或复制，最终增加病原体的总负荷。此外，我们还探讨了一些致病性抗体是如何使细菌免于补体依赖性杀灭，从而提高细菌存活率的。我们探究了抗体在没有增加病原体复制的情况下扩大炎症以导致严重疾病的分子机制。我们还研究了自身抗体在增强传染病发病机制方面的新作用。最后，我们将讨论如何利用这些见解来改进疫苗设计和未来的传染病治疗方法。
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{"title":"Non-classical monocytes have the support of the whole vascular tree","authors":"Kirsty Minton","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01078-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01078-6","url":null,"abstract":"Thierry, Baudon et al. show that non-classical monocytes are nurtured by endothelial cell expression of CSF1 throughout the whole vascular tree.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"619-619"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01074-w
Alexandra Flemming
Neuroinflammation in response to infection or chronic disease can cause non-neural symptoms such as fatigue and muscle pain. Yang et al. show that CNS-derived IL-6 directly regulates muscle physiology.
{"title":"How neuroinflammation weakens muscles","authors":"Alexandra Flemming","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01074-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01074-w","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroinflammation in response to infection or chronic disease can cause non-neural symptoms such as fatigue and muscle pain. Yang et al. show that CNS-derived IL-6 directly regulates muscle physiology.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"619-619"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141790928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01072-y
Lucy Bird
Transient depletion of the gut microbiome by antibiotics in early life reduces systemic levels of the metabolite indole-3-propionic acid, which causes long-lasting mitochondrial damage to lung epithelial cells and increases susceptibility to airway inflammation in adult mice.
{"title":"Early life antibiotics have lasting effects on the lung epithelium","authors":"Lucy Bird","doi":"10.1038/s41577-024-01072-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41577-024-01072-y","url":null,"abstract":"Transient depletion of the gut microbiome by antibiotics in early life reduces systemic levels of the metabolite indole-3-propionic acid, which causes long-lasting mitochondrial damage to lung epithelial cells and increases susceptibility to airway inflammation in adult mice.","PeriodicalId":19049,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"620-620"},"PeriodicalIF":67.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141790929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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