Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献_第6页

DREADD-mediated inhibition of anterior retrosplenial cortex: Effects on novelty recognition of objects, locations, and object-in-place associations in male and female Long Evans rats dreadd介导的前脾后皮质抑制：对雄性和雌性Long Evans大鼠对物体、位置和物体原位关联的新奇识别的影响

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108055

Dan L. McElroy, Ilne L. Barnard, Aiden E. Glass, Kaylen M. Young, Veronica Kryachko, Justin J. Botterill, John G. Howland

Previous research suggests ionotropic glutamate receptors in anterior retrosplenial cortex (aRSC) are important for short-term (1-hour) object-in-place (OiP) novelty recognition, indicated by enhanced interaction with novel object-location pairs during OiP test phases. Here, male and female rats were repeatedly tested in three 1-hour delay novelty recognition tests: object recognition (OR), object location (OL), and OiP. Prior to behavioral testing, control (AAV5-CaMKIIα-mCherry) or active (AAV5-CaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry) viral vectors were bilaterally infused into the aRSC of male (8 control, 13 active) and female (8 control, 13 active) Long Evans rats, enabling selective inhibition of aRSC neurons with the hM4D agonist Compound 21 (C-21). Following recovery from surgery, rats were repeatedly tested in recognition tests following injection of either saline or C-21 (1.0 mg/kg; i.p.) ∼45-min prior to test phases (6 tests/rat). Analyses of exploration times indicated that total object interaction times did not differ between phase, sex, or treatment. Further analyses revealed that C-21 treatment of rats infused with the active vector reduced novelty recognition in the OR test yet had no influence in the OL test, regardless of sex. Interestingly, C-21 also reduced novelty recognition in OiP recognition test phases, an effect only observed in male rats infused with the active vector. Findings highlight a nuanced influence of aRSC neurons in supporting novelty recognition which varies by sex and type of stimuli assayed.

先前的研究表明，前脾后皮质（aRSC）的嗜离子性谷氨酸受体对短期（1小时）物体就位（OiP）新颖性识别很重要，这表明在OiP测试阶段与新物体定位对的相互作用增强。在这里，雄性和雌性大鼠重复进行三个1小时延迟新颖性识别测试：物体识别（OR），物体定位（OL）和OiP。在行为测试之前，将对照（AAV5-CaMKIIα-mCherry）或活性（AAV5-CaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry）病毒载体双侧注入雄性（8只对照，13只活性）和雌性（8只对照，13只活性）Long Evans大鼠的aRSC，使hM4D激动剂化合物21 （C-21）选择性抑制aRSC神经元。手术恢复后，大鼠在注射生理盐水或C-21 (1.0 mg/kg；实验阶段前45分钟（6次/只大鼠）。对探索时间的分析表明，在不同的阶段、性别或治疗中，总的对象交互时间没有差异。进一步的分析显示，注入活性载体的C-21治疗大鼠在OR测试中降低了新颖性识别，但对OL测试没有影响，无论性别如何。有趣的是，在OiP识别测试阶段，C-21也降低了对新颖性的识别，这种效果仅在注入活性载体的雄性大鼠中观察到。研究结果强调了aRSC神经元在支持新颖性识别方面的细微影响，这种影响因性别和刺激类型而异。

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引用次数: 0

Sensitivity of associative priming to semantic relations: Insights from behavior and event-related potentials 联想启动对语义关系的敏感性：来自行为和事件相关电位的见解

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108056

Aiqing Nie , Yuanying Wu , Xia Zheng

The priming effects have raised significant concerns. Previous research has solely focused on the priming of individual items, where both the prime and the target are single items. This study innovatively examines the priming effect for pairs and also considers the pair type for the target. In this experiment, the semantic relations of the prime and target pairs were categorized into thematic, taxonomic, and unrelated cases. The prime pairs were considered new, while the target pairs consisted of intact, rearranged, and “old + new” pairs. Behaviorally, we found that the priming effects were more pronounced when considering thematic relations compared to taxonomic relations. This indicates a stronger unitization between the items in taxonomic relations. Neurally, the N300 and N400 amplitudes were significantly larger for thematic relations compared to taxonomic relations. These results suggest that both object identification and semantic processing were more influenced by the semantic relation within the pairs. Moreover, we observed that the pair type exhibited distinct patterns in the ERP priming effect across different semantic relations. This indicates that semantic priming and repetition priming of associative pairs result in different effects.

启动效应已经引起了重大关注。以前的研究只关注单个项目的启动，其中启动和目标都是单个项目。本研究创新性地考察了配对的启动效应，并考虑了目标的配对类型。本实验将启动词对和目标词对的语义关系分为主格、分类格和不相关格。素数对被认为是新的，而目标对由完整的、重新排列的和“旧+新”对组成。在行为上，我们发现当考虑主题关系时，启动效应比考虑分类关系时更为明显。这表明在分类学关系中，项目之间具有较强的统一性。在神经学上，主题关系的N300和N400振幅显著大于分类关系。这些结果表明，对象识别和语义加工都更受语义关系的影响。此外，我们还观察到，在不同的语义关系中，配对类型在ERP启动效应中表现出不同的模式。这说明联想对的语义启动和重复启动产生了不同的效应。

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引用次数: 0

A long-term mild high-fat diet facilitates rabbit discrimination learning and alters glycerophospholipid metabolism 长期轻度高脂饲粮促进家兔辨别学习，改变甘油磷脂代谢

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108053

Desheng Wang, Ezekiel A. Irewole, Logan D. Bays, MacKinzie D. Smith, Bernard G. Schreurs

Previous reports have shown an association between a Western high-fat diet (HFD) and poor cognitive performance. So far, there are no reports of whether a mild HFD can affect rabbit learning and hippocampal metabolic profile. This study was designed to explore whether feeding a mild HFD (5 % lard and 5 % soy oil) for 20 weeks affected eyeblink discrimination and discrimination reversal learning and hippocampal metabolic profiles. After 20 weeks on the HFD or a normal control diet, all rabbits received one day of adaptation, 20 daily sessions of two-tone discrimination (1-kHz CS + followed by air puff and 8-kHz CS- not followed by air puff), a rest day, and then 40 daily sessions of discrimination reversal (8-kHz CS + and 1-kHz CS-). Compared to rabbits fed a regular chow diet, rabbits fed a mild HFD showed better discrimination evidenced by higher responding to CS+, lower responding to CS-, and a larger discrimination index (CS+ − CS-). Widely targeted metabolomics analysis identified 1805 metabolites in the hippocampus, and significant HFD-induced changes in 162 and 165 differential metabolites in males and females, respectively. These included glycerophospholipids and fatty acyls. KEGG enrichment analysis showed glycerophospholipid metabolism (ko00564) was significantly enriched in the HFD group notably lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine. In summary, our data show a long-term mild HFD facilitated discrimination learning in rabbits without inducing a metabolic syndrome, and altered the hippocampal metabolic profile, which may affect neuronal cell membrane lipids and behavioral performance.

先前的报告显示西方高脂肪饮食（HFD）和认知能力差之间存在关联。到目前为止，还没有关于轻度HFD是否会影响兔的学习和海马代谢谱的报道。本研究旨在探讨喂食轻度HFD（5%猪油和5%豆油）20周是否会影响眨眼识别和识别逆转学习以及海马代谢特征。饲喂高脂饲料或正常对照饲料20周后，所有家兔进行1天的适应，每天20次双音辨别（1 khz CS + +吹气和8 khz CS-不吹气），休息1天，然后每天40次辨别逆转（8 khz CS +和1 khz CS-）。与正常饲料相比，轻度HFD饲料对CS+的反应更高，对CS-的反应更低，对CS+−CS-的辨别指数更大。广泛靶向的代谢组学分析在海马中发现了1805种代谢物，在男性和女性中分别发现了hfd诱导的162种和165种差异代谢物的显著变化。这些物质包括甘油磷脂和脂肪酰基。KEGG富集分析显示，HFD组甘油磷脂代谢（ko00564）显著富集，尤其是溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和溶血磷脂酰胆碱。总之，我们的数据表明，长期轻度HFD促进了兔子的辨别学习，而不会引起代谢综合征，并改变了海马代谢谱，这可能会影响神经元细胞膜脂质和行为表现。

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引用次数: 0

Memory impairments observed after a half night sleep restriction are not mediated by working memory, attention, or inhibitory control mechanisms 半夜睡眠限制后观察到的记忆损伤不是由工作记忆、注意力或抑制控制机制介导的

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108054

Pim R.A. Heckman , Robbert Havekes , Arjan Blokland

Sleep restriction is a growing issue in our modern society and thus it is crucial to uncover its neurocognitive consequences. Especially declarative memory is negatively affected by sleep loss due to its critical dependence on the hippocampus, a brain area known to be susceptible to sleep loss. Studies have shown that even a half night sleep restriction is sufficient to induce impairments in a range of hippocampus-dependent forms of memory. Nevertheless, memory performance is, at least to some extent, dependent on other cognitive functions. The aim of the current study was to reveal whether memory deficits observed after one night sleep deprivation, as observed in animal studies, translate to man, and whether these effects are mediated by impairments in other cognitive domains. We hypothesized that the memory paradigms would be affected but that, due to the short nature of the sleep restriction, this effect would not be mediated by other cognitive functions. To this end, fifty-five healthy participants conducted a test battery containing paradigms measuring verbal learning, spatial memory, attention, working memory, and response inhibition after a night of regular sleep or acute partial sleep restriction. The results of the study showed an impairment in both hippocampus-dependent memory tests, while no negative consequences of sleep deprivation were revealed on the other cognitive domains. In conclusion, our data indicate that the observed deficit in memory performance after a half night sleep deprivation is not mediated by impairments in attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control), working memory, or motor inhibitory control mechanisms.

睡眠限制是现代社会日益严重的问题，因此揭示其神经认知后果至关重要。尤其是陈述性记忆会受到睡眠不足的负面影响，因为它严重依赖海马体，而海马体是已知易受睡眠不足影响的大脑区域。研究表明，即使是半个晚上的睡眠限制也足以导致海马依赖形式的记忆受损。然而，记忆表现至少在某种程度上依赖于其他认知功能。当前研究的目的是揭示在动物研究中观察到的一晚睡眠剥夺后观察到的记忆缺陷是否会转化为人类，以及这些影响是否由其他认知领域的损伤介导。我们假设记忆范式会受到影响，但由于睡眠限制的短暂性，这种影响不会由其他认知功能介导。为此，55名健康的参与者进行了一组测试，包括在正常睡眠或急性部分睡眠限制后测量语言学习、空间记忆、注意力、工作记忆和反应抑制的范式。研究结果显示，两项海马体依赖性记忆测试都出现了损伤，而在其他认知领域没有发现睡眠不足的负面影响。总之，我们的数据表明，在半夜睡眠剥夺后观察到的记忆表现缺陷不是由注意力（警报、定向和执行控制）、工作记忆或运动抑制控制机制的损害介导的。

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引用次数: 0

Memory formation following appetitive conditioning is variably dependent on retinoid signaling 食欲调节后的记忆形成不同程度地依赖于类视黄醛信号。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108048

Raymond K. Wong , Gaynor E. Spencer

Retinoic acid (RA), the metabolite of Vitamin A, plays an important role in central nervous system development and regeneration, as well as learning and memory in vertebrates. We have previously shown that RA signaling is also important for consolidation of long-term memory (LTM) in the invertebrate mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis, following operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behaviour. Here, we examine whether retinoids also play a role in classical reward conditioning in this mollusc. A single-trial appetitive conditioning paradigm was used, with amyl acetate as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and sucrose as the unconditioned stimulus (US). This produced an acquired conditioned response whereby the animal exhibited a feeding response to amyl acetate. A single-pairing of CS with US produced long-term memory at both 1d and 6d after training. Pharmacological treatments that disrupt RA signaling did not block the formation of long term memory when a 6-day food deprivation period was implemented before training. However, two different paradigms induced susceptibility of the conditioned response (memory) to retinoid signaling inhibitors. The first paradigm change involved using a shorter, 3-day food deprivation period in order to reduce motivational drive to feed, whereas the second paradigm manipulation reduced the strength of the unconditioned stimulus (sucrose). These findings suggest different susceptibility of memories to retinoid inhibition, depending on shifts in both external parameters of the experiment, as well as internal motivational states of the animal.

维甲酸（RA）是维生素 A 的代谢产物，在脊椎动物的中枢神经系统发育和再生以及学习和记忆中发挥着重要作用。我们之前已经证明，在无脊椎软体动物长春花中，对空中呼吸行为进行操作性条件反射后，视黄酸信号对巩固长期记忆（LTM）也很重要。在此，我们研究了视黄醇是否也在这种软体动物的经典奖赏条件反射中发挥作用。我们采用了单次食欲条件反射范例，以醋酸戊酯作为条件刺激（CS），蔗糖作为非条件刺激（US）。这产生了一种获得性条件反射，即动物对醋酸戊酯表现出摄食反应。CS与US的单一配对在训练后1d和6d都产生了长期记忆。如果在训练前实施为期6天的食物剥夺，破坏RA信号传导的药物治疗并不能阻止长时记忆的形成。然而，两种不同的范式诱导了条件反应（记忆）对视黄醇信号抑制剂的敏感性。第一种范式的改变涉及使用较短的 3 天食物剥夺期，以减少进食的动机驱动，而第二种范式操作则降低了非条件刺激（蔗糖）的强度。这些研究结果表明，根据实验外部参数和动物内部动机状态的不同，记忆对视黄醇抑制的敏感性也不同。

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引用次数: 0

Glutamate receptor expression in the PL-BLA circuit is associated with susceptibility to showing the PTSD-like phenotype PL-BLA回路中的谷氨酸受体表达与ptsd样表型的易感性相关

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108051

Charlotte S. Rye , Amy L. Milton

While many individuals experience traumatic events during their lifetimes, only some go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This susceptibility and resilience to developing PTSD can be modelled in rodents using the stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) procedure, in which rats are exposed to a session of massed, unpredictable footshocks and subsequently assessed on tasks of adaptive fear learning. It has previously been observed that subpopulations of rats are susceptible and resilient to showing the PTSD-like phenotype following SEFL, and that these rats show differences in glutamate receptor expression in the basolateral amygdala. However, it is currently unknown whether structural differences are observed in other brain regions implicated in stress responding and memory. Using the refined SEFL procedure, this study aimed to determine whether expression of GluN2B, GluA1 and GluA2 receptor subunits in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, and dorsal hippocampus could be correlated to the SEFL-phenotype or shock experience in male rats. Here we show that following SEFL, differences can be observed in receptor subunit expression in the infralimbic cortex and dorsal hippocampus as a function of shock experience, whilst differences in the prelimbic cortex are associated with susceptibility. Importantly, these structural changes can be observed in male rats that are group-housed and exposed to 13-shocks rather than 15-shocks, indicating that the refined SEFL procedure offers a robust animal analogue of the non-associative fear sensitisation that occurs in PTSD. Future studies using this procedure could pave the way to the eventual development of pharmacological treatments to alleviate or prevent stress-induced psychopathology in susceptible individuals.

虽然许多人在一生中经历过创伤性事件，但只有一些人会发展成创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。这种对创伤后应激障碍的易感性和恢复能力可以通过压力增强恐惧学习（SEFL）程序在啮齿动物中进行模拟，在该程序中，大鼠暴露在大量的、不可预测的足震中，随后评估适应性恐惧学习的任务。先前已经观察到，大鼠亚群在SEFL后易受ptsd样表型的影响，并且这些大鼠在杏仁核基底外侧的谷氨酸受体表达上存在差异。然而，目前尚不清楚在与压力反应和记忆有关的其他大脑区域是否观察到结构差异。本研究利用改进的SEFL程序，旨在确定GluN2B、GluA1和GluA2受体亚基在雄性大鼠的边缘前皮层和边缘下皮层以及海马背侧的表达是否与SEFL表型或休克经历相关。本研究表明，在SEFL后，可以观察到边缘下皮层和海马背侧受体亚基表达的差异，这是休克经历的一个功能，而边缘前皮层的差异与易感性有关。重要的是，这些结构变化可以在集体饲养的雄性大鼠中观察到，并且暴露于13次电击而不是15次电击，这表明改进的SEFL程序提供了一个强有力的动物模拟，发生在创伤后应激障碍中的非联想恐惧敏感化。使用这种方法的未来研究可能为最终开发药物治疗铺平道路，以减轻或预防易感个体的压力诱发的精神病理学。

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引用次数: 0

Cortisol modulates hippocampus activation during semantic substitution in men 皮质醇调节男性语义替代过程中的海马体激活。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108049

Nicole Klein, Carina Zöllner, Tobias Otto, Oliver Tobias Wolf, Christian Josef Merz

In the case of incomplete episodic memory retrieval, semantic knowledge may play a vital role compared to random memory errors in filling in memory gaps (semantic substitution). Stress impairs (episodic) memory retrieval via stress hormones (mainly cortisol) targeting the hippocampus. This preregistered neuroimaging study aimed to examine the neural mechanisms of the interplay between episodic memories and prior knowledge during the reconstruction of a past scenario under elevated cortisol levels in men. During encoding, sixty men prepared a virtual apartment for having guests over by using button presses to interact with household objects (e.g., toasting a slice of bread) that were placed congruently to semantic knowledge (e.g., a coffee machine in the kitchen) or incongruently (e.g., a toaster in the bathroom). One day later, participants received (order randomized, double-blind) either 20 mg of cortisol (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 30) before a recognition task. After identifying objects as old, we included a room recall using a forced-choice question in which room the objects were remembered. For incongruent objects this allowed us to differentiate the involvement of episodic, semantic, or random memory. Cortisol did not impair general recognition memory. The manipulation of stimuli during encoding, as being congruent and interactable (relevant to the goal) appears to be predictive of later accurate room recall. Semantic substitution in case of episodic memory failure was associated with anterior parahippocampal and gyrus rectus activation. Cortisol administration increased hippocampal activation during semantic substitution, suggesting a compensatory effect. The results characterized the neural correlates of semantic substitution and speak for an intertwined view of episodic memory and semantic knowledge, which is further shaped by the stress hormone cortisol.

在不完全情景记忆提取中，语义知识比随机记忆错误更能填补记忆空白（语义替代）。压力通过针对海马体的应激激素（主要是皮质醇）损害（情景性）记忆检索。这项预先登记的神经成像研究旨在研究在皮质醇水平升高的情况下，男性在重建过去情景时情景记忆和先前知识之间相互作用的神经机制。在编码过程中，60名男子准备了一个虚拟的公寓，通过使用按钮与家庭物品（例如，烤一片面包）进行交互，这些物品与语义知识（例如，厨房里的咖啡机）一致或不一致（例如，浴室里的烤面包机）。一天后，参与者在进行识别任务之前接受（顺序随机，双盲）20 毫克皮质醇（n = 30）或安慰剂（n = 30）。在确定物体是旧的之后，我们加入了一个房间回忆，使用一个强制选择问题，在哪个房间里记住了这些物体。对于不一致的物体，这使我们能够区分情景记忆、语义记忆或随机记忆的参与。皮质醇不损害一般识别记忆。在编码过程中对刺激的操纵，作为一致的和可交互的（与目标相关的），似乎可以预测以后准确的房间回忆。情景记忆失败的语义替代与海马旁前部和直回的激活有关。皮质醇管理增加了语义替代期间海马的激活，表明代偿作用。研究结果表明了语义替代的神经相关性，并说明了情景记忆和语义知识的相互交织的观点，这进一步受到应激激素皮质醇的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Cutting-edge RNA technologies to advance the understanding of learning and memory 先进的RNA技术促进对学习和记忆的理解

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108050

Joshua William Ashley Davies , Timothy William Bredy , Paul Robert Marshall

Following the recent emergence of RNA as a therapeutic tool, and coupled with an explosion in the development of new RNA technologies, it is rapidly becoming clear that the 21st century is the era of RNA. Neuroscience as a discipline has a long history of embracing new technology to advance the understanding of brain function, particularly in the context of learning and memory. In this short review, we highlight four broad categories of emerging RNA technologies, namely: imaging, isolation, identification and manipulation, and discuss their potential to advance the fundamental understanding of how RNA impacts experience-dependent plasticity, learning, and memory.

随着最近RNA作为一种治疗工具的出现，再加上新的RNA技术的爆炸式发展，21世纪是RNA的时代很快变得清晰起来。神经科学作为一门学科有着悠久的历史，它采用新技术来推进对大脑功能的理解，特别是在学习和记忆的背景下。在这篇简短的综述中，我们重点介绍了新兴RNA技术的四大类，即：成像、分离、鉴定和操作，并讨论了它们在促进对RNA如何影响经验依赖的可塑性、学习和记忆的基本理解方面的潜力。

引用次数: 0

Engram and behavior: How memory is stored in the brain 印迹与行为：记忆如何在大脑中储存。

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108047

Kisang Eom , Donguk Kim , Jung Ho Hyun

During the processing of information in humans, activated neurons behave in a specific way. The activity of these neurons leaves traces on the neurons, such as changes in synaptic or intrinsic properties. Formation of the memory traces is associated with molecular changes in the neurons. Hence, monitoring collective neural activities and following the trace of neural activities are important to neuroscience research. This collective or group of neurons is described as a ‘neural ensemble’, while the neural trace is described as a ‘neural engram’. Both terms have been used and studied by neuroscientists for a long time. In this article, we discuss the development of these concepts, current research methods, and future areas of development.

在人类处理信息的过程中，被激活的神经元以一种特定的方式运作。这些神经元的活动在神经元上留下痕迹，如突触或内在特性的变化。记忆痕迹的形成与神经元的分子变化有关。因此，监测集体神经活动并追踪神经活动的踪迹对神经科学研究具有重要意义。这种集体或一组神经元被描述为“神经集合”，而神经痕迹被描述为“神经印迹”。这两个术语已经被神经科学家使用和研究了很长时间。在本文中，我们将讨论这些概念的发展、当前的研究方法和未来的发展领域。

引用次数: 0

The impact of systemic blockade of dopamine receptors on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance in male rats 全身阻断多巴胺受体对雄性大鼠获得双向主动回避的影响

IF 2.2 4区心理学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108039

L. Vercammen , A. Lopez-Moraga , T. Beckers , B. Vervliet , L. Luyten

Active threat avoidance is a core aspect of adaptive and maladaptive behavior, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Prior studies concluded that pharmacologically blocking dopaminergic receptors (DRs) disrupted avoidance acquisition, but it remains unclear whether such effects on learning persist during a drug-free follow-up test. To assess the involvement of D1R and D2R in avoidance acquisition, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, thirty-six male Wistar rats underwent a single avoidance training session involving 30 tone-shock pairings. Rats could avoid the shock by moving to the opposite compartment of the shuttle box. Twenty minutes before training, rats received either D1R antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg), D2R antagonist sulpiride (20 mg/kg), or vehicle. While sulpiride did not affect avoidance, 0.05 mg/kg SCH 23390 significantly reduced the number of avoidance responses. In a separate test, 0.05 mg/kg SCH 23390 also reduced locomotor activity. In Experiment 2 (N = 24), a lower dose of SCH 23390 (0.025 mg/kg) was administered, and a drug-free avoidance test under continued reinforcement was added 24 h later to test for sustained effects of D1R blockade on avoidance in the absence of acute drug effects. Although animals avoided less with SCH 23390 in the system, this effect did not persist 24 h later, suggesting that effects of D1R blockade during avoidance training might reflect an acute disruption of secondary processes involved in the performance of avoidance behavior rather than an actual impairment of avoidance learning.

主动威胁回避是适应和不适应行为的一个核心方面，但其潜在机制尚不完全清楚。先前的研究得出结论，药物阻断多巴胺能受体（dr）会破坏回避习得，但尚不清楚这种对学习的影响是否在无药物随访试验中持续存在。为了评估D1R和D2R在回避习得中的作用，我们进行了两个实验。在实验1中，36只雄性Wistar大鼠接受了一个包含30对音调-电击的单一回避训练。老鼠可以通过移动到穿梭箱的对面隔间来避免电击。训练前20分钟，大鼠接受D2R拮抗剂SCH23390（0.05 mg/kg）、D2R拮抗剂舒匹利（20 mg/kg）或对照组。虽然舒必利不影响回避，但0.05 mg/kg SCH23390显著减少回避反应的次数。在另一项单独试验中，0.05 mg/kg SCH23390也能降低运动活动。在实验2 （N = 24）中，给予低剂量的SCH23390(0.025 mg/kg)， 24 h后增加持续强化的无药物回避试验，以测试在没有急性药物效应的情况下，D1R阻断对回避的持续影响。虽然系统中存在SCH23390的动物回避较少，但这种影响在24 h后并未持续，这表明在回避训练期间D1R阻断的影响可能反映了涉及回避行为表现的次要过程的急性中断，而不是回避学习的实际损害。

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引用次数: 0