Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献_第2页

Cholinergic regulation of decision making under risk of punishment 处罚风险下决策的胆碱能调控。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108018

Megan Kelly , Merrick Garner , Emily M. Cooper , Caitlin A. Orsini

The ability to choose between options that differ in their risks and rewards depends on brain regions within the mesocorticolimbic circuit and regulation of their activity by neurotransmitter systems. Dopamine neurotransmission in particular plays a critical role in modulating such risk-taking behavior; however, the contribution of other major modulatory neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, is not as well-defined, especially for decision making in which the risk associated with more rewarding outcomes involves adverse consequences. Consequently, the goal of the current experiments was to examine how cholinergic signaling influences decision making involving risk of explicit punishment. Male and female rats were trained in a decision-making task in which they chose between a small safe food reward and a larger food reward accompanied by a risk of footshock punishment. After training in this task, the effects of nicotinic and muscarinic agonists and antagonists on risk-taking performance were evaluated. Neither nicotine, a nicotinic receptor agonist, nor mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, affected preference for the risky lever, although mecamylamine did alter latencies to press the risky lever and the percentage of omissions. The muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine decreased preference for the large, risky lever; similar effects on behavior were observed with the administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine. Control experiments were therefore conducted in which these same muscarinic receptor ligands were administered prior to testing in a reward discrimination task. These experiments revealed that the effects of oxotremorine and scopolamine on risk taking may be due to altered motivational processes rather than to changes in sensitivity to risk of punishment. Importantly, there were no sex differences in the effects of cholinergic manipulations on preference for the large, risky lever. Collectively, these findings suggest that in both males and females, cholinergic signaling via muscarinic receptors is involved in decision making involving risk of explicit punishment, with a specific role in modulating sensitivity to differences in reward magnitude. Future studies will expand upon this work by exploring whether targeting cholinergic receptors has therapeutic potential for psychiatric conditions in which risk taking is pathologically altered.

在风险和回报不同的选项之间做出选择的能力取决于中脑皮质边缘回路内的大脑区域以及神经递质系统对其活动的调节。多巴胺神经传递在调节这种冒险行为中起着关键作用；然而，其他主要的调节神经递质（如乙酰胆碱）的作用并不明确，特别是在决策过程中，与更有益的结果相关的风险涉及不良后果。因此，当前实验的目的是研究胆碱能信号如何影响涉及明确惩罚风险的决策。在一项决策任务中，雄性和雌性老鼠接受了训练，在小的安全食物奖励和大的食物奖励之间做出选择，同时伴有足震惩罚的风险。在这项任务训练后，评估了尼古丁和毒蕈碱激动剂和拮抗剂对冒险表现的影响。尼古丁（一种尼古丁受体激动剂）和烟碱受体拮抗剂甲美胺（一种烟碱受体拮抗剂）都没有影响对危险杠杆的偏好，尽管甲美胺确实改变了按压危险杠杆的潜伏期和遗漏的百分比。毒蕈碱受体激动剂氧tremorine降低了对大的、危险的杠杆的偏好；毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂东莨菪碱对行为也有类似的影响。因此，在对照实验中，这些相同的毒蕈碱受体配体在奖励辨别任务测试之前被施用。这些实验表明，氧tremorine和东莨菪碱对冒险行为的影响可能是由于动机过程的改变，而不是由于对惩罚风险的敏感性的改变。重要的是，在胆碱能操作对大的、有风险的杠杆的偏好的影响上，没有性别差异。总的来说，这些发现表明，在男性和女性中，通过毒蕈碱受体的胆碱能信号参与了涉及明确惩罚风险的决策，并在调节对奖励大小差异的敏感性方面发挥了特殊作用。未来的研究将在此基础上展开，探索以胆碱能受体为靶点是否对冒险行为发生病理改变的精神疾病具有治疗潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Aversive social learning with a dead conspecific is achieved by Pavlovian conditioning in crickets 蟋蟀通过巴甫洛夫条件反射实现了与死亡同类的厌恶社会学习。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108019

Kohei Hashimoto , Kanta Terao , Makoto Mizunami

Social learning, learning from other individuals, has been demonstrated in many animals, including insects, but its detailed neural mechanisms remain virtually unknown. We showed that crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) exhibit aversive social learning with a dead conspecific. When a learner cricket was trained to observe a dead cricket on a drinking apparatus, the learner avoided the odor of that apparatus thereafter. Here we investigated the hypothesis that this social learning is achieved by first-order Pavlovian conditioning of an odor (conditioned stimulus) and a dead conspecific (unconditioned stimulus, US). Injection of a dopamine receptor antagonist (flupentixol) before training or testing impaired the learning or execution of the response to the learned odor, as we reported in aversive non-social Pavlovian conditioning in crickets. Moreover, crickets that were trained with a dead conspecific and then received revaluation of the dead conspecific by pairing it with water reward exhibited an appetitive conditioned response (CR) to the odor paired with the dead conspecific. This suggests that execution of the CR is governed by the current value of the US as in non-social Pavlovian conditioning. In addition, we previously suggested that appetitive social learning with a living conspecific is based on second-order conditioning (SOC), and here we showed that SOC is achieved when crickets experienced pairing of a dead conspecific with water reward before experiencing social learning training with a dead conspecific. We conclude that social learning with a dead conspecific is based on Pavlovian conditioning and that this learning can be extended to second-order social learning.

社会学习，即向其他个体学习，已经在包括昆虫在内的许多动物身上得到了证明，但其详细的神经机制实际上仍然未知。我们发现蟋蟀（Gryllus bimaculatus）表现出厌恶的社会学习与一个死去的同种。当一只学习蟋蟀被训练去观察一只放在饮水器上的死蟋蟀时，它就会避开饮水器的气味。在这里，我们研究了一种假设，即这种社会学习是通过气味（条件刺激）和非条件刺激（非条件刺激，美国）的一阶巴甫洛夫条件反射实现的。在训练或测试前注射多巴胺受体拮抗剂（氟哌噻醇）会损害对习得气味的学习或反应的执行，正如我们在蟋蟀的厌恶非社会巴甫洛夫条件反射中所报道的那样。此外，用死去的同虫训练蟋蟀，然后用水奖励对死去的同虫进行重新评估，对与死去的同虫配对的气味表现出食欲条件反应（CR）。这表明，与非社会巴甫洛夫条件反射一样，CR的执行受到美国当前价值的支配。此外，我们之前提出了与活同种动物的食欲性社会学习是基于二阶条件反射（SOC）的，我们在这里发现，当蟋蟀在与死同种动物进行社会学习训练之前，经历了与水奖励的死同种配对时，SOC就实现了。我们得出的结论是，具有死亡同物的社会学习是基于巴甫洛夫条件反射的，并且这种学习可以扩展到二阶社会学习。

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引用次数: 0

Medial prefrontal cortex to nucleus reuniens circuit is critical for performance in an operant delayed nonmatch to position task 内侧前额叶皮层到团圆核回路对操作性延迟非匹配位置任务的表现至关重要。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108007

Evan J. Ciacciarelli , Scott D. Dunn , Taqdees Gohar , T. Joseph Sloand , Mark Niedringhaus , Elizabeth A. West

Working memory refers to the temporary retention of a small amount of information used in the execution of a cognitive task. The prefrontal cortex and its connections with thalamic subregions are thought to mediate specific aspects of working memory, including engaging with the hippocampus to mediate memory retrieval. We used an operant delayed-non match to position task, which does not require the hippocampus, to determine roles of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the nucleus reuniens thalamic region (RE), and their connection. We found that transient inactivation of the mPFC and RE using the GABA-A agonist muscimol led to a delay-independent reduction in behavioral performance in the delayed non-match to position paradigm. We used a chemogenetic approach to determine the directionality of the necessary circuitry for behavioral performance reliant on working memory. Specifically, when we targeted mPFC neurons that project to the RE (mPFC-RE) we found a delay-independent reduction in the delayed non-match to position task, but not when we targeted RE neurons that project to the mPFC (RE-mPFC). Our results suggest a broader role for the mPFC-RE circuit in mediating working memory beyond the connection with the hippocampus.

工作记忆是指在执行认知任务时暂时保留少量信息。前额叶皮层及其与丘脑亚区的联系被认为介导了工作记忆的特定方面，包括与海马的联系以介导记忆检索。我们利用不需要海马体的操作性延迟-非匹配位置任务来确定啮齿类动物内侧前额叶皮层（mPFC）、丘脑重联核（RE）及其联系的作用。我们发现，使用GABA-A激动剂麝香草酚（muscimol）对mPFC和RE进行瞬时失活会导致延迟非匹配位置范式中行为表现的下降，而这种下降与延迟无关。我们使用化学遗传学方法来确定依赖于工作记忆的行为表现所必需的电路的方向性。具体来说，当我们靶向投射到RE（mPFC-RE）的mPFC神经元时，我们发现延迟非匹配到位置任务中的延迟依赖性降低，但当我们靶向投射到mPFC（RE-mPFC）的RE神经元时，却没有发现这种降低。我们的研究结果表明，除了与海马的联系之外，mPFC-RE回路在介导工作记忆方面还扮演着更广泛的角色。

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引用次数: 0

How predictability and individual alpha frequency shape memory: Insights from an event-related potential investigation 可预测性和个体阿尔法频率如何形成记忆：事件相关电位调查的启示

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108006

Sophie Jano , Alex Chatburn , Zachariah R. Cross , Matthias Schlesewsky , Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky

Prediction and memory are strongly intertwined, with predictions relying on memory retrieval, whilst also influencing memory encoding. However, it is unclear how predictability influences explicit memory performance, and how individual neural factors may modulate this relationship. The current study sought to investigate the effect of predictability on memory processing with an analysis of the N400 event-related potential in a context extending beyond language. Participants (N = 48, females = 33) completed a study-test paradigm where they first viewed predictable and unpredictable four-item ‘ABCD’ sequences of outdoor scene images, whilst their brain activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Subsequently, their memory for the images was tested, and N400 patterns during learning were compared with memory outcomes. Behavioural results revealed better memory for images in predictable sequences in contrast to unpredictable sequences. Memory was also strongest for predictable images in the ‘B’ position, suggesting that when processing longer sequences, the brain may prioritise the data deemed most informative. Strikingly, greater N400 amplitudes during learning were associated with enhanced memory at test for individuals with low versus high individual alpha frequencies. In light of the relationship between the N400 and stimulus predictability, this finding may imply that predictive processing differs between individuals to influence the extent of memory encoding. Finally, exploratory analyses provided evidence for a later positivity that was predictive of subsequent memory performance. Ultimately, the results highlight the complex and interconnected relationship between predictive processing and memory, whilst shedding light on the accumulation of predictions across longer sequences.

预测与记忆密切相关，预测依赖于记忆检索，同时也影响记忆编码。然而，目前还不清楚可预测性如何影响显性记忆的表现，以及个体神经因素如何调节这种关系。本研究试图通过分析 N400 事件相关电位来研究可预测性对语言以外的记忆处理的影响。参与者（男 = 48，女 = 33）完成了一个研究-测试范式，他们首先观看了可预测和不可预测的四项 "ABCD "户外场景图像序列，同时使用脑电图记录了他们的大脑活动。随后，测试他们对图像的记忆，并将学习过程中的 N400 模式与记忆结果进行比较。行为结果显示，与不可预测的序列相比，可预测序列的图像记忆效果更好。对 "B "位置的可预测图像的记忆也最强，这表明在处理较长序列时，大脑可能会优先处理被认为信息量最大的数据。令人吃惊的是，对于个体α频率较低和较高的人来说，学习过程中更大的N400振幅与测试时更强的记忆力有关。鉴于 N400 与刺激可预测性之间的关系，这一发现可能意味着不同个体的预测处理过程不同，从而影响记忆编码的程度。最后，探索性分析提供的证据表明，后来的积极性可预测随后的记忆表现。最终，研究结果凸显了预测处理与记忆之间复杂而相互关联的关系，同时也揭示了预测在较长时间序列中的积累。

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引用次数: 0

The retrosplenial cortical role in delayed spatial alternation 后脾皮层在延迟空间交替中的作用

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108005

Dev Laxman Subramanian, Adam M.P. Miller, David M. Smith

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays an important role in spatial cognition. RSC neurons exhibit a variety of spatial firing patterns and lesion studies have found that the RSC is necessary for spatial working memory tasks. However, little is known about how RSC neurons might encode spatial memory during a delay period. In the present study, we trained control rats and rats with excitotoxic lesions of the RSC on spatial alternation task with varying delay durations and in a separate group of rats, we recorded RSC neuronal activity as the rats performed the alternation task. We found that RSC lesions significantly impaired alternation performance, particularly at the longest delay duration. We also found that RSC neurons exhibited reliably different firing patterns throughout the delay periods preceding left and right trials, consistent with a working memory signal. These differential firing patterns were absent during the delay periods preceding errors. We also found that many RSC neurons exhibit a large spike in firing rate leading up to the start of the trial. Many of these trial start responses also differentiated left and right trials, suggesting that they could play a role in priming the ‘go left’ or ‘go right’ behavioral responses. Our results suggest that these firing patterns represent critical memory information that underlies the RSC role in spatial working memory.

后脾皮层（RSC）在空间认知中发挥着重要作用。RSC神经元表现出多种空间发射模式，病变研究发现，RSC是空间工作记忆任务所必需的。然而，人们对 RSC 神经元如何在延迟期编码空间记忆知之甚少。在本研究中，我们对对照组大鼠和 RSC 发生兴奋性损伤的大鼠进行了不同延迟时间的空间交替任务训练，并在另一组大鼠中记录了大鼠执行交替任务时 RSC 神经元的活动。我们发现，RSC 损伤会明显影响交替任务的表现，尤其是在延迟时间最长的情况下。我们还发现，RSC 神经元在左侧和右侧试验前的整个延迟期表现出可靠的不同发射模式，这与工作记忆信号一致。而在出错前的延迟期内，这些不同的发射模式则不存在。我们还发现，在试验开始前，许多 RSC 神经元的发射率会出现一个很大的尖峰。这些试验开始时的反应中，有许多还区分了左右试验，这表明它们可能在 "向左 "或 "向右 "行为反应中起了引物作用。我们的研究结果表明，这些发射模式代表了关键的记忆信息，是 RSC 在空间工作记忆中发挥作用的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Attentional processing in the rat dorsal posterior parietal cortex 大鼠背侧后顶叶皮层的注意加工。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108004

Victoria R. Heimer-McGinn , Taylor B. Wise , Emma R. Halter , Dominique Martin , Victoria L. Templer

The human posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is known to support sustained attention. Specifically, top-down attention is generally processed in dorsal regions while bottom-up regulation occurs more ventrally. In rodent models, however, it is still unclear whether the PPC is required for sustained attention, or whether there is a similar functional dissociation between anatomical regions. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the rodent dorsal PPC (dPPC) in sustained attention. We used the five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) and compared rats with neurotoxic dPPC lesions to sham operated rats. We found that rats with dPPC lesions were less accurate and took longer to make correct choices, indicating impaired attention and reduced processing speed. This effect, however, was limited to the first few days of post-operative testing. After an apparent recovery, omissions became elevated in the lesion group, which, in the absence of reduced motivation and mobility, can also be interpreted as impaired attention. In subsequent challenge probes, the lesion group displayed globally elevated latency to make a correct response, indicating reduced processing speed. No differences in premature responses or perseverative responses were observed at any time, demonstrating that dPPC lesions did not affect impulsivity and compulsivity. This pattern of behavior suggests that while intact dPPC supports goal-driven (top-down) modulation of attention, it likely does not play a central role in processing stimulus-driven (bottom-up) attention. Furthermore, compensatory mechanisms can support sustained attention in the absence of a fully functioning dPPC, although this occurs at the expense of processing speed. Our results inform the literature by confirming that rodent PPC is involved in regulating sustained attention and providing preliminary evidence for a functional dissociation between top-down and bottom-up attentional processing.

众所周知，人类的后顶叶皮层（PPC）支持持续注意力。具体来说，自上而下的注意通常在背侧区域进行处理，而自下而上的调节则更多地发生在腹侧。然而，在啮齿类动物模型中，目前还不清楚持续注意是否需要顶叶皮层，或者解剖区域之间是否存在类似的功能分离。因此，本研究旨在调查啮齿动物背侧 PPC（dPPC）在持续注意中的贡献。我们使用了五选一连续反应时间任务（5CSRTT），并将神经毒性 dPPC 损伤的大鼠与假手术大鼠进行了比较。我们发现，dPPC 病变的大鼠做出正确选择的准确性较低，所需的时间较长，这表明大鼠的注意力受损，处理速度降低。然而，这种影响仅限于术后测试的最初几天。在明显恢复后，病变组的遗漏率升高，在动机和活动能力没有降低的情况下，这也可以解释为注意力受损。在随后的挑战测试中，病变组做出正确反应的延迟时间普遍延长，表明处理速度下降。在任何时候都没有观察到过早反应或锲而不舍反应的差异，这表明 dPPC 病变不会影响冲动性和强迫性。这种行为模式表明，虽然完整的dPPC支持目标驱动（自上而下）的注意力调节，但它很可能在处理刺激驱动（自下而上）的注意力方面不起核心作用。此外，在缺乏功能完备的 dPPC 的情况下，补偿机制也能支持持续注意，尽管这是以牺牲处理速度为代价的。我们的研究结果证实了啮齿类动物的PPC参与调节持续注意，并为自上而下和自下而上的注意加工之间的功能分离提供了初步证据，从而为相关文献提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.108003

Yvonne Y. Chen , Kathryn J.M. Lambert , Christopher R. Madan , Anthony Singhal

Certain object properties may render an item as more memorable than others. One such property is manipulability, or the extent to which an object can be interacted with using our hands. This study sought to determine if the manipulability of an item modulates memory task performance on both a behavioural and neural level. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from a large sample of right-handed individuals (N = 53) during a visual item recognition memory task. The task contained stimuli of both high and low manipulability. Analysis focused on activity in the theta rhythm (3.5–7 Hz), which has been implicated in sensorimotor integration, and the mu rhythm (8–14 Hz), the primary oscillation associated with sensorimotor related behaviours. At both encoding and retrieval, theta oscillations were greater over the left motor region for high manipulability stimuli, suggesting that an item’s sensorimotor properties are assessed immediately upon presentation. Manipulability did not affect activity in the mu rhythm. However, mu oscillations over the left motor region were lower during the retrieval of old versus new items and response time was faster for old items, aligning with the cortical reinstatement hypothesis. These results collectively reveal an association between motor oscillations and memory processes, highlight the involvement of sensorimotor processing at both encoding and retrieval.

物品的某些特性可能会使其比其他物品更令人难忘。其中一个特性就是可操作性，或者说一个物品可以用我们的手与之互动的程度。本研究试图确定物品的可操作性是否会在行为和神经层面上调节记忆任务的表现。我们记录了一个大样本右撇子（53 人）在视觉项目识别记忆任务中的脑电图（EEG）。该任务包含高可操作性和低可操作性两种刺激。分析的重点是θ节律（3.5-7赫兹）和μ节律（8-14赫兹）的活动，前者与感觉运动整合有关，后者则是与感觉运动相关行为有关的主要振荡。在编码和检索时，高可操作性刺激的左侧运动区的θ振荡更大，这表明项目的感觉运动特性在呈现后立即得到评估。可操作性并不影响μ节律的活动。然而，在检索新旧物品时，左侧运动区的μ振荡较低，且对旧物品的反应时间更快，这与皮层恢复假说一致。这些结果共同揭示了运动振荡与记忆过程之间的联系，突出了编码和检索过程中感觉运动处理的参与。

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引用次数: 0

Pattern separation during encoding and Subsequent Memory Effect 编码过程中的图案分离与后续记忆效应

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107995

Laura García-Rueda , Claudia Poch , Pablo Campo

Memory retrieval has been extensively studied in relation to the encoding processes that precede access to stored information. Event related potentials (ERP) research has compared brain potentials elicited during the study phase of successful and unsuccessful retrieval, finding greater activation for the subsequent retrieval information. In this work we were interested in exploring the neural markers associated to subsequent recognition when similar memories are subsequently encoded. We used a Subsequent Memory paradigm in which we manipulated the number of similar items within a category (2 or 6) that participants encoded. Manipulating the number of similar encoded items within a category allowed us to test whether encoding markers of subsequent recognition depend solely on memory trace strength or, on the contrary, successful recognition is influenced by subsequently presented similar memories, and consequently may not be reflected in higher activation in such cases. After a 20-minute period, participants performed a recognition task providing one of a three-option judgement: “old”, “similar” and “new”, which allowed us to test if the amplitude of ERP waveforms varied based on the similarity judgement of the unrecognized encoded item. We did not observe a significant parietal subsequent memory effect, however, old hits and similar false alarms were both significantly different from similar correct rejections and old false alarms in ERP retrieval. These findings suggest that differences in brain responses between conditions are specifically related to the retrieval process and not the encoding process, indicating potential differential effects on memory during retrieval. Moreover, it is also possible that differences in brain responses develop or change over the rest time between phases, influencing how these conditions manifest across different stages of information processing.

记忆检索与获取存储信息之前的编码过程有关，已被广泛研究。事件相关电位（ERP）研究比较了成功和不成功检索的研究阶段所激发的脑电位，发现后续检索信息的激活程度更高。在这项研究中，我们有兴趣探索当类似记忆被后续编码时，与后续识别相关的神经标记。我们使用了一种后续记忆范式，在该范式中，我们操纵了参与者编码的类别中相似项目的数量（2 或 6）。通过改变一个类别中类似编码项的数量，我们可以测试后续识别的编码标记是否只依赖于记忆痕迹的强度，或者相反，成功识别是否会受到随后出现的类似记忆的影响，因此在这种情况下，后续识别的编码标记可能不会反映在更高的激活度上。经过 20 分钟后，受试者进行了一项识别任务，从三个选项中选择一个进行判断："这使我们能够测试 ERP 波形的振幅是否会根据未识别编码项的相似性判断而变化。我们没有观察到明显的顶叶后续记忆效应，但是，在ERP检索中，旧的命中和相似的误报都与相似的正确拒绝和旧的误报有明显的不同。这些研究结果表明，不同条件下大脑反应的差异与检索过程而非编码过程特别相关，这表明在检索过程中记忆可能会受到不同的影响。此外，大脑反应的差异也有可能在不同阶段之间的休息时间内发展或变化，从而影响这些条件在信息处理不同阶段的表现。

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引用次数: 0

Out with the bad, in with the good: A review on augmented extinction learning in humans 去其糟粕，取其精华：人类增强灭绝学习回顾。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107994

Elizabeth A. Bauer , Patrick A.F. Laing , Samuel E. Cooper , Josh M. Cisler , Joseph E. Dunsmoor

Several leading therapies for anxiety-related disorders rely on the principles of extinction learning. However, despite decades of development and research, many of these treatments remain only moderately effective. Developing techniques to improve extinction learning is an important step towards developing improved and mechanistically-informed exposure-based therapies. In this review, we highlight human research on strategies that might augment extinction learning through reward neurocircuitry and dopaminergic pathways, with an emphasis on counterconditioning and other behaviorally-augmented forms of extinction learning (e.g., novelty-facilitated extinction, positive affect training). We also highlight emerging pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of augmenting extinction, including L-DOPA and aerobic exercise. Finally, we discuss future directions for augmented extinction learning and memory research, including the need for more work examining the influence of individual differences and psychopathology.

治疗焦虑相关疾病的几种主要疗法都依赖于消退学习原理。然而，尽管经过了数十年的发展和研究，这些疗法中的许多疗法仍然只是中等程度的有效。开发改善消退学习的技术，是朝着开发更好的、基于机理的暴露疗法迈出的重要一步。在这篇综述中，我们将重点介绍有关通过奖赏神经回路和多巴胺能通路增强消退学习策略的人类研究，重点是反条件反射和其他行为增强形式的消退学习（如新奇感促进消退、积极情绪训练）。我们还重点介绍了新出现的增强消退的药物和非药物方法，包括 L-DOPA 和有氧运动。最后，我们讨论了增强消退学习和记忆研究的未来方向，包括需要开展更多工作来研究个体差异和精神病理学的影响。

引用次数: 0

Clustering of synaptic engram: Functional and structural basis of memory 突触印记的聚类：记忆的功能和结构基础

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107993

Chaery Lee , Bong-Kiun Kaang

Studies on memory engram have demonstrated how experience and learning can be allocated at a neuronal level for centuries. Recently emerging evidence narrowed down further to the synaptic connections and their patterned allocation on dendrites. Notably, groups of synapses within a specific range within dendrites known as ’synaptic clusters’ have been revealed in association with learning and memory. Previous investigations have shown that a variety of factors mediated by both presynaptic inputs and postsynaptic dendrites contribute to clustering. Here, we review the neural mechanism of synaptic clustering and its correlation with memory. We highlight the recent findings about the clustering of synaptic engrams and memory formation and discuss future directions.

几个世纪以来，对记忆刻痕的研究已经证明了经验和学习是如何在神经元水平上分配的。最近出现的证据进一步缩小了突触连接及其在树突上的分配模式。值得注意的是，被称为 "突触簇 "的树突内特定范围内的突触群被发现与学习和记忆有关。以往的研究表明，突触前输入和突触后树突介导的各种因素都有助于形成突触簇。在此，我们回顾了突触集群的神经机制及其与记忆的相关性。我们重点介绍了有关突触刻痕集群和记忆形成的最新发现，并讨论了未来的研究方向。

引用次数: 0