{"title":"Changes in the concentration of mycotoxins in forage rice and pathogenicity of the causal fungus.","authors":"R. Uegaki","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"45-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82988119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent progress in research and control of Fusarium head blight in wheat in Hokkaido","authors":"J. Souma","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"37 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89659980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kanamaru, Saki Hayashi, Kensuke Kojima, Tetsuo Kobayashi
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are high reactive compounds, which are produced on the process of oxygen consumption in aerobic organisms. ROS can be vanished by several enzymes, but excess of ROS cause damage on the organisms by the oxidation of DNA, proteins and lipids and so on. In this short review, you will see the general information about ROS (how and where ROS are produced and vanished), and then our resent reports, which show the involvement of His-Asp phosphorelay signal transductions into the control of ROS production in Aspergillus nidulans .
{"title":"Production of reactive oxygen species in Aspergillus nidulans through the function of His-Asp phosphorelay signal transduction system","authors":"K. Kanamaru, Saki Hayashi, Kensuke Kojima, Tetsuo Kobayashi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.49","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are high reactive compounds, which are produced on the process of oxygen consumption in aerobic organisms. ROS can be vanished by several enzymes, but excess of ROS cause damage on the organisms by the oxidation of DNA, proteins and lipids and so on. In this short review, you will see the general information about ROS (how and where ROS are produced and vanished), and then our resent reports, which show the involvement of His-Asp phosphorelay signal transductions into the control of ROS production in Aspergillus nidulans .","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"49-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83946754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yellow rice” is the collective name of rice grains contaminated by Penicillum fungi in Japan. Three kinds of yellow rice, which are caused by different sub-species of toxigenic fungi, are known. Initially, mal-nutrition resulting from Asian poverty was regarded as the source of illness in people; however, thanks to ongoing research, the close relationship of “Shoshin-kakke (heartattacking paralysis)”, “mycotoxin”, and “rice” was elucidated. Subsequently, the illness was shown to derive from “yellow rice”, which was due to grains damaged by Penicillium spp. After World War II, another two kinds of yellow rice, “Islandia yellow rice” and “Citrinum yellow rice”, were found, and the causative toxic compounds were determined through interdisciplinary collaborative studies. This article summarized the researches on toxigenic fungi adherent to rice and three kinds of yellow rice identified in Japan.
{"title":"Historical review of researches on yellow rice and mycotoxigenic fungi adherent to rice in Japan","authors":"M. Kushiro","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.19","url":null,"abstract":"Yellow rice” is the collective name of rice grains contaminated by Penicillum fungi in Japan. Three kinds of yellow rice, which are caused by different sub-species of toxigenic fungi, are known. Initially, mal-nutrition resulting from Asian poverty was regarded as the source of illness in people; however, thanks to ongoing research, the close relationship of “Shoshin-kakke (heartattacking paralysis)”, “mycotoxin”, and “rice” was elucidated. Subsequently, the illness was shown to derive from “yellow rice”, which was due to grains damaged by Penicillium spp. After World War II, another two kinds of yellow rice, “Islandia yellow rice” and “Citrinum yellow rice”, were found, and the causative toxic compounds were determined through interdisciplinary collaborative studies. This article summarized the researches on toxigenic fungi adherent to rice and three kinds of yellow rice identified in Japan.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"170 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80671523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The toxicity of nivalenol (NIV) to the human promyelocyte-derived cell line HL60 is reviewed. NIV cytotoxicity was examined after 24 h treatment, and the inhibitor studies were performed. Cells treated with 3 μg/mL or higher NIV were damaged, and more than half of the cells appeared dead. Regarding cell proliferation, the value of 50 % inhibitory concentration of NIV was 0.16 μg/mL. Apparent DNA ladders were observed, showing that NIV induces apoptosis. Concentrations of NIV-caused morphologic damage are in accordance with DNA fragmentation, indicating that marked NIVcaused morphologic change is due to apoptosis. NIV increased interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) secretion. Conversely, NIV decreased the secretions of other cytokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3), MIP-1β/CCL4, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES/CCL5) concentration-dependently. That intracellular calcium ion chelator BAPTAAM mitigated the cytotoxicity of NIV indicates that this effect is dependent on intracellular calcium ion. The results of an intracellular calcium ion modulator ryanodine receptor (RyR)1-specific inhibitor dantrolene treatment indicates that RyR1 contributes to NIV-induced toxicity. Stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38s, occupy the crucial positions in NIV-associated retardation of cell proliferation and IL-8 secretion. Transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) inhibitors reduced NIV’s effects, indicating that NF-κB is an important factor for exerting NIV toxicity. Regarding cell proliferation, no protective effect of geldanamycin, a molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-specific inhibitor, was observed. Alternatively, Hsp90 appears to play a role in NIV-associated changes in cytokine secretions.
{"title":"Toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxin nivalenol in human leukemia cell line HL60","authors":"H. Nagashima","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.11","url":null,"abstract":"The toxicity of nivalenol (NIV) to the human promyelocyte-derived cell line HL60 is reviewed. NIV cytotoxicity was examined after 24 h treatment, and the inhibitor studies were performed. Cells treated with 3 μg/mL or higher NIV were damaged, and more than half of the cells appeared dead. Regarding cell proliferation, the value of 50 % inhibitory concentration of NIV was 0.16 μg/mL. Apparent DNA ladders were observed, showing that NIV induces apoptosis. Concentrations of NIV-caused morphologic damage are in accordance with DNA fragmentation, indicating that marked NIVcaused morphologic change is due to apoptosis. NIV increased interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) secretion. Conversely, NIV decreased the secretions of other cytokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3), MIP-1β/CCL4, and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES/CCL5) concentration-dependently. That intracellular calcium ion chelator BAPTAAM mitigated the cytotoxicity of NIV indicates that this effect is dependent on intracellular calcium ion. The results of an intracellular calcium ion modulator ryanodine receptor (RyR)1-specific inhibitor dantrolene treatment indicates that RyR1 contributes to NIV-induced toxicity. Stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38s, occupy the crucial positions in NIV-associated retardation of cell proliferation and IL-8 secretion. Transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) inhibitors reduced NIV’s effects, indicating that NF-κB is an important factor for exerting NIV toxicity. Regarding cell proliferation, no protective effect of geldanamycin, a molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-specific inhibitor, was observed. Alternatively, Hsp90 appears to play a role in NIV-associated changes in cytokine secretions.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"61 1","pages":"11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84577524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risk assessment report - Aflatoxin M 1 in milk and aflatoxin B 1 in feeds","authors":"Makoto Oozone","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"554 1","pages":"27-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77010850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hashimoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Onji, Katsuyoshi Asano, K. Yokoyama, Haruo Takahashi
Sixteen samples of Vietnamese coffee beans were examined for the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi that produce ochratoxins and fumonisins. Species of the strains isolated from the beans were tentatively identified by morphology as Aspergillus niger species complex (isolation frequencies of the beans: 56.6%), Aspergillus carbonarius (3.3%), and Aspergillus species in section Circumdati (2.9%). The strains randomly selected from the species were correctly identified by sequencing of the β-tubulin and/or mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. All of the strains of A. carbonarius and Aspergillus westerdijkiae, identified in section Circumdati, produced ochratoxin A (OTA). On the other hand, only one out of the 41 strains of A. niger produced a detectable level of OTA. Therefore, A. carbonarius and A. westerdijkiae, rather than A. niger, are likely to be the main sources of OTA contamination in the beans. With regard to A. niger, 37 out of the 41 strains produced fumonsin B2 (FB2). LC-MS/MS analysis of the 16 bean samples showed that 3 samples were contaminated with OTA and/or FB2; one Arabica sample with OTA (2.3 μg/kg), another with FB2 (55 μg/kg), and one Robusta sample with both OTA (6.3 μg/kg) and FB2 (49 μg/kg). These results demonstrate that Vietnamese coffee beans are commonly infected with OTAand FB2-producing fungi and occasionally co-contaminated with these mycotoxins.
{"title":"Mycotoxin contamination of Vietnamese coffee beans caused by Aspergillus sections Nigri and Circumdati","authors":"R. Hashimoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Onji, Katsuyoshi Asano, K. Yokoyama, Haruo Takahashi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen samples of Vietnamese coffee beans were examined for the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi that produce ochratoxins and fumonisins. Species of the strains isolated from the beans were tentatively identified by morphology as Aspergillus niger species complex (isolation frequencies of the beans: 56.6%), Aspergillus carbonarius (3.3%), and Aspergillus species in section Circumdati (2.9%). The strains randomly selected from the species were correctly identified by sequencing of the β-tubulin and/or mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. All of the strains of A. carbonarius and Aspergillus westerdijkiae, identified in section Circumdati, produced ochratoxin A (OTA). On the other hand, only one out of the 41 strains of A. niger produced a detectable level of OTA. Therefore, A. carbonarius and A. westerdijkiae, rather than A. niger, are likely to be the main sources of OTA contamination in the beans. With regard to A. niger, 37 out of the 41 strains produced fumonsin B2 (FB2). LC-MS/MS analysis of the 16 bean samples showed that 3 samples were contaminated with OTA and/or FB2; one Arabica sample with OTA (2.3 μg/kg), another with FB2 (55 μg/kg), and one Robusta sample with both OTA (6.3 μg/kg) and FB2 (49 μg/kg). These results demonstrate that Vietnamese coffee beans are commonly infected with OTAand FB2-producing fungi and occasionally co-contaminated with these mycotoxins.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74723098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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