W. Chaisri, W. Mongkon, Y. Sugita‐Konishi, D. V. Dam, Ingrid Huntley, W. Suriyasathaporn
The aim of the study was to determine feed and feed storage factors associated with aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ) contamination in bulk milk of dairy farms. The study was conducted from May to July 2016, at all smallholder farms in Mae Wang dairy cooperative, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Data on feed and feed storage factors were collected from the farmers using interviews and observations. For feed, we included type of roughage and physical appearance of concentrated feed, and for feed storage factor, we included storage method of roughages. AFM 1 concentration was measured using the Charm ® ROSA ® MRLAFMQ (afla-toxin M 1 ) Test. Fisher’s exact chi-square test was used to determine the association of feed and feed management factors with AFM 1 contamination. From a total of 67 farms, 50 farms were included in the analysis. AFM 1 contamination was observed in 46% of the samples. Farms using factory-corn silage had a significantly higher percentage of AFM 1 contamination (62.5%) than farms that did not use factory-corn silage (30.8%). AFM 1 contamination in farms that used concentrates with cracked pellets was significantly higher (64.3%) than in those that did not (22.7%). For feed storage, roughage stored in piles within the barn was associated with significantly higher AFM 1 contamination than that stored outside (61.5% and 29.2%, respectively). In addition, AFM 1 contamination for roughage piles with mold on the surface was higher (60%) than that for roughage piles without mold (25%). Our results indicate that type of feed and feed storage factors are associated with AFM 1 contamination in bulk milk.
{"title":"Feed and feed storage factors in relation to aflatoxin M1 contamination in bulk milk of smallholder dairy farms","authors":"W. Chaisri, W. Mongkon, Y. Sugita‐Konishi, D. V. Dam, Ingrid Huntley, W. Suriyasathaporn","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67_2_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67_2_3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to determine feed and feed storage factors associated with aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ) contamination in bulk milk of dairy farms. The study was conducted from May to July 2016, at all smallholder farms in Mae Wang dairy cooperative, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Data on feed and feed storage factors were collected from the farmers using interviews and observations. For feed, we included type of roughage and physical appearance of concentrated feed, and for feed storage factor, we included storage method of roughages. AFM 1 concentration was measured using the Charm ® ROSA ® MRLAFMQ (afla-toxin M 1 ) Test. Fisher’s exact chi-square test was used to determine the association of feed and feed management factors with AFM 1 contamination. From a total of 67 farms, 50 farms were included in the analysis. AFM 1 contamination was observed in 46% of the samples. Farms using factory-corn silage had a significantly higher percentage of AFM 1 contamination (62.5%) than farms that did not use factory-corn silage (30.8%). AFM 1 contamination in farms that used concentrates with cracked pellets was significantly higher (64.3%) than in those that did not (22.7%). For feed storage, roughage stored in piles within the barn was associated with significantly higher AFM 1 contamination than that stored outside (61.5% and 29.2%, respectively). In addition, AFM 1 contamination for roughage piles with mold on the surface was higher (60%) than that for roughage piles without mold (25%). Our results indicate that type of feed and feed storage factors are associated with AFM 1 contamination in bulk milk.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"51 1","pages":"85-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76893629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This manuscript provides data on the analysis of aflatoxin (AFs) contamination in Myanmar agricultural commodities which were intended for export and domestic consumption from 2008 to 20151). Most of the samples were white rice, broken rice, parboiled rice, green mung bean, black sesame seed, white sesame seed, black matpe, butter bean, toor whole, peyin bean (bamboo bean) and yellow maize. The total AFs concentration of these samples was quantitatively analyzed by the Romer method using thin layer chromatography with visual estimation2). Aflatoxin (AF) B1 contamination was frequently detected in all of the contaminated samples, however, AFG1 and AFG2 contamination with no AFB1 group was found in one sample of broken rice from 2014. In addition, some samples were contaminated with not only AFB1 but also AFB2 and AFG1. A sample that contained all four kinds of AFs was not found. A 2008 yellow maize sample was found to have the highest concentration of AFB1 (30.35 μg/kg). Generally, the most highly contaminated samples were below the permissible limits for total AF levels as regulated by the European Union and Codex Alimentarius Commission.
{"title":"Analysis of aflatoxin contamination in Myanmar agricultural commodities","authors":"Ei Ei Chaw","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67_2_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67_2_4","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript provides data on the analysis of aflatoxin (AFs) contamination in Myanmar agricultural commodities which were intended for export and domestic consumption from 2008 to 20151). Most of the samples were white rice, broken rice, parboiled rice, green mung bean, black sesame seed, white sesame seed, black matpe, butter bean, toor whole, peyin bean (bamboo bean) and yellow maize. The total AFs concentration of these samples was quantitatively analyzed by the Romer method using thin layer chromatography with visual estimation2). Aflatoxin (AF) B1 contamination was frequently detected in all of the contaminated samples, however, AFG1 and AFG2 contamination with no AFB1 group was found in one sample of broken rice from 2014. In addition, some samples were contaminated with not only AFB1 but also AFB2 and AFG1. A sample that contained all four kinds of AFs was not found. A 2008 yellow maize sample was found to have the highest concentration of AFB1 (30.35 μg/kg). Generally, the most highly contaminated samples were below the permissible limits for total AF levels as regulated by the European Union and Codex Alimentarius Commission.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"18 1","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79242530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. are widespread in Malaysia. Common mycotoxigenic as well as phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. are F. oxysporum and several species members of the F. fujikuroi species complex, particularly F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi . Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. infect crops in the field and can contaminate the crops after harvest and during storage. In vitro studies indicate that many isolates of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. can produce mycotoxins, suggesting that these isolates can also produce mycotoxins in the host plant. Thus, there are opportunities for mycotoxin carryover to food and feed products. Although most Fusarium mycotoxins are heat stable, food processing such as sorting, trimming, cleaning, milling, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, and extrusion cooking have been reported to reduce concentrations of mycotoxins in food and feed products to varying degrees. In Malaysia, more studies on human exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins and to other mycotoxins are needed because such data are useful for estimation of the exposure levels. at night has been suggested to be the main factor that supports mycotoxigenic fungal growth and mycotoxin production because during night time, the plant host offers lower resistance to fungal colonization owing to a lack 9) , Other factors that might play a role in are stress factors including water and insect pest critical factors that
{"title":"Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species from agricultural crops in Malaysia","authors":"L. Zakaria","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67_2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67_2_2","url":null,"abstract":"Phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. are widespread in Malaysia. Common mycotoxigenic as well as phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. are F. oxysporum and several species members of the F. fujikuroi species complex, particularly F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi . Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. infect crops in the field and can contaminate the crops after harvest and during storage. In vitro studies indicate that many isolates of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. can produce mycotoxins, suggesting that these isolates can also produce mycotoxins in the host plant. Thus, there are opportunities for mycotoxin carryover to food and feed products. Although most Fusarium mycotoxins are heat stable, food processing such as sorting, trimming, cleaning, milling, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, and extrusion cooking have been reported to reduce concentrations of mycotoxins in food and feed products to varying degrees. In Malaysia, more studies on human exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins and to other mycotoxins are needed because such data are useful for estimation of the exposure levels. at night has been suggested to be the main factor that supports mycotoxigenic fungal growth and mycotoxin production because during night time, the plant host offers lower resistance to fungal colonization owing to a lack 9) , Other factors that might play a role in are stress factors including water and insect pest critical factors that","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"27 1","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91195251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Pranowo, Nuryono, A. Agus, Jumina, Romsyah Maryam, F. Setyabudi
The extraction of silica from rice husk ash (RHA) for the encapsulation of aflatoxin B1 antibody (Ab-AFB1) and its application as a matrix in immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were achieved. The RHA extraction was performed using 4 M NaOH, which yielded sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) for the synthesis of silica gel. The obtained silica was used for encapsulating Ab-AFB1 using the sol-gel technique. One milliliter of 1 M Na2SiO3:H2O:H3PO4 (0.43:0.11: 0.46) could generate silica gel that was suitable for encapsulating 1.36 mg of Ab-AFB1 at pH 7. After 48 hours of aging, the silica gel modified with AbAFB1 (SG-Ab-AFB1) was ground, and packed as the matrix in the IAC for aflatoxins purification. The modified silica gel was characterized using FTIR and SEM. The properties of IAC with SG-Ab-AFB1 were investigated by evaluating AF recovery, binding capacity, and reusability. The recovery of AFB1 was 94.11 ± 4.62%. In addition to AFB1 recovery, the column also retained AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 with recovery values of 98.22 ± 3.74%, 92.22 ± 7.62%, and 83.00 ± 6.31%, respectively. This column, which contained 0.5 g of SG-AbAFB1 had a binding capacity of approximately 50 ng of AFs per column, and could be reused at least 5 times with a recovery of more than 80%.
从稻壳灰(RHA)中提取二氧化硅用于黄曲霉毒素B1抗体(Ab-AFB1)的包封，并将其作为免疫亲和柱(IACs)的基质。用4 M NaOH提取RHA，得到用于合成硅胶的硅酸钠(Na2SiO3)。所得二氧化硅采用溶胶-凝胶技术包封Ab-AFB1。1毫升1 M Na2SiO3:H2O:H3PO4(0.43:0.11: 0.46)可制得适合在pH为7时包封1.36 mg Ab-AFB1的硅胶。老化48小时后，将经AbAFB1修饰的硅胶(SG-Ab-AFB1)磨碎，作为基质包装在IAC中进行黄曲霉毒素纯化。用FTIR和SEM对改性硅胶进行了表征。通过评价AF的恢复、结合能力和可重用性来研究含有SG-Ab-AFB1的IAC的性能。AFB1的回收率为94.11±4.62%。除AFB1外，还保留了AFB2、AFG1和AFG2，回收率分别为98.22±3.74%、92.22±7.62%和83.00±6.31%。该柱含有0.5 g SG-AbAFB1，每柱的AFs结合量约为50 ng，可重复使用至少5次，回收率超过80%。
{"title":"Application of silica extracted from rice husk ash for the encapsulation of AFB1 antibody as a matrix in immunoaffinity columns","authors":"D. Pranowo, Nuryono, A. Agus, Jumina, Romsyah Maryam, F. Setyabudi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67_2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67_2_1","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of silica from rice husk ash (RHA) for the encapsulation of aflatoxin B1 antibody (Ab-AFB1) and its application as a matrix in immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were achieved. The RHA extraction was performed using 4 M NaOH, which yielded sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) for the synthesis of silica gel. The obtained silica was used for encapsulating Ab-AFB1 using the sol-gel technique. One milliliter of 1 M Na2SiO3:H2O:H3PO4 (0.43:0.11: 0.46) could generate silica gel that was suitable for encapsulating 1.36 mg of Ab-AFB1 at pH 7. After 48 hours of aging, the silica gel modified with AbAFB1 (SG-Ab-AFB1) was ground, and packed as the matrix in the IAC for aflatoxins purification. The modified silica gel was characterized using FTIR and SEM. The properties of IAC with SG-Ab-AFB1 were investigated by evaluating AF recovery, binding capacity, and reusability. The recovery of AFB1 was 94.11 ± 4.62%. In addition to AFB1 recovery, the column also retained AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 with recovery values of 98.22 ± 3.74%, 92.22 ± 7.62%, and 83.00 ± 6.31%, respectively. This column, which contained 0.5 g of SG-AbAFB1 had a binding capacity of approximately 50 ng of AFs per column, and could be reused at least 5 times with a recovery of more than 80%.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"17 1","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87147688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Nakajima, Yuya Tanaka, Kosuke Matsui, Kazuyuki Maeda, Y. Kitou, K. Kanamaru, S. Ohsato, Tetsuo Kobayashi, N. Takahashi-Ando, M. Kimura
{"title":"Accumulation of an unusual trichothecene shunt metabolite in liquid culture of Fusarium graminearum with methionine as the sole nitrogen source","authors":"Y. Nakajima, Yuya Tanaka, Kosuke Matsui, Kazuyuki Maeda, Y. Kitou, K. Kanamaru, S. Ohsato, Tetsuo Kobayashi, N. Takahashi-Ando, M. Kimura","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67-1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67-1-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"5 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85079721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Mongolia, systematic surveillance of mycotoxins has been conducted from 2009 by National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety. This manuscript reports the results briefly. A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi, also known as molds, and is usually produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicilium and Fusarium. Such mycotoxins contaminate food products and raw materials used for food production and animal feeds, and are highly dangerous to human health, including the risk of causing cancer, immune deficiency, and mutation. Around 70% of Mongolia’s food imports are from China, Russia and South Korea. Basic food commodities imported in 2009-2012 that might have the risk of containing mycotoxins are grains (4.1-114.7 thousand tons), flour (50.1-105.7 thousand tons), flour products (9.2-14.8 thousand tons), rice (12-31.6 thousand tons) and millet (1.3-1.9 thousand tons)1). In our country, incidences of liver cancer are becoming more common among younger people according to statistics covering the last 5 years, and causes identified by pathological examination point to bad lifestyle, wrong eating habits, and low quality food. Studies done by the National Cancer Center of Mongolia show that the incidence of cancer per 10,000 people in 2011 and 2012 was considerably higher compared to that in 2009 and 2010. The percentage of patients with liver cancer was 6.6%, uterine cancer was 2.4%, lung cancer was 1.2%, esophageal cancer was 1%, other diseases were 3.9%, and other cancers were 4.2% per 10,000 people2). In the Mongolian food industry, imported foodstuffs such as nuts, corn, beans, soy, rice, dried fruits and breakfast cereals that may contain mycotoxin are sold widely; however, no investigations have been carried out to measure mycotoxin contamination in these products. Therefore, carrying out regular control studies of mycotoxin levels in imported food products is important for reducing health risks and diseases in the population of the country. The National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety (NRLFS), General Agency for Specialized Inspection Mongolia, approved a national standardized screening method using ELISA for seven types of mycotoxins in imported and exported goods in 2007. The laboratory also set national standards for maximum permissible residue levels of mycotoxins contained in food products and animal feed, and has been ensuring regulatory compliance to these standards in Mongolia3). In 2015, the Center for Research and Risk Assessment; Chemical and Toxicological Laboratory and Microbiology Laboratory at NRLFS, together with the Ministry of Health, initiated the first study of risk assessment for mycotoxins in food products in Mongolia. The aim of this research thesis was to define aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in some food goods, the risk of toxicity from mycotoxin in some Mongolian phytogenic medicines, and from ochratoxin A in nonprocessed wheat and beer. The thesis also aimed to evalua
{"title":"Current situation of action on mycotoxins and surveillance of mycotoxin contamination in Mongolia","authors":"Oyunchimeg Batkhuu, Sainjargal Dorjgotov","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67-1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67-1-7","url":null,"abstract":"In Mongolia, systematic surveillance of mycotoxins has been conducted from 2009 by National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety. This manuscript reports the results briefly. A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi, also known as molds, and is usually produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicilium and Fusarium. Such mycotoxins contaminate food products and raw materials used for food production and animal feeds, and are highly dangerous to human health, including the risk of causing cancer, immune deficiency, and mutation. Around 70% of Mongolia’s food imports are from China, Russia and South Korea. Basic food commodities imported in 2009-2012 that might have the risk of containing mycotoxins are grains (4.1-114.7 thousand tons), flour (50.1-105.7 thousand tons), flour products (9.2-14.8 thousand tons), rice (12-31.6 thousand tons) and millet (1.3-1.9 thousand tons)1). In our country, incidences of liver cancer are becoming more common among younger people according to statistics covering the last 5 years, and causes identified by pathological examination point to bad lifestyle, wrong eating habits, and low quality food. Studies done by the National Cancer Center of Mongolia show that the incidence of cancer per 10,000 people in 2011 and 2012 was considerably higher compared to that in 2009 and 2010. The percentage of patients with liver cancer was 6.6%, uterine cancer was 2.4%, lung cancer was 1.2%, esophageal cancer was 1%, other diseases were 3.9%, and other cancers were 4.2% per 10,000 people2). In the Mongolian food industry, imported foodstuffs such as nuts, corn, beans, soy, rice, dried fruits and breakfast cereals that may contain mycotoxin are sold widely; however, no investigations have been carried out to measure mycotoxin contamination in these products. Therefore, carrying out regular control studies of mycotoxin levels in imported food products is important for reducing health risks and diseases in the population of the country. The National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety (NRLFS), General Agency for Specialized Inspection Mongolia, approved a national standardized screening method using ELISA for seven types of mycotoxins in imported and exported goods in 2007. The laboratory also set national standards for maximum permissible residue levels of mycotoxins contained in food products and animal feed, and has been ensuring regulatory compliance to these standards in Mongolia3). In 2015, the Center for Research and Risk Assessment; Chemical and Toxicological Laboratory and Microbiology Laboratory at NRLFS, together with the Ministry of Health, initiated the first study of risk assessment for mycotoxins in food products in Mongolia. The aim of this research thesis was to define aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in some food goods, the risk of toxicity from mycotoxin in some Mongolian phytogenic medicines, and from ochratoxin A in nonprocessed wheat and beer. The thesis also aimed to evalua","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"44 1","pages":"25-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87768768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Krska, M. Sulyok, F. Berthiller, R. Schuhmacher
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites, occurring on a wide range of agricultural products. Several research projects, including the recently started European project “MyToolBox”, aim for integrated approaches – combining preand post-harvest measures with efficient monitoring tools for control. The latter is crucial to provide food safety for the consumers and to determine the efficacy of mitigation measures to reduce mycotoxins. Analytical chemistry, in particular mass spectrometry, has evolved with a tremendous pace. While years ago, only single toxins could be measured, a clear trend is towards multi-toxin methods, providing a far more detailed picture. One example is a multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method which has recently been developed by us and which is capable of determining some 380 fungal, bacterial and plant metabolites, respectively, in cultures, cereals, food and feed products. LC-MSbased screening has also been playing a vital role in the discovery of novel mycotoxin conjugates so called “masked” forms of mycotoxins. Metabolomics has emerged as the latest of the so-called –omics disciplines and shows great potential to determine hundreds to thousands of metabolites at once over a wide range of concentrations. After measurement of biological/food samples treated with a 1+1 mixture of labelled and non-labelled precursors, labelling-specific isotopic patterns can be reliably and automatically detected by means of the novel software tool (“MetExtract”). In a preliminary study, the great potential of the presented approach is further underlined by the successful and automated detection of novel plant-derived biotransformation products of the most prevalent Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.
{"title":"Mycotoxin testing: From Multi-toxin analysis to metabolomics","authors":"R. Krska, M. Sulyok, F. Berthiller, R. Schuhmacher","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67-1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67-1-8","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites, occurring on a wide range of agricultural products. Several research projects, including the recently started European project “MyToolBox”, aim for integrated approaches – combining preand post-harvest measures with efficient monitoring tools for control. The latter is crucial to provide food safety for the consumers and to determine the efficacy of mitigation measures to reduce mycotoxins. Analytical chemistry, in particular mass spectrometry, has evolved with a tremendous pace. While years ago, only single toxins could be measured, a clear trend is towards multi-toxin methods, providing a far more detailed picture. One example is a multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method which has recently been developed by us and which is capable of determining some 380 fungal, bacterial and plant metabolites, respectively, in cultures, cereals, food and feed products. LC-MSbased screening has also been playing a vital role in the discovery of novel mycotoxin conjugates so called “masked” forms of mycotoxins. Metabolomics has emerged as the latest of the so-called –omics disciplines and shows great potential to determine hundreds to thousands of metabolites at once over a wide range of concentrations. After measurement of biological/food samples treated with a 1+1 mixture of labelled and non-labelled precursors, labelling-specific isotopic patterns can be reliably and automatically detected by means of the novel software tool (“MetExtract”). In a preliminary study, the great potential of the presented approach is further underlined by the successful and automated detection of novel plant-derived biotransformation products of the most prevalent Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"190 1","pages":"11-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72814271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Asian Network Meeting was held in Tokyo, Japan on 2 Dec. 2016, as part of ISMYCO 2016 (International Symposium of Mycotoxicology). This meeting was the first to take place in Japan since the 2003 meeting in Kagawa. This short manuscript introduces highlights from ISMYCO2016 and reports from the Asian Network Meeting. ISMYCO 2016 was convened on the campus of the University of Tokyo (30 Nov. – 2 Dec.) (Photo. 1). This was the 5 ISMYCO symposium sponsored by the Japanese Association/Society of Mycotoxicology; the others were: 1999 Chiba, 2003 Kagawa, 2006 Thailand, and 2011 Sapporo. On this occasion, 240 participants attended from over twenty countries. In the 13 years since the symposium in Kagawa, IT technology has changed dramatically. Now we can access the international news and other information from a handy palm-size mobile device anytime, without international walls. Nevertheless, information on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi is limited and difficult Photo. 1 Yayoi auditorium, the University of Tokyo to access readily and thus international symposia and meetings remain important. This symposium consists of keynote speeches, a poster session (Photo. 2), selected oral sessions, a young researcher session (Photo. 3), an analytical session, and five scientific sessions. These sessions were: Session 1: Distribution of mycotoxigenic fungi and molecular genetics, Session 2: Mycotoxin analysis and survey of mycotoxin contamination, Session 3: Exposure to mycotoxins and risk assessment, Session 4: Toxicity and action mechanism of mycotoxins, and Session 5: Mechanism and regulation of mycotoxin production and control of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed, and the Asian Network Meeting. Details of the scientific session will be provided in the next issue by the chair of each session. Next, I report on the Asian Network Meeting. The Asian Network Meeting was held for the purpose of sharing information on mycotoxins, including regulations, research institutes, and current research in each country, while aiming for future cooperation and networking between Asian researchers. Prominent researchers were invited from Asia. The facilitator was Dr. Masahiro Nakajima and about 50 researchers attended. At the meeting, the current situation related to mycotoxin research was reported by the delegate from each country. These delegates were Dr. Liu from China,
{"title":"Highlights from ISMYCO 2016 and the Asian Network Meeting","authors":"M. Kushiro","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67-1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67-1-6","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian Network Meeting was held in Tokyo, Japan on 2 Dec. 2016, as part of ISMYCO 2016 (International Symposium of Mycotoxicology). This meeting was the first to take place in Japan since the 2003 meeting in Kagawa. This short manuscript introduces highlights from ISMYCO2016 and reports from the Asian Network Meeting. ISMYCO 2016 was convened on the campus of the University of Tokyo (30 Nov. – 2 Dec.) (Photo. 1). This was the 5 ISMYCO symposium sponsored by the Japanese Association/Society of Mycotoxicology; the others were: 1999 Chiba, 2003 Kagawa, 2006 Thailand, and 2011 Sapporo. On this occasion, 240 participants attended from over twenty countries. In the 13 years since the symposium in Kagawa, IT technology has changed dramatically. Now we can access the international news and other information from a handy palm-size mobile device anytime, without international walls. Nevertheless, information on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi is limited and difficult Photo. 1 Yayoi auditorium, the University of Tokyo to access readily and thus international symposia and meetings remain important. This symposium consists of keynote speeches, a poster session (Photo. 2), selected oral sessions, a young researcher session (Photo. 3), an analytical session, and five scientific sessions. These sessions were: Session 1: Distribution of mycotoxigenic fungi and molecular genetics, Session 2: Mycotoxin analysis and survey of mycotoxin contamination, Session 3: Exposure to mycotoxins and risk assessment, Session 4: Toxicity and action mechanism of mycotoxins, and Session 5: Mechanism and regulation of mycotoxin production and control of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed, and the Asian Network Meeting. Details of the scientific session will be provided in the next issue by the chair of each session. Next, I report on the Asian Network Meeting. The Asian Network Meeting was held for the purpose of sharing information on mycotoxins, including regulations, research institutes, and current research in each country, while aiming for future cooperation and networking between Asian researchers. Prominent researchers were invited from Asia. The facilitator was Dr. Masahiro Nakajima and about 50 researchers attended. At the meeting, the current situation related to mycotoxin research was reported by the delegate from each country. These delegates were Dr. Liu from China,","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"17 12 1","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82550341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kushiro, Hidemi Hatabayashi, H. Nakagawa, K. Yabe
Aflatoxins (AFs), mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are carcinogenic mycotoxins with acute hepatotoxicity. AFs exert strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light (365 nm) so that they are detectable by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) simply and easily. Thus far, TLC for AFs adopts chloroform as mobile phases, such as 1.5% methanol in chloroform1),2), chloroform:acetone = 90:103), and chloroform: ethyl acetate: 90% formic acid = 60:30:104). Chloroform was designated as one of the specified chemical substances in Japan (2014)5) which require the working environment measurement and the reservation of its record for 30 years. Therefore, we examined another solvent applicable to TLC for AFs. After trials, we found that replacement of chloroform with toluene worked well (Supplementary Fig 1. (a); chloroform:ethyl acetate:90% formic acid = 60:30:10, (b); toluene:ethyl acetate:90% formic acid = 60:30:10). Alternation of 90% formic acid to acetic acid also worked well as shown in Supplementary Fig 1. (b) and (c). We adopted the last mobile phase (Supplementary Fig 1. (c); toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid = 60:30:4) in further studies. All these mobile-phases were applicable for the separation of two colored intermediates of AFs; versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) and versiconol acetate (VOAc). Using above mobile phase, we investigated the effect of dichlorvos (DV) on two domestic strains of A. flavus. DV is a well-known inhibitor of AF production in A. parasiticus6),7). In the current study, an A. parasiticus strain NRRL 2999 was used as a positive control for its stable production of both B-group AFs (AFB1 AFB2) and G-group AFs (AFG1 and AFG2), while an A. oryzae strain NBRC 4251 was used as a negative control. We inoculated an A. parasiticus strain (NRRL 2999), two strains of A. flavus (MAFF 111229 and HA9-S1-18)) and an A. oryzae strain (NBRC 4251) on GY2-0.5 agar plate (glucose 2%, yeast extract 0.5%, and agar 2%, 15 mL/plate) pre-spread with DV in various amounts (80 μg, 8 μg, and 0.8 μg). DV showed the clear inhibition of AFs production in a strain of A. parasiticus (NRRL 2999) in dose-dependent manner while a strain of A. oryzae (NBRC 4251) did not show any accumulation of AFs, as expected. VHA accumulation in NRRL 2999 was found under higher concentrations of DV (Fig. 1, lanes of 8 μg DV and 80 μg DV of NRRL 2999). In contrast, the dose-dependency of DV was not clear in the cases of A. flavus strains and the effect of DV was strain dependent. (Fig. 1, lanes of MAFF 111229 and HA9-S1-1). In summary, DV showed inhibitory effects on AFs production in all strains. There was a difference between species and strains. The TLC method improved here will be applicable for rapid and convenient analysis of AFs.
{"title":"Improvement of mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography for aflatoxins and analysis of the effect of dichlorvos in aflatoxigenic fungi","authors":"M. Kushiro, Hidemi Hatabayashi, H. Nakagawa, K. Yabe","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.67-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.67-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins (AFs), mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are carcinogenic mycotoxins with acute hepatotoxicity. AFs exert strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light (365 nm) so that they are detectable by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) simply and easily. Thus far, TLC for AFs adopts chloroform as mobile phases, such as 1.5% methanol in chloroform1),2), chloroform:acetone = 90:103), and chloroform: ethyl acetate: 90% formic acid = 60:30:104). Chloroform was designated as one of the specified chemical substances in Japan (2014)5) which require the working environment measurement and the reservation of its record for 30 years. Therefore, we examined another solvent applicable to TLC for AFs. After trials, we found that replacement of chloroform with toluene worked well (Supplementary Fig 1. (a); chloroform:ethyl acetate:90% formic acid = 60:30:10, (b); toluene:ethyl acetate:90% formic acid = 60:30:10). Alternation of 90% formic acid to acetic acid also worked well as shown in Supplementary Fig 1. (b) and (c). We adopted the last mobile phase (Supplementary Fig 1. (c); toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid = 60:30:4) in further studies. All these mobile-phases were applicable for the separation of two colored intermediates of AFs; versiconal hemiacetal acetate (VHA) and versiconol acetate (VOAc). Using above mobile phase, we investigated the effect of dichlorvos (DV) on two domestic strains of A. flavus. DV is a well-known inhibitor of AF production in A. parasiticus6),7). In the current study, an A. parasiticus strain NRRL 2999 was used as a positive control for its stable production of both B-group AFs (AFB1 AFB2) and G-group AFs (AFG1 and AFG2), while an A. oryzae strain NBRC 4251 was used as a negative control. We inoculated an A. parasiticus strain (NRRL 2999), two strains of A. flavus (MAFF 111229 and HA9-S1-18)) and an A. oryzae strain (NBRC 4251) on GY2-0.5 agar plate (glucose 2%, yeast extract 0.5%, and agar 2%, 15 mL/plate) pre-spread with DV in various amounts (80 μg, 8 μg, and 0.8 μg). DV showed the clear inhibition of AFs production in a strain of A. parasiticus (NRRL 2999) in dose-dependent manner while a strain of A. oryzae (NBRC 4251) did not show any accumulation of AFs, as expected. VHA accumulation in NRRL 2999 was found under higher concentrations of DV (Fig. 1, lanes of 8 μg DV and 80 μg DV of NRRL 2999). In contrast, the dose-dependency of DV was not clear in the cases of A. flavus strains and the effect of DV was strain dependent. (Fig. 1, lanes of MAFF 111229 and HA9-S1-1). In summary, DV showed inhibitory effects on AFs production in all strains. There was a difference between species and strains. The TLC method improved here will be applicable for rapid and convenient analysis of AFs.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"155 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74911854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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