Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01339-1
Valerie J. Karplus
Industrial firms will need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions dramatically for the world to reach its climate change mitigation goals. Now, analysis shows that the economic and employment impacts of these reductions can vary widely, depending on which firms are targeted.
{"title":"Cutting greenhouse gases without cutting jobs","authors":"Valerie J. Karplus","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01339-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01339-1","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial firms will need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions dramatically for the world to reach its climate change mitigation goals. Now, analysis shows that the economic and employment impacts of these reductions can vary widely, depending on which firms are targeted.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 5","pages":"519-520"},"PeriodicalIF":27.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141096496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01355-1
Marko Hekkert
Apprehensions about job losses in incumbent industries can hold up sustainability transformations unless policymakers bolster efforts towards job reskilling programmes, argues Marko Hekkert.
Marko Hekkert 认为，除非政策制定者加大工作技能再培训计划的力度，否则对现有行业就业机会减少的担忧可能会阻碍可持续性转型。
{"title":"Jobs lost and found in sustainability transitions","authors":"Marko Hekkert","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01355-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01355-1","url":null,"abstract":"Apprehensions about job losses in incumbent industries can hold up sustainability transformations unless policymakers bolster efforts towards job reskilling programmes, argues Marko Hekkert.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 5","pages":"512-513"},"PeriodicalIF":27.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141096489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-21DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01350-6
Jinlei Li, Yi Jiang, Jia Liu, Linsheng Wu, Ning Xu, Zhaoying Zhang, Dayang Zhao, Gang Li, Peng Wang, Wei Li, Bin Zhu, Yongguang Zhang, Jia Zhu
The sequestration of atmospheric CO2 through plant photosynthesis helps to mitigate climate change while providing other ecological benefits. However, heat and drought stress can limit plant growth and thus the mitigation potential of vegetation, particularly in drylands. Here we present a photosynthetically active radiative cooling film that decreases the ambient air temperature, minimizes the level of water evaporation and increases photosynthesis in dryland plants. This film comprises a photonic crystal layer sandwiched between polydimethylsiloxane and antifogging polyacrylamide hydrogel layers. The polydimethylsiloxane layer, featuring high mid-infrared emissivity (92% for wavelengths of 2.5–20 μm), enables maximal radiative cooling, the photonic crystal permits the selective transmission of photosynthetically active sunlight (71% for wavelengths of 0.4–0.5 μm and 77% for wavelengths of 0.6–0.7 μm) to boost photosynthesis and the polyacrylamide layer prevents the shading effect, thereby supporting plant growth. Field experiments indicated that our film decreases the air temperature by 1.9–4.6 °C and the level of water evaporation by 2.1–31.9%, consequently increasing the biomass yield of plants by 20–370%. According to our assessment, global application of the film on dryland plants could result in an approximately 40% increase in carbon sink compared with the case without the film (2.26 ± 1.43 PgC yr−1). This work highlights the development of next-generation technologies that can address the water–food–energy nexus of climate change. This study presents a film design that can maximize radiative cooling, transmit photosynthetically efficient light and reflect remaining sunlight in favour of photosynthsis and plant growth.
{"title":"A photosynthetically active radiative cooling film","authors":"Jinlei Li, Yi Jiang, Jia Liu, Linsheng Wu, Ning Xu, Zhaoying Zhang, Dayang Zhao, Gang Li, Peng Wang, Wei Li, Bin Zhu, Yongguang Zhang, Jia Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01350-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01350-6","url":null,"abstract":"The sequestration of atmospheric CO2 through plant photosynthesis helps to mitigate climate change while providing other ecological benefits. However, heat and drought stress can limit plant growth and thus the mitigation potential of vegetation, particularly in drylands. Here we present a photosynthetically active radiative cooling film that decreases the ambient air temperature, minimizes the level of water evaporation and increases photosynthesis in dryland plants. This film comprises a photonic crystal layer sandwiched between polydimethylsiloxane and antifogging polyacrylamide hydrogel layers. The polydimethylsiloxane layer, featuring high mid-infrared emissivity (92% for wavelengths of 2.5–20 μm), enables maximal radiative cooling, the photonic crystal permits the selective transmission of photosynthetically active sunlight (71% for wavelengths of 0.4–0.5 μm and 77% for wavelengths of 0.6–0.7 μm) to boost photosynthesis and the polyacrylamide layer prevents the shading effect, thereby supporting plant growth. Field experiments indicated that our film decreases the air temperature by 1.9–4.6 °C and the level of water evaporation by 2.1–31.9%, consequently increasing the biomass yield of plants by 20–370%. According to our assessment, global application of the film on dryland plants could result in an approximately 40% increase in carbon sink compared with the case without the film (2.26 ± 1.43 PgC yr−1). This work highlights the development of next-generation technologies that can address the water–food–energy nexus of climate change. This study presents a film design that can maximize radiative cooling, transmit photosynthetically efficient light and reflect remaining sunlight in favour of photosynthsis and plant growth.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"786-795"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01356-0
Martin Brandt, Dimitri Gominski, Florian Reiner, Ankit Kariryaa, Venkanna Babu Guthula, Philippe Ciais, Xiaoye Tong, Wenmin Zhang, Dhanapal Govindarajulu, Daniel Ortiz-Gonzalo, Rasmus Fensholt
Agroforestry practices that include the integration of multifunctional trees within agricultural lands can generate multiple socioecological benefits, in addition to being a natural climate solution due to the associated carbon sequestration potential. Such agroforestry trees represent a vital part of India’s landscapes. However, despite their importance, a current lack of robust monitoring mechanisms has contributed to an insufficient grasp of their distribution in relation to management practices, as well as their vulnerability to climate change and diseases. Here we map 0.6 billion farmland trees, excluding block plantations, in India and track them over the past decade. We show that around 11 ± 2% of the large trees (about 96 m2 crown size) mapped in 2010/2011 had disappeared by 2018. Moreover, during the period 2018–2022, more than 5 million large farmland trees (about 67 m2 crown size) have vanished, due partly to altered cultivation practices, where trees within fields are perceived as detrimental to crop yields. These observations are particularly unsettling given the current emphasis on agroforestry as a pivotal natural climate solution, playing a crucial role in both climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, in addition to being important for supporting agricultural livelihoods and improving biodiversity. Agroforestry practices represent important natural climate solutions, in addition to providing a variety of socioecological benefits. This study evaluates spatiotemporal agroforestry patterns in India by tracking the fate of large farmland trees over the past decade.
{"title":"Severe decline in large farmland trees in India over the past decade","authors":"Martin Brandt, Dimitri Gominski, Florian Reiner, Ankit Kariryaa, Venkanna Babu Guthula, Philippe Ciais, Xiaoye Tong, Wenmin Zhang, Dhanapal Govindarajulu, Daniel Ortiz-Gonzalo, Rasmus Fensholt","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01356-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01356-0","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry practices that include the integration of multifunctional trees within agricultural lands can generate multiple socioecological benefits, in addition to being a natural climate solution due to the associated carbon sequestration potential. Such agroforestry trees represent a vital part of India’s landscapes. However, despite their importance, a current lack of robust monitoring mechanisms has contributed to an insufficient grasp of their distribution in relation to management practices, as well as their vulnerability to climate change and diseases. Here we map 0.6 billion farmland trees, excluding block plantations, in India and track them over the past decade. We show that around 11 ± 2% of the large trees (about 96 m2 crown size) mapped in 2010/2011 had disappeared by 2018. Moreover, during the period 2018–2022, more than 5 million large farmland trees (about 67 m2 crown size) have vanished, due partly to altered cultivation practices, where trees within fields are perceived as detrimental to crop yields. These observations are particularly unsettling given the current emphasis on agroforestry as a pivotal natural climate solution, playing a crucial role in both climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, in addition to being important for supporting agricultural livelihoods and improving biodiversity. Agroforestry practices represent important natural climate solutions, in addition to providing a variety of socioecological benefits. This study evaluates spatiotemporal agroforestry patterns in India by tracking the fate of large farmland trees over the past decade.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 7","pages":"860-868"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01356-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140972334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles supports the transition to a more sustainable transport sector. However, the retiring of many electric vehicles over the next decade poses a sustainability challenge, particularly due to the lack of recycling of end-of-life batteries. Here we show regeneration routes that could valorize spent cathodes for a second life in both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and post-LIBs. Our regeneration starts with a leaching process involving acetic acid that could selectively dissolve high-value elements in cathodes including lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese. Depending on the added chelating agents, further co-precipitation reactions in the leachate form precursors of different cathode materials. The regenerated lithium layered oxide cathodes deliver a reversible area capacity of up to 2.73 mAh cm−2 with excellent structural stability for LIBs, whereas the obtained Prussian blue analogues show 83.7% retention after 2,000 cycles for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Life-cycle and techno-economic assessments suggest that the current regeneration can reduce manufacturing costs for LIBs and SIBs by US$21.65 kWh−1 and US$41.67 kWh−1, respectively, with lower impacts on human health, environment and natural resources. This work paves the way for the transition to more sustainable storage technologies. Battery recycling is essential to the sustainability of electric vehicles. Here the authors show processes that could regenerate spent cathode materials for a second life in lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries.
{"title":"Sustainable regeneration of spent cathodes for lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Tingzhou Yang, Dan Luo, Xinyu Zhang, Shihui Gao, Rui Gao, Qianyi Ma, Hey Woong Park, Tyler Or, Yongguang Zhang, Zhongwei Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01351-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01351-5","url":null,"abstract":"The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles supports the transition to a more sustainable transport sector. However, the retiring of many electric vehicles over the next decade poses a sustainability challenge, particularly due to the lack of recycling of end-of-life batteries. Here we show regeneration routes that could valorize spent cathodes for a second life in both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and post-LIBs. Our regeneration starts with a leaching process involving acetic acid that could selectively dissolve high-value elements in cathodes including lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese. Depending on the added chelating agents, further co-precipitation reactions in the leachate form precursors of different cathode materials. The regenerated lithium layered oxide cathodes deliver a reversible area capacity of up to 2.73 mAh cm−2 with excellent structural stability for LIBs, whereas the obtained Prussian blue analogues show 83.7% retention after 2,000 cycles for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Life-cycle and techno-economic assessments suggest that the current regeneration can reduce manufacturing costs for LIBs and SIBs by US$21.65 kWh−1 and US$41.67 kWh−1, respectively, with lower impacts on human health, environment and natural resources. This work paves the way for the transition to more sustainable storage technologies. Battery recycling is essential to the sustainability of electric vehicles. Here the authors show processes that could regenerate spent cathode materials for a second life in lithium-ion and post-lithium-ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"776-785"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01341-7
Shuyou Zhang, Jiangjiang Zhang, Lili Niu, Qiang Chen, Qing Zhou, Nan Xiao, Jun Man, Jianqing Ma, Changlong Wei, Songhe Zhang, Yongming Luo, Yijun Yao
China faces widespread soil arsenic pollution caused by intensified industrial and agricultural activities, the impacts of which, however, have never been evaluated at the national scale. In this study, we developed a machine-learning model built on 3,524 surveys, representing over one million soil samples, to generate annual maps of arsenic concentration in China’s surface soils for the period 2000–2040. The model has uncovered a worrying trend of increasing arsenic concentrations, rising from a mean of 11.9 mg kg−1 in 2000 to 12.6 mg kg−1 in 2020, with an anticipated further increase to 13.6 mg kg−1 by 2040. The primary anthropogenic causes have been identified as non-ferrous mining activities (68.0%), followed by energy consumption (15.8%), smelting (13.2%) and farming practices (3.0%). Furthermore, in 2000, 2020 and 2040, the model predicts that 13.0%, 17.1% and 18.3% of rice production and 10.0%, 13.9% and 15.9% of the population, respectively, would be located on soils with arsenic concentrations over 20 mg kg−1. Despite the establishment of initiatives such as the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan by the Chinese government to restrain this burgeoning arsenic pollution, our findings underscore the urgent need for more vigorous measures to stall or reverse this disturbing trend. Industrial and agricultural activities, such as mining, smelting and farming practices, have led to widespread arsenic pollution in Chinese soils and may threaten the viability of future rice production. Ambitious mitigation measures beyond those already undertaken by the Chinese government are needed to reverse these increasing impacts.
{"title":"Escalating arsenic contamination throughout Chinese soils","authors":"Shuyou Zhang, Jiangjiang Zhang, Lili Niu, Qiang Chen, Qing Zhou, Nan Xiao, Jun Man, Jianqing Ma, Changlong Wei, Songhe Zhang, Yongming Luo, Yijun Yao","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01341-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01341-7","url":null,"abstract":"China faces widespread soil arsenic pollution caused by intensified industrial and agricultural activities, the impacts of which, however, have never been evaluated at the national scale. In this study, we developed a machine-learning model built on 3,524 surveys, representing over one million soil samples, to generate annual maps of arsenic concentration in China’s surface soils for the period 2000–2040. The model has uncovered a worrying trend of increasing arsenic concentrations, rising from a mean of 11.9 mg kg−1 in 2000 to 12.6 mg kg−1 in 2020, with an anticipated further increase to 13.6 mg kg−1 by 2040. The primary anthropogenic causes have been identified as non-ferrous mining activities (68.0%), followed by energy consumption (15.8%), smelting (13.2%) and farming practices (3.0%). Furthermore, in 2000, 2020 and 2040, the model predicts that 13.0%, 17.1% and 18.3% of rice production and 10.0%, 13.9% and 15.9% of the population, respectively, would be located on soils with arsenic concentrations over 20 mg kg−1. Despite the establishment of initiatives such as the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan by the Chinese government to restrain this burgeoning arsenic pollution, our findings underscore the urgent need for more vigorous measures to stall or reverse this disturbing trend. Industrial and agricultural activities, such as mining, smelting and farming practices, have led to widespread arsenic pollution in Chinese soils and may threaten the viability of future rice production. Ambitious mitigation measures beyond those already undertaken by the Chinese government are needed to reverse these increasing impacts.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"766-775"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01349-z
Zewei Shao, Aibin Huang, Cuicui Cao, Xiaowei Ji, Wei Hu, Hongjie Luo, John Bell, Ping Jin, Ronggui Yang, Xun Cao
Electrochromic windows provide a sustainable solution for use in energy-efficient buildings as their varying optical properties in changing weather conditions allow the optimization of solar radiation heat gain and indoor thermal comfort. However, as the wavelength range of sunlight that can be used remains limited, broader implementation of this technology is hampered. Here we present an electrochromic design that combines radiative cooling of mid-infrared light and maximized utilization of both visible and near-infrared light. Our electrochromic window takes advantage of a WO3/VO2 film structure that, with a controllable lithium-ion intercalation depth, affords three active optical states to control visible and near-infrared transmittance independently. Moreover, the use of electrodes with preferred emissivity at both surfaces serves to optimize the radiative heat exchange between the indoor and outdoor environments. Field experiments and simulations show that our device exhibits higher energy savings than a commercial low-emissivity glass in most climate zones around the world. Our findings suggest ample opportunities for energy-saving window designs that can help achieve global carbon neutrality and sustainability. Buildings account for a large proportion of the global energy consumption. Here the electrochromic smart window realizes year-round energy savings by managing visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared light.
{"title":"Tri-band electrochromic smart window for energy savings in buildings","authors":"Zewei Shao, Aibin Huang, Cuicui Cao, Xiaowei Ji, Wei Hu, Hongjie Luo, John Bell, Ping Jin, Ronggui Yang, Xun Cao","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01349-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01349-z","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochromic windows provide a sustainable solution for use in energy-efficient buildings as their varying optical properties in changing weather conditions allow the optimization of solar radiation heat gain and indoor thermal comfort. However, as the wavelength range of sunlight that can be used remains limited, broader implementation of this technology is hampered. Here we present an electrochromic design that combines radiative cooling of mid-infrared light and maximized utilization of both visible and near-infrared light. Our electrochromic window takes advantage of a WO3/VO2 film structure that, with a controllable lithium-ion intercalation depth, affords three active optical states to control visible and near-infrared transmittance independently. Moreover, the use of electrodes with preferred emissivity at both surfaces serves to optimize the radiative heat exchange between the indoor and outdoor environments. Field experiments and simulations show that our device exhibits higher energy savings than a commercial low-emissivity glass in most climate zones around the world. Our findings suggest ample opportunities for energy-saving window designs that can help achieve global carbon neutrality and sustainability. Buildings account for a large proportion of the global energy consumption. Here the electrochromic smart window realizes year-round energy savings by managing visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared light.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"796-803"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01346-2
Michael Klingler, Nadia Ameli, Jamie Rickman, Johannes Schmidt
Large-scale wind and solar photovoltaic infrastructures are rapidly expanding in Brazil. These low-carbon technologies can exacerbate land struggles rooted in historical inequities in landownership, lack of regulation and weak governance. Here we trace how green grabbing—that is, the large-scale appropriation and control of (undesignated) public lands, both formally legal and illicit, for the development of wind and solar photovoltaic power—has developed in Brazil from 2000 to 2021. We find that global investors and owners, mainly from Europe, are involved in 78% of wind and 96% of solar photovoltaic parks, occupying 2,148 km2 and 102 km2 of land, respectively. We also show that land privatization is the prevalent land tenure regime for securing land, indicating substantial transformations of prior (undesignated) public and common lands. We conclude that green grabbing is a persistent, critical phenomenon in Brazil, requiring transparency and vigilant monitoring of land claims and tenure modifications. The rapid expansion of low-carbon technologies in Brazil has multiple socio-economic impacts on rural populations by further fuelling competition for land and intensifying large-scale land deals. This study traces how global ownership of, and investment in, wind and solar photovoltaic installations has evolved over time, driving substantial privatization of public and common lands.
{"title":"Large-scale green grabbing for wind and solar photovoltaic development in Brazil","authors":"Michael Klingler, Nadia Ameli, Jamie Rickman, Johannes Schmidt","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01346-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01346-2","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale wind and solar photovoltaic infrastructures are rapidly expanding in Brazil. These low-carbon technologies can exacerbate land struggles rooted in historical inequities in landownership, lack of regulation and weak governance. Here we trace how green grabbing—that is, the large-scale appropriation and control of (undesignated) public lands, both formally legal and illicit, for the development of wind and solar photovoltaic power—has developed in Brazil from 2000 to 2021. We find that global investors and owners, mainly from Europe, are involved in 78% of wind and 96% of solar photovoltaic parks, occupying 2,148 km2 and 102 km2 of land, respectively. We also show that land privatization is the prevalent land tenure regime for securing land, indicating substantial transformations of prior (undesignated) public and common lands. We conclude that green grabbing is a persistent, critical phenomenon in Brazil, requiring transparency and vigilant monitoring of land claims and tenure modifications. The rapid expansion of low-carbon technologies in Brazil has multiple socio-economic impacts on rural populations by further fuelling competition for land and intensifying large-scale land deals. This study traces how global ownership of, and investment in, wind and solar photovoltaic installations has evolved over time, driving substantial privatization of public and common lands.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"747-757"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01347-1
Anna Lunde Hermansson, Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Tiia Grönholm, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Erik Fridell, Rasmus Parsmo, Jesper Hassellöv, Erik Ytreberg
In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage. Stricter regulations on ship-induced air pollution have triggered the installation of ship exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers), but these scrubbers pollute the seas. A study shows that the private economic benefits of installing scrubbers come at the expense of marine environmental damage and that the scrubber systems are paid off in only a few years.
{"title":"Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution","authors":"Anna Lunde Hermansson, Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Tiia Grönholm, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Erik Fridell, Rasmus Parsmo, Jesper Hassellöv, Erik Ytreberg","doi":"10.1038/s41893-024-01347-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41893-024-01347-1","url":null,"abstract":"In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage. Stricter regulations on ship-induced air pollution have triggered the installation of ship exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers), but these scrubbers pollute the seas. A study shows that the private economic benefits of installing scrubbers come at the expense of marine environmental damage and that the scrubber systems are paid off in only a few years.","PeriodicalId":19056,"journal":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","volume":"7 6","pages":"812-822"},"PeriodicalIF":25.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01347-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01332-8
Andre Patrick Heinrich, Sié Hermann Pooda, Angélique Porciani, Lamidi Zéla, Alexandra Schinzel, Nicolas Moiroux, Christophe Roberge, Marie-Sophie Martina, Anne-Laure Courjaud, Roch K. Dabiré, Jörg Römbke, Rolf-Alexander Düring, Karine Mouline
Malaria remains an enduring challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting public health and development. Control measures can include the use of insecticides that target adult Anopheles mosquitoes transmitting the malaria-causing Plasmodium parasite. Such mosquitoes can also bite livestock, allowing vector populations to be maintained at levels that enable parasite transmission. Thus, one way to control the spread of malaria includes the use of endectocide-treated livestock which renders the blood of cattle toxic to such mosquito populations. Here we present an ecotoxicological perspective on malaria vector control, using cattle treated with the endectocide ivermectin to target zoophagic and opportunistic Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. Our study employs an innovative, long-acting injectable ivermectin formulation with over 6 months of sustained mosquitocidal activity. Robust vector population modelling underscores its promising field effectiveness. Environmental implications (soil sorption and dissipation) of excreted ivermectin and potential ecotoxicological risks to non-target dung organisms in West Africa are discussed, in addition to actionable, locally inspired risk mitigation measures to protect sub-Saharan soils and agroecosystems from chemical pollution. We highlight how ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry improve livestock-based vector control with ivermectin for effective and more sustainable malaria management. Malaria remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the use of a long-acting endectocide formulation given to livestock as a measure to control mosquito vector populations that transmit the malaria-causing parasite in Burkina Faso.
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