{"title":"Type B trichothecenes-the relationship between slight structural changes and toxicity","authors":"Tadahiro Suzuki, Y. Iwahashi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.66.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.66.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"32 1","pages":"45-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78279092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The collection and study of the biological active substances from microorganisms","authors":"F. Shibuya, Y. Shiono","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.66.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.66.81","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"48 1","pages":"81-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82597584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contribution of gliotoxin to aspergillosis","authors":"Takahito Toyotome","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"80 1","pages":"109-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83865265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New approach to screen for fungal allergens using whole genomic sequence data in Kuro-koji molds","authors":"Naoki Kobayashi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"29 1","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75653940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi species complex","authors":"H. Suga","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"54 1","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74418200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The mode of phytotoxic action of trichothecenes during plant-Fusarium interaction; our approach to detoxification of trichothecenes in cereals.","authors":"T. Nishiuchi, M. Kimura, Kazuhiro Sato","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"32 1","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84750098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three topics from electron microscopic studies of microorganisms car-ried out in my laboratory in recent ten years are described. 1) Influenza A virus was observed in water by an ice-embedding method using phase contrast electron microscopy developed in Japan. Virions appeared as spherical or elongated particles consisting of spikes, an envelope, and a core with high contrast. 2) A new term the “structome” was introduced and defined as “the quantitative and three-dimensional structural information of a whole cell at electron microscopic level.” We performed structome analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy. We found that there were one to four mitochondria and about 195,000 ribosomes in a cell. 3) In the deep-sea off the coast of Japan, we discovered a unique microorganism appearing to have cellular features intermediate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The organism, named as the Myojin parakaryote, was two orders of magnitude larger than a typical bacterium and had a large “nucleoid”, surrounded by a single layered “nucleoid membrane”, and bacteria-like “endosymbionts”, but it lacked mitochondria. This organism exemplifies a potential evolutionary path between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the presence of the organism supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and the karyogenetic hypothesis for the origin of the nucleus. These studies show that the electron microscopy is a powerful tool for studying a wide range of problems of microorganisms. The ultrastructure of frozen-hydrated influenza A virus was examined by Zernike phase contrast electron microscopy. Using this new technique, the virions were clearly observed with high contrast and appeared as spherical or elongated particles consisting of peripheral spikes, an envelope, and a core. Not only lipid bilayers but also individual glycoprotein spikes on viral envelopes were clearly resolved. About 450 glycoprotein spikes were present in an average-sized spherical virion. Eight ribonucleoprotein complexes, that is, a central one surrounded by seven others, were distinguished in one viral particle. Thus, Zernike phase contrast electron microscopy is a powerful tool for resolving the ultrastructure of viruses in natural and hydrated state, because it enables high-contrast images of ice-embedded particles. in state was 1) , . cell at electron microscopic level." In the present study, we performed structome analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , one of the most widely researched biological materials, by using freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy. Our analysis revealed that there were one to four mitochondria and about 195,000 ribosomes in a cell and 13-28 endoplasmic reticula/Golgi apparatus, which do not form networks in the cytoplasm in G1 phase. The nucleus occupied 10.1 % of the cell volume, the cell wall occupied 17.7 %, the vacuole occupied 4.0 %, the cyt
{"title":"An electron microscopic study of microorganisms: from influenza virus to deep-sea microorganisms","authors":"M. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.81","url":null,"abstract":"Three topics from electron microscopic studies of microorganisms car-ried out in my laboratory in recent ten years are described. 1) Influenza A virus was observed in water by an ice-embedding method using phase contrast electron microscopy developed in Japan. Virions appeared as spherical or elongated particles consisting of spikes, an envelope, and a core with high contrast. 2) A new term the “structome” was introduced and defined as “the quantitative and three-dimensional structural information of a whole cell at electron microscopic level.” We performed structome analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy. We found that there were one to four mitochondria and about 195,000 ribosomes in a cell. 3) In the deep-sea off the coast of Japan, we discovered a unique microorganism appearing to have cellular features intermediate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The organism, named as the Myojin parakaryote, was two orders of magnitude larger than a typical bacterium and had a large “nucleoid”, surrounded by a single layered “nucleoid membrane”, and bacteria-like “endosymbionts”, but it lacked mitochondria. This organism exemplifies a potential evolutionary path between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the presence of the organism supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and the karyogenetic hypothesis for the origin of the nucleus. These studies show that the electron microscopy is a powerful tool for studying a wide range of problems of microorganisms. The ultrastructure of frozen-hydrated influenza A virus was examined by Zernike phase contrast electron microscopy. Using this new technique, the virions were clearly observed with high contrast and appeared as spherical or elongated particles consisting of peripheral spikes, an envelope, and a core. Not only lipid bilayers but also individual glycoprotein spikes on viral envelopes were clearly resolved. About 450 glycoprotein spikes were present in an average-sized spherical virion. Eight ribonucleoprotein complexes, that is, a central one surrounded by seven others, were distinguished in one viral particle. Thus, Zernike phase contrast electron microscopy is a powerful tool for resolving the ultrastructure of viruses in natural and hydrated state, because it enables high-contrast images of ice-embedded particles. in state was 1) , . cell at electron microscopic level.\" In the present study, we performed structome analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , one of the most widely researched biological materials, by using freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy. Our analysis revealed that there were one to four mitochondria and about 195,000 ribosomes in a cell and 13-28 endoplasmic reticula/Golgi apparatus, which do not form networks in the cytoplasm in G1 phase. The nucleus occupied 10.1 % of the cell volume, the cell wall occupied 17.7 %, the vacuole occupied 4.0 %, the cyt","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"43 1 1","pages":"81-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73195652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contamination of milk with aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), a possible carcinogen to humans, is a serious problem. In Thailand, there are few reports on AFM 1 contamination in powdered milk. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of AFM 1 in 79 commercial powdered milk products in Bangkok, Thailand over five years (2010–2014). An in-house immunoaffinity column-HPLC (IAC-HPLC) method was developed. Reconstituted powdered milk (10 mL) was applied to our IAC. The recoveries from 0.005–0.15 ng/mL AFM 1 spiked reconstituted milk were 73.6–86.3% with 5.2–7.4% of RSD. Twelve samples (15%) were contaminated with 0.005–0.135 ng/mL of AFM 1 (aver-age 0.024 ng/mL, overall average 0.004 ng/mL) in reconstituted powdered milk. Our data indicated that the risk of AFM 1 in commercial powdered milk in Bangkok, Thailand was sufficiently low.
{"title":"Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in commercial powdered milk in Bangkok, Thailand","authors":"Manita Soontornjanagit, O. Kawamura","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.75","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of milk with aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ), a possible carcinogen to humans, is a serious problem. In Thailand, there are few reports on AFM 1 contamination in powdered milk. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of AFM 1 in 79 commercial powdered milk products in Bangkok, Thailand over five years (2010–2014). An in-house immunoaffinity column-HPLC (IAC-HPLC) method was developed. Reconstituted powdered milk (10 mL) was applied to our IAC. The recoveries from 0.005–0.15 ng/mL AFM 1 spiked reconstituted milk were 73.6–86.3% with 5.2–7.4% of RSD. Twelve samples (15%) were contaminated with 0.005–0.135 ng/mL of AFM 1 (aver-age 0.024 ng/mL, overall average 0.004 ng/mL) in reconstituted powdered milk. Our data indicated that the risk of AFM 1 in commercial powdered milk in Bangkok, Thailand was sufficiently low.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"39 1","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82152295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fungal contamination of food is one of the most important food safety concerns, however effective techniques to prevent fungal contamination and/or control fungal growth in foods have not yet been established. Some endogenous volatile compounds in plants have antibacterial and/or antifungal activities. For example, when some plants are damaged, they release aliphatic aldehydes with six or nine carbons to protect themselves from microbial infection. Patulin is the major mycotoxin that contaminates apples and apple juice worldwide, and it is regulated in many countries. Patulin has been shown to be immunotoxic and neurotoxic by animal experiments. Many species of Penicillium and Aspergillus produce patulin, but P. expansum is the most typical species responsible for patulin contamination in apples. We attempted to assess the effects of aliphatic aldehydes on P. expansum . Aliphatic aldehydes composed of 3–6 carbons bearing an E double bond at the α -position completely inhibited the fungal growth and suppressed colony formation from spores at relatively low concentrations. On the basis of the structure-activity relationship, the antifungal activity of the compounds is probably attributable to the interaction of the aldehyde group with biological macromolecules. On the other hand, aliphatic aldehydes with 8–10 carbons stimulated patulin production by P. expansum . The results of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that the stimulation was partially due to enhanced transcription of some patulin biosynthetic genes. The effects of volatiles of apple on patulin production by P. expansum were also studied. Some volatile compounds, that is, 2-mehtylbutanoic acid and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, were found to stimulate patulin production. These findings will contribute to the development of new techniques to prevent and control fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods.
{"title":"Effects of volatile compounds produced by plants on fungal growth and the production of mycotoxins","authors":"T. Taguchi, A. Ishihara, H. Nakajima","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.131","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal contamination of food is one of the most important food safety concerns, however effective techniques to prevent fungal contamination and/or control fungal growth in foods have not yet been established. Some endogenous volatile compounds in plants have antibacterial and/or antifungal activities. For example, when some plants are damaged, they release aliphatic aldehydes with six or nine carbons to protect themselves from microbial infection. Patulin is the major mycotoxin that contaminates apples and apple juice worldwide, and it is regulated in many countries. Patulin has been shown to be immunotoxic and neurotoxic by animal experiments. Many species of Penicillium and Aspergillus produce patulin, but P. expansum is the most typical species responsible for patulin contamination in apples. We attempted to assess the effects of aliphatic aldehydes on P. expansum . Aliphatic aldehydes composed of 3–6 carbons bearing an E double bond at the α -position completely inhibited the fungal growth and suppressed colony formation from spores at relatively low concentrations. On the basis of the structure-activity relationship, the antifungal activity of the compounds is probably attributable to the interaction of the aldehyde group with biological macromolecules. On the other hand, aliphatic aldehydes with 8–10 carbons stimulated patulin production by P. expansum . The results of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that the stimulation was partially due to enhanced transcription of some patulin biosynthetic genes. The effects of volatiles of apple on patulin production by P. expansum were also studied. Some volatile compounds, that is, 2-mehtylbutanoic acid and ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, were found to stimulate patulin production. These findings will contribute to the development of new techniques to prevent and control fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"15 1","pages":"131-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81891033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kentaro Kamata, A. Tanaka, Kazuyuki Maeda, Ryo Takushima, Hiroki Sato, Shunichi Aikawa, Yasuhiko Yoshida, M. Kimura, N. Takahashi-Ando
Fusarium graminearum causes a disease of wheat and barley known as Fusarium head blight. It contaminates the grains with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). As shunt intermediates in the DON biosynthetic pathway, 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT) and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) are known. However, their activities have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we performed toxicity assays of these trichothecenes by using a sensitive yeast bioassay that we have recently established. The IC50 of 7-HIT and 8-HIT were in the range of 20-40 μg/ml, while the IC50 of DON was approximately 1.5 μg/ml. Although the toxicity of these shunt metabolites remains to be investigated in animal systems, our present data indicate that 7-HIT and 8-HIT may not be major issues that require regulation in agricultural products. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease of wheat and barley caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. The infected grains are often contaminated with trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON; Fig. 1), nivalenol (NIV), and acetylated derivatives thereof1),2),3). These mycotoxins, which are characterized by the presence of a ketogroup at C-8, are collectively termed type B trichothecenes. The toxicities of these mycotoxins are significantly affected by the side-chain oxygenation and acetylation patterns4),5). With regard to DON, a provisional limit (1.1 ppm in wheat in Japan) has been set in many countries to ensure the safety of cereal grains and processed products. DON biosynthesis starts with cyclization of alltrans-farnesyl pyrophosphate to give trichodiene, followed by four oxygenation steps and a second nonenzymatic cyclization yielding isotrichodermol. As major intermediates of the DON pathway, isotrichodermol, isotrichodermin, 15-deacetylcalonectrin, calonectrin, and 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol are known6),7). The toxicities of these major intermediates were previously evaluated using either animal or plant systems8). However, the toxicities of shunt intermediates of DON, such as 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT) and 8hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) (see Fig. 1) have not been examined so far. Previously, we developed a sensitive yeast bioassay for trichothecenes by utilizing a gene deletion mutant of three resistance genes against trichothecenes: pdr5, erg6, and rpb4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY47429). Fig. 1 Chemical structures of deoxynivalenol (DON), 7hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT).
{"title":"Evaluation of toxicities of 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin, shunt intermediates in the biosynthetic grid of deoxynivalenol, by using a sensitive yeast assay","authors":"Kentaro Kamata, A. Tanaka, Kazuyuki Maeda, Ryo Takushima, Hiroki Sato, Shunichi Aikawa, Yasuhiko Yoshida, M. Kimura, N. Takahashi-Ando","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.65.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.65.7","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium graminearum causes a disease of wheat and barley known as Fusarium head blight. It contaminates the grains with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). As shunt intermediates in the DON biosynthetic pathway, 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT) and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) are known. However, their activities have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we performed toxicity assays of these trichothecenes by using a sensitive yeast bioassay that we have recently established. The IC50 of 7-HIT and 8-HIT were in the range of 20-40 μg/ml, while the IC50 of DON was approximately 1.5 μg/ml. Although the toxicity of these shunt metabolites remains to be investigated in animal systems, our present data indicate that 7-HIT and 8-HIT may not be major issues that require regulation in agricultural products. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease of wheat and barley caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. The infected grains are often contaminated with trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON; Fig. 1), nivalenol (NIV), and acetylated derivatives thereof1),2),3). These mycotoxins, which are characterized by the presence of a ketogroup at C-8, are collectively termed type B trichothecenes. The toxicities of these mycotoxins are significantly affected by the side-chain oxygenation and acetylation patterns4),5). With regard to DON, a provisional limit (1.1 ppm in wheat in Japan) has been set in many countries to ensure the safety of cereal grains and processed products. DON biosynthesis starts with cyclization of alltrans-farnesyl pyrophosphate to give trichodiene, followed by four oxygenation steps and a second nonenzymatic cyclization yielding isotrichodermol. As major intermediates of the DON pathway, isotrichodermol, isotrichodermin, 15-deacetylcalonectrin, calonectrin, and 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol are known6),7). The toxicities of these major intermediates were previously evaluated using either animal or plant systems8). However, the toxicities of shunt intermediates of DON, such as 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT) and 8hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) (see Fig. 1) have not been examined so far. Previously, we developed a sensitive yeast bioassay for trichothecenes by utilizing a gene deletion mutant of three resistance genes against trichothecenes: pdr5, erg6, and rpb4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY47429). Fig. 1 Chemical structures of deoxynivalenol (DON), 7hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT).","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"4 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84672322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：