Kazuyuki Maeda, T. Tokai, Hinayo Ichikawa, N. Takahashi-Ando, N. Ogura, K. Yoneyama, Minoru Yoshida, M. Kimura
Tri13 encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes C-4 hydroxylation of some interme- diates in the biosynthesis of type A and type B trichothecenes. This work demonstrated that Tri13 (FsTri13 ) of Fusarium sporotrichioides, a typical type A trichothecene producer, can participate in the biosynthesis of type B trichothecenes. When FsTri13 was expressed in Fusarium graminearum that produces 3-acetylde- oxynivalenol (3-ADON) as an end product, 3-acetylnivalenol (3-ANIV) was newly detected in the liquid medium. Although 3-ANIV can easily be prepared enzymatically from nivalenol (NIV) by using recombinant trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (TRI 101 ), there has been no conclusive report on the production of 3-ANIV in cultures of Fusarium strains. Possible biosynthetic pathway for production of 3-ANIV was suggested with regard to the function of Tri 8 , which is responsible for deacetylation of the side-chain O-acetyls in 3-ADON biosynthesis.
Tri13编码一种细胞色素P450单加氧酶，在a型和B型毛霉烯的生物合成中催化一些中间产物的C-4羟基化。本研究证实了典型的a型毛霉烯产生菌Fusarium sporotrichioides的Tri13 (FsTri13)可以参与B型毛霉烯的生物合成。当FsTri13在最终产物3-乙酰基氧雪腐镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)中表达时，在液体培养基中新检测到3-乙酰雪腐镰刀菌醇(3-ADON)。虽然利用重组毛霉烯3- o -乙酰转移酶(TRI 101)可以很容易地从雪腐镰刀菌醇(NIV)中酶法制备3-ANIV，但目前还没有关于在镰刀菌菌株培养中生产3-ANIV的结结性报道。根据3-ADON生物合成中负责侧链o -乙酰基去乙酰化的Tri 8的功能，提出了3-ANIV可能的生物合成途径。
{"title":"Production of 3-acetylnivalenol by transgenic Fusarium graminearum expressing Tri13 of type A trichothecene-producer: participation of the encoded cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in type B trichothecene biosynthesis","authors":"Kazuyuki Maeda, T. Tokai, Hinayo Ichikawa, N. Takahashi-Ando, N. Ogura, K. Yoneyama, Minoru Yoshida, M. Kimura","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.83","url":null,"abstract":"Tri13 encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes C-4 hydroxylation of some interme- diates in the biosynthesis of type A and type B trichothecenes. This work demonstrated that Tri13 (FsTri13 ) of Fusarium sporotrichioides, a typical type A trichothecene producer, can participate in the biosynthesis of type B trichothecenes. When FsTri13 was expressed in Fusarium graminearum that produces 3-acetylde- oxynivalenol (3-ADON) as an end product, 3-acetylnivalenol (3-ANIV) was newly detected in the liquid medium. Although 3-ANIV can easily be prepared enzymatically from nivalenol (NIV) by using recombinant trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (TRI 101 ), there has been no conclusive report on the production of 3-ANIV in cultures of Fusarium strains. Possible biosynthetic pathway for production of 3-ANIV was suggested with regard to the function of Tri 8 , which is responsible for deacetylation of the side-chain O-acetyls in 3-ADON biosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"15 1","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85426197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemical control of Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin contamination in barley and wheat based on mycotoxin accumulation during grain development","authors":"Megumi Yoshida, T. Nakajima","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.19","url":null,"abstract":"麦類の赤かび病によるかび毒低減対策として，特に麦の生産段階における適切な薬剤散布が重要である．従来，大麦の赤かび病防除適期は小麦の例に倣って開花期（またはほぼ同時期に相当する穂揃い期）とされてきたが，改めて検討した結果，閉花受粉性の二条大麦では，開花10日後頃の「葯殻抽出期」が赤かび病およびかび毒蓄積に対し急激に感受性が高まる時期であり，薬剤散布適期であることが明らかになった．また小麦では，登熟期間後半（開花20日後以降）に，穀粒中のかび毒蓄積量の大幅な増加が起こることが明らかになり，小麦のかび毒汚染低減には，開花期頃の感染抑制に加え，登熟期間後半のかび毒蓄積抑制が重要であることが示唆された．","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"24 1","pages":"19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77207909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae) is a crucial pathogen of major cereal crops and the fungus has taken on greater importance throughout the world. Taking advantage of rapid progress on fungal molecular techniques, we have studied biosynthetic pathways of harmful secondary metabolites of F. graminearum such as trichothecenes, zearalenone, and aurofusarin. We revealed that both Tri13 and Tri7 genes are requried for the chemotype determination of trichothecenes for nivalenol and 4 -acetyl-nivalenol production, respectively. We also constructed efficient chemotype determination system by utilizing distrupted Tri7 gene sequences of deoxinivalenol producers. Forward and reverse genetic approaches enabled us to characterize the gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of two polyketide compounds, zearalenone and aurofusarin. Both gene clusters cover genes encoding polyketide synthases and transcription activators. We also characterized an ABC transporter, ZRA 1, related with zearaleone production and constructed a zearalenone conditional gene expression system from the microarray analyses. These results increased our understanding on Fusarium genetics and mycotoxicology. Our future works will focus on revealing the regulatory mechanisms of toxin production and biological functions of these secondary metabolites.
{"title":"Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins and their biosynthetic genes","authors":"H. Son, Yin-Won Lee","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.29","url":null,"abstract":"The plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae) is a crucial pathogen of major cereal crops and the fungus has taken on greater importance throughout the world. Taking advantage of rapid progress on fungal molecular techniques, we have studied biosynthetic pathways of harmful secondary metabolites of F. graminearum such as trichothecenes, zearalenone, and aurofusarin. We revealed that both Tri13 and Tri7 genes are requried for the chemotype determination of trichothecenes for nivalenol and 4 -acetyl-nivalenol production, respectively. We also constructed efficient chemotype determination system by utilizing distrupted Tri7 gene sequences of deoxinivalenol producers. Forward and reverse genetic approaches enabled us to characterize the gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of two polyketide compounds, zearalenone and aurofusarin. Both gene clusters cover genes encoding polyketide synthases and transcription activators. We also characterized an ABC transporter, ZRA 1, related with zearaleone production and constructed a zearalenone conditional gene expression system from the microarray analyses. These results increased our understanding on Fusarium genetics and mycotoxicology. Our future works will focus on revealing the regulatory mechanisms of toxin production and biological functions of these secondary metabolites.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"58 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79556411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fungal growth and in planta distribution of host-specific AAL-toxin in tomato plants infected with the tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata","authors":"A. Kheder, Yasunori Akagi, Kazumi Takao, H. Akamatsu, M. Kodama","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.7","url":null,"abstract":"Alternaria alternata tomato pathotypeは，宿主特異的AAL毒素生産によりトマトアルターナリア茎枯病を引き起こす．AAL毒素はマイコトキシン フモニシンの構造類縁体であり，その生物活性も類似する．罹病植物組織内における病原菌の伸長と産生された毒素の確認は，毒素の病理学的重要性とリスクの評価のために重要である．抵抗性植物品種上において，病原菌および毒素は接種部位のみに局在していた．一方，感受性品種上では，毒素の広範な分布と病原菌の伸長が確認された．本研究の結果から，AAL毒素の病理学的重要性が確認されるとともに，罹病トマトにおける毒素による汚染リスクの可能性が示唆された．","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"176 1","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91539083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have collected airborne fungi in houses and public facilities in Japan and currently kept about 500 strains of genus Aspergillus, which are the subjects of this study. From the collection, we chose Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus fumigatus, which were isolated from the air during the period of 2003 -2009 , to survey their mycotoxin production by LC/MS/MS. A. ochraceus strains were served to investigate the production of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B, while A. fumigatus strains were to examine the production of gliotoxin and verruculogen. The results confi rmed that many strains are capable of producing mycotoxins. It should be noted that some airborne spores of A. ochraceus strains were found to produce relatively high level of ochratoxin A.
{"title":"空気中から分離されたAspergillus ochraceusおよびAspergillus fumigatusのマイコトキシン産生量","authors":"一浩 橋本, 裕司 川上, 勝佳 浅野, 義樹 陰地","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.1","url":null,"abstract":"We have collected airborne fungi in houses and public facilities in Japan and currently kept about 500 strains of genus Aspergillus, which are the subjects of this study. From the collection, we chose Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus fumigatus, which were isolated from the air during the period of 2003 -2009 , to survey their mycotoxin production by LC/MS/MS. A. ochraceus strains were served to investigate the production of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B, while A. fumigatus strains were to examine the production of gliotoxin and verruculogen. The results confi rmed that many strains are capable of producing mycotoxins. It should be noted that some airborne spores of A. ochraceus strains were found to produce relatively high level of ochratoxin A.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84402799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Approach to understanding the modes of action underlying ochratoxin A-induced renal carcinogenesis","authors":"T. Umemura","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"8 1","pages":"143-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74918441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immunoaffinity column method of analysis for total aflatoxins","authors":"M. Taniguchi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"127-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88926549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maiko Tahara, T. Suematsu, Masako Hayakawa, Y. Goda, Y. Sugita‐Konishi, N. Sugimoto
{"title":"Application of Quantitative NMR to Determine Purities of Trichothecenes","authors":"Maiko Tahara, T. Suematsu, Masako Hayakawa, Y. Goda, Y. Sugita‐Konishi, N. Sugimoto","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"14 1","pages":"111-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87199513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Situation of Total Aflatoxins Test","authors":"Takashi Sato","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90524766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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