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Rhamnazin Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice via Reduction in Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. 鼠李糖苷通过减少细胞凋亡、氧化应激和炎症改善小鼠创伤性脑损伤。
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.1159/000516927
Boxiao Yang, Rui Zhang, Qire Sa, Yanli Du

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is posing serious health challenges for people across the globe due to high morbidity and mortality. However, none of the agents prevents or limits the damage caused by TBI because of its multifactorial etiology. Thus, the discovery of novel agents which can act via several pathways could serve the purpose and afford favorable consequence against TBI. Therefore, in the present article, we intended to investigate the protective effect of rhamnazin (RMZ), a dimethoxyflavone against experimentally induced TBI in mice.

Methods: The effect of RMZ was investigated on cerebral edema and grip test score after induction of experimental brain injury in rats. The effect of RMZ was also investigated on neuronal degeneration in brain tissues of the experimental mice via Nissl staining and flow cytometry analysis. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was also quantified using Western blot analysis. The level of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) was also determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: RMZ showed a significant reduction in edema and improved grip strength. It also prevented neuronal degeneration via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis as shown by flow cytometry analysis. RMZ showed an antiapoptotic effect via reduction of Bax and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in Western blot analysis. It also showed to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation compared to the TBI group.

Conclusion: Collectively, our study is first to demonstrate the protective effect of RMZ against experimentally induced TBI in rats.

背景:外伤性脑损伤(TBI)由于其高发病率和死亡率,对全球人民构成了严重的健康挑战。然而,由于其多因素病因,没有一种药物可以预防或限制TBI造成的损害。因此,发现可以通过多种途径起作用的新型药物可以达到目的,并对TBI提供有利的结果。因此,在本文中,我们拟研究鼠李那嗪(RMZ),一种二甲氧基黄酮对实验性脑损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法:观察RMZ对实验性脑损伤大鼠脑水肿及握力评分的影响。通过尼氏染色和流式细胞术分析,探讨了RMZ对实验小鼠脑组织神经元变性的影响。Western blot检测Bax和Bcl-2的表达。用酶联免疫吸附法测定炎症因子(TNF-α和IL-1β)和氧化应激标志物(丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)的水平。结果:RMZ能显著减少水肿,提高握力。流式细胞术分析显示,它还通过抑制神经元凋亡来防止神经元变性。Western blot结果显示,RMZ通过降低Bax和增加Bcl-2的表达而具有抗凋亡作用。与创伤性脑损伤组相比,它还显示出抑制氧化应激和炎症的作用。结论:本研究首次证实了RMZ对实验性脑损伤大鼠的保护作用。
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引用次数: 5
Association between Serum Prolactin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 血清催乳素水平与神经退行性疾病的关系:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-20 DOI: 10.1159/000519552
Hai Duc Nguyen, Ngoc Minh Hong Hoang, Myeonghee Ko, Dongjin Seo, Shinhyun Kim, Won Hee Jo, Jung-Woo Bae, Min-Sun Kim

Introduction: Prolactin (PRL) exerts inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties and is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, serum PRL levels in patients with NDs were inconsistent in the research literature.

Objective: We aimed to assess the serum PRL levels in patients with NDs.

Methods: Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library database, clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and reference lists of articles were searched up to December 31, 2020. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis.

Results: A total of 36 comparisons out of 29 studies (3 RCTs and 26 case controls) focusing on NDs (including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease [HD], multiple sclerosis [MS], and epilepsy) were reported. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in serum PRL levels between patients with NDs and healthy controls (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.96, p = 0.16). Subgroup analysis showed that serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were higher than those of healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with NDs aged <45 years had higher serum PRL levels (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.16-1.78, p = 0.018) than healthy controls. High serum PRL levels were found in subgroups such as the microenzymatic method, Asia, and the Americas.

Conclusions: Our meta-analysis showed serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Serum PRL levels were associated with age, region, and detection method. Other larger sample studies using more uniform detection methods are necessary to confirm our results.

催乳素(PRL)具有炎症和抗炎特性,也被认为在神经退行性疾病(NDs)的发病机制中起重要作用。然而,NDs患者的血清PRL水平在研究文献中并不一致。目的:探讨NDs患者血清PRL水平。方法:检索截至2020年12月31日的MEDLINE、Embase、Cochrane Library数据库、clinicaltrials.gov、Web of Science、Google Scholar等电子数据库及文献参考书目。采用固定效应或随机效应模型分析计算95%置信区间(CI)的合并标准平均差(SMD)。结果:29项研究(3项rct和26例对照)中,共报道了36项比较,重点是NDs(包括帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病[HD]、多发性硬化症[MS]和癫痫)。meta分析显示,NDs患者与健康对照组血清PRL水平无统计学差异(SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: -0.16 ~ 0.96, p = 0.16)。亚组分析显示,HD和MS患者血清PRL水平高于健康对照组。结论:我们的荟萃分析显示,HD和MS患者的血清PRL水平显著高于健康对照组。血清PRL水平与年龄、地区、检测方法相关。需要使用更统一的检测方法进行其他更大样本的研究来证实我们的结果。
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引用次数: 9
Exercise-Mediated Alteration of miR-192-5p Is Associated with Cognitive Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease. 运动介导的miR-192-5p的改变与阿尔茨海默病的认知改善有关
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1159/000516928
Zhaomei Qin, Xingjun Han, Jing Ran, Shanshan Guo, Lina Lv

Introduction: Physical exercise is an important component of managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). miRNAs can be modulated by exercise intervention.

Objective: The study explored the involvement and potential mechanism of miR-192-5p in the protective effect of physical exercise on AD.

Methods: Ninety AD patients were enrolled, in which 45 cases accepted cycling training for continuous 3 months. The expression changes of miR-192-5p before and after exercise were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. 8-month-old APP/PS1 double Tg mice were used as the AD animal model. Mice in the voluntary exercise (VE) group received VE for 4 weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the learning and memory function. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to calculate the level of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Results: AD patients showed elevated MMSE scores, decreased ADAS-cog and NPI-Q scores after 3 months of exercise. miR-192-5p was downregulated in the serum of AD patients and correlated with the levels of MMSE score, ADAS-cog, and NPI-Q score. A positive association was detected between serum miR-192-5p with TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels. MiR-192-5p is downregulated in the hippocampus tissues of mice after VE. Overexpression of miR-192-5p reversed the neuroprotective effect of exercise on AD in mice and promoted the inflammatory response of AD mice.

Conclusion: MiR-192-5p can be modulated by the exercise intervention and involved in the protective effect of exercise on AD.

体育锻炼是控制阿尔茨海默病(AD)的重要组成部分。mirna可以通过运动干预来调节。目的:探讨miR-192-5p在体育锻炼对AD的保护作用中的作用及其潜在机制。方法:入选90例AD患者,其中45例接受连续3个月的自行车训练。采用逆转录-定量PCR分析运动前后miR-192-5p的表达变化。采用8月龄APP/PS1双Tg小鼠作为AD动物模型。自愿运动(VE)组小鼠连续4周接受VE治疗。Morris水迷宫(Morris water maze, MWM)测试大鼠的学习记忆功能。采用酶联免疫吸附法计算IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平。结果:运动3个月后,AD患者MMSE评分升高,ADAS-cog和NPI-Q评分降低。AD患者血清中miR-192-5p水平下调,与MMSE评分、ADAS-cog、NPI-Q评分水平相关。血清miR-192-5p与TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平呈正相关。VE后小鼠海马组织中MiR-192-5p表达下调。miR-192-5p的过表达逆转了运动对小鼠AD的神经保护作用,促进了AD小鼠的炎症反应。结论:MiR-192-5p可通过运动干预调节,参与运动对AD的保护作用。
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引用次数: 6
Increased Concentrations of Circulating Interleukins following Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Results from a Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects. 非侵入性迷走神经刺激后循环白细胞介素浓度升高:来自健康受试者的随机、假对照、交叉研究的结果
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000524646
Elisabeth Veiz, Susann-Kristin Kieslich, Dirk Czesnik, Christoph Herrmann-Lingen, Thomas Meyer, Julia Staab

Objective: The vagus nerve constitutes the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system and plays an important role in the regulation of neuro-immune responses. Invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve produces anti-inflammatory effects; however, data on humoral immune responses of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) are rare. Therefore, the present study investigated changes in serum cytokine concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) following a short-term, non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve.

Methods: Whole blood samples were collected before and after a short-lived application of active tVNS at the inner tragus as well as sham stimulation of the earlobe. Cytokine serum concentrations were determined in two healthy cohorts of younger (n = 20) and older participants (n = 19). Differences between active and sham conditions were analyzed using linear mixed models and post hoc F tests after applying Yeo-Johnson power transformations. This trial was part of a larger study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05007743).

Results: In the young cohort, IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations were significantly increased after active stimulation, whereas they were slightly decreased after sham stimulation (IL-6: p = 0.012; IL-1β: p = 0.012). Likewise, in the older cohort, IL-1β and IL-8 concentrations were significantly elevated after active stimulation and reduced after sham application (IL-8: p = 0.007; IL-1β: p = 0.001). In contrast, circulating TNFα concentrations did not change significantly in either group.

Conclusion: Our results show that active tVNS led to an immediate increase in the serum concentrations of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and/or IL-8 in two independent cohorts of healthy study participants.

目的:迷走神经是副交感神经系统的主要组成部分,在神经免疫反应的调节中起重要作用。侵袭性刺激迷走神经产生抗炎作用;然而,关于经皮迷走神经刺激(tVNS)的体液免疫反应的数据很少。因此,本研究研究了短期、非侵入性刺激迷走神经后血清白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)浓度的变化。方法:在短时间内内耳屏应用主动tVNS和假性耳垂刺激前后采集全血样本。在年轻(n = 20)和老年参与者(n = 19)两个健康队列中测定细胞因子血清浓度。采用线性混合模型和事后F检验分析了应用杨-约翰逊功率变换后主动和虚假条件之间的差异。该试验是ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05007743)上注册的一项大型研究的一部分。结果:在年轻队列中,主动刺激后IL-6和IL-1β浓度显著升高,而假性刺激后IL-6和IL-1β浓度略有降低(IL-6: p = 0.012;IL-1β: p = 0.012)。同样,在老年队列中,主动刺激后IL-1β和IL-8浓度显著升高,假性刺激后IL-8浓度降低(IL-8: p = 0.007;IL-1β: p = 0.001)。相比之下,两组循环TNFα浓度均无显著变化。结论:我们的研究结果表明,在两个独立的健康研究参与者中,活跃的tVNS导致某些促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β、IL-6和/或IL-8)的血清浓度立即增加。
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引用次数: 3
Irisin Protects Cerebral Neurons from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation via Suppression of Apoptosis and Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. 鸢尾素通过抑制细胞凋亡和促炎细胞因子的表达来保护大脑神经元免受缺氧/再氧化。
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000524273
Qian Yu, Guangyao Li, Jiangjing Li, Li Sun, Yonghui Yang, Lei Tao

Background: Ischemic stroke is a major health issue that causes high incidents of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Irisin is an excise-induced protein that has exhibited pleiotropic properties. Accumulating evidence reveals its critical roles in the regulation of various cellular functions, including nervous system functions. This study aims to disclose the effect of irisin on rat cerebral neurons suffering from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment and to explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods: The percentage of rat cerebral neuron cell death was determined by flow cytometry analysis and MTT assay. The expression levels of target genes were measured by western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay.

Results: Our results demonstrated that irisin treatment substantially reduced H/R-induced apoptosis of rat cerebral neurons. Further investigation revealed that irisin treatment markedly decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activation and suppressed pro-informatory cytokine expression in cerebral neurons with H/R challenge. Finally, we showed that the neuroprotective effect and anti-inflammatory effect of irisin were comparable with three MAPK signaling inhibitors.

Conclusion: Irisin exerts profound neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on H/R-stimulated cerebral neurons by inhibiting the MAPK signaling activation. Therefore, irisin may serve as a potential drug for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.

背景:缺血性脑卒中是世界范围内引起高发病率和高死亡率的主要健康问题。鸢尾素是一种具有多效性的运动诱导蛋白。越来越多的证据表明它在各种细胞功能,包括神经系统功能的调节中起着关键作用。本研究旨在揭示鸢尾素对缺氧/再氧化(H/R)大鼠大脑神经元的影响,并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法:采用流式细胞术和MTT法测定大鼠脑神经元细胞死亡百分率。采用western blotting和实时定量反转录PCR法检测靶基因的表达水平。结果:鸢尾素处理可显著减少H/ r诱导的大鼠脑神经元凋亡。进一步研究发现,鸢尾素处理显著降低了H/R刺激下大脑神经元中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路的激活,抑制了前信息细胞因子的表达。最后,我们发现鸢尾素的神经保护作用和抗炎作用与三种MAPK信号抑制剂相当。结论:鸢尾素通过抑制MAPK信号的激活,对H/ r刺激的脑神经元具有较强的神经保护和抗炎作用。因此,鸢尾素可能是一种潜在的治疗缺血性卒中的药物。
{"title":"Irisin Protects Cerebral Neurons from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation via Suppression of Apoptosis and Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.","authors":"Qian Yu,&nbsp;Guangyao Li,&nbsp;Jiangjing Li,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Yonghui Yang,&nbsp;Lei Tao","doi":"10.1159/000524273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ischemic stroke is a major health issue that causes high incidents of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Irisin is an excise-induced protein that has exhibited pleiotropic properties. Accumulating evidence reveals its critical roles in the regulation of various cellular functions, including nervous system functions. This study aims to disclose the effect of irisin on rat cerebral neurons suffering from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment and to explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The percentage of rat cerebral neuron cell death was determined by flow cytometry analysis and MTT assay. The expression levels of target genes were measured by western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results demonstrated that irisin treatment substantially reduced H/R-induced apoptosis of rat cerebral neurons. Further investigation revealed that irisin treatment markedly decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activation and suppressed pro-informatory cytokine expression in cerebral neurons with H/R challenge. Finally, we showed that the neuroprotective effect and anti-inflammatory effect of irisin were comparable with three MAPK signaling inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Irisin exerts profound neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on H/R-stimulated cerebral neurons by inhibiting the MAPK signaling activation. Therefore, irisin may serve as a potential drug for the treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"29 4","pages":"425-432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10485169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Clinical Experience in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy. 成人急性坏死性脑病诊治的临床体会。
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000524955
Mei-Ling Wang, Rui Liu, Li-Mei Zhang, Bin Zhao, Rui Jia, Yang Zhao, Ya-Lin Xi, Jing-Xia Ma, He Ma

Purpose: We report two cases diagnosed as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) with acute onset and various clinical manifestations.

Methods: The patients' data were obtained from the medical records of the Binzhou Medical University Hospital in Binzhou, China. The clinical symptoms, laboratory examination, neuroimaging, treatment, and prognosis of the 2 patients were collected and analyzed.

Results: We report 2 adult ANE patients with acute onset. The first symptom was fever, followed by symptoms and signs of damage to the central nervous system. The patients were infected with herpes simplex virus and influenza virus, respectively. The main manifestation on brain magnetic resonance imaging was a mixed-signal of a "three-layer structure" in the bilateral thalamus. The first patient died. Based on the experience of the diagnosis and treatment of the first patient, combined with a review of the literature, the second patient was immediately treated with glucocorticoid pulse therapy combined with gamma globulin injection. This patient's condition was controlled, and the prognosis was good.

Conclusions: This study describes the clinical symptoms, laboratory examination, neuroimaging evidence, and treatment experience of ANE in adults. We believe that the progress of the disease may be controlled, and the prognosis may be improved if glucocorticoid pulse therapy combined with gamma globulin injection is used as soon as possible.

目的:我们报告两例急性坏死性脑病(ANE),急性发作,多种临床表现。方法:患者资料来源于滨州医科大学附属滨州医院病历。收集分析2例患者的临床症状、实验室检查、神经影像学、治疗及预后。结果:我们报告了2例急性发作的成人ANE患者。第一个症状是发烧,接着是中枢神经系统受损的症状和迹象。患者分别感染单纯疱疹病毒和流感病毒。脑磁共振成像主要表现为双侧丘脑“三层结构”混合信号。第一个病人死亡。根据第1例患者的诊治经验,结合文献复习,第2例患者立即采用糖皮质激素脉冲治疗联合丙种球蛋白注射治疗。患者病情得到控制,预后良好。结论:本研究描述了成人ANE的临床症状、实验室检查、神经影像学证据和治疗经验。我们认为,如果尽早采用糖皮质激素脉冲治疗联合丙种球蛋白注射,病情进展可能得到控制,预后可能得到改善。
{"title":"Clinical Experience in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy.","authors":"Mei-Ling Wang,&nbsp;Rui Liu,&nbsp;Li-Mei Zhang,&nbsp;Bin Zhao,&nbsp;Rui Jia,&nbsp;Yang Zhao,&nbsp;Ya-Lin Xi,&nbsp;Jing-Xia Ma,&nbsp;He Ma","doi":"10.1159/000524955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We report two cases diagnosed as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) with acute onset and various clinical manifestations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The patients' data were obtained from the medical records of the Binzhou Medical University Hospital in Binzhou, China. The clinical symptoms, laboratory examination, neuroimaging, treatment, and prognosis of the 2 patients were collected and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report 2 adult ANE patients with acute onset. The first symptom was fever, followed by symptoms and signs of damage to the central nervous system. The patients were infected with herpes simplex virus and influenza virus, respectively. The main manifestation on brain magnetic resonance imaging was a mixed-signal of a \"three-layer structure\" in the bilateral thalamus. The first patient died. Based on the experience of the diagnosis and treatment of the first patient, combined with a review of the literature, the second patient was immediately treated with glucocorticoid pulse therapy combined with gamma globulin injection. This patient's condition was controlled, and the prognosis was good.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study describes the clinical symptoms, laboratory examination, neuroimaging evidence, and treatment experience of ANE in adults. We believe that the progress of the disease may be controlled, and the prognosis may be improved if glucocorticoid pulse therapy combined with gamma globulin injection is used as soon as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"29 4","pages":"468-475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10743757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Infected Lungs and Brain Interface in COVID-19: The Impact on Cognitive Function. COVID-19感染的肺和脑界面:对认知功能的影响
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000526653
Larissa Joaquim, Amanda Della Giustina, Richard Simon Machado, Kiuanne Lino Lobo Metzker, Sandra Bonfante, Lucineia Gainski Danielski, Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim, Fabricia Petronilho

Many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-recovered patients report signs and symptoms and are experiencing neurological, psychiatric, and cognitive problems. However, the exact prevalence and outcome of cognitive sequelae is unclear. Even though the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has target brain cells through binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in acute infection, several studies indicate the absence of the virus in the brain of many COVID-19 patients who developed neurological disorders. Thus, the COVID-19 mechanisms for stimulating cognitive dysfunction may include neuroinflammation, which is mediated by a sustained systemic inflammation, a disrupted brain barrier, and severe glial reactiveness, especially within the limbic system. This review explores the interplay of infected lungs and brain in COVID-19 and its impact on the cognitive function.

许多2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)康复的患者报告了体征和症状,并出现了神经、精神和认知问题。然而,认知后遗症的确切患病率和结果尚不清楚。尽管在急性感染中,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2通过与血管紧张素转换酶2 (ACE2)受体结合而靶向脑细胞,但一些研究表明,许多出现神经系统疾病的COVID-19患者的大脑中没有病毒。因此,COVID-19刺激认知功能障碍的机制可能包括神经炎症,这是由持续的全身性炎症、脑屏障破坏和严重的神经胶质反应介导的,特别是在边缘系统内。本文探讨了COVID-19感染的肺和脑的相互作用及其对认知功能的影响。
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引用次数: 2
1st European Psychoneuroimmunology Network (EPN) Autumn School: Lung-Brain Axis in Health and Disease. 第一届欧洲心理神经免疫学网络(EPN)秋季学校:健康和疾病中的肺-脑轴
IF 2.2 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1159/000526694
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引用次数: 0
Presence of TSHR in NK Cells and Action of TSH on NK Cells. NK细胞中TSHR的存在及其对NK细胞的作用。
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-13 DOI: 10.1159/000516925
Qingqing Yang, Jingyi Li, Chunjia Kou, Li Zhang, Xiansheng Wang, Yu Long, Jiajia Ni, Shuqi Li, Haiqing Zhang

Introduction: Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is widely expressed in human tissues and cells. TSHR is not only involved in thyroid disease but also in the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network. However, no study has exclusively focused on the expression and function of TSHR in natural killer (NK) cells.

Methods: We studied TSHR expression using reverse transcription PCR to verify TSHR mRNA transcripts in human and mouse NK cells. Human and mouse thyroid and liver tissues as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or spleen lymphoid cells (SLCs) were used as controls. The TSHR protein levels in NK-92 cells were determined by immunofluorescence staining. The function of TSHR in NK cells was investigated by measuring the TSH-stimulated cAMP levels.

Results: TSHR mRNA was detected in human and mouse NK cells as well as in NK-92 cells and had the same sequence as that of thyroid-derived, PBMC-derived, and liver-derived mRNA. The TSHR protein was also expressed in the cell membrane of NK-92 cells. Furthermore, the cAMP levels in NK-92 cells were significantly higher after adding 102 mIU/mL of bovine TSH at p < 0.05, which stimulated cAMP production in NK-92 cells.

Conclusions: Our findings confirm that TSHR is present and functional in NK cells and provide key clues for the potential regulatory effects of TSH on TSHR in NK cells in the immune system.

促甲状腺激素受体(Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, TSHR)广泛表达于人体组织和细胞中。TSHR不仅参与甲状腺疾病,还参与神经内分泌免疫调节网络。然而,目前还没有专门研究TSHR在自然杀伤细胞(NK)中的表达和功能。方法:采用反转录PCR方法研究TSHR在人和小鼠NK细胞中的表达,验证TSHR mRNA转录物。以人和小鼠甲状腺和肝脏组织以及外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)或脾脏淋巴样细胞(SLCs)作为对照。免疫荧光染色法检测NK-92细胞中TSHR蛋白水平。通过测量tsh刺激的cAMP水平,研究NK细胞TSHR的功能。结果:在人和小鼠NK细胞以及NK-92细胞中均检测到TSHR mRNA,其序列与甲状腺源性、pbmc源性和肝源性mRNA序列相同。NK-92细胞的细胞膜中也有TSHR蛋白的表达。添加102 mIU/mL牛TSH后,NK-92细胞cAMP水平显著升高(p < 0.05),促进了NK-92细胞cAMP的生成。结论:我们的研究结果证实了TSHR在NK细胞中存在并起作用,并为TSH在免疫系统中对NK细胞中TSHR的潜在调节作用提供了关键线索。
{"title":"Presence of TSHR in NK Cells and Action of TSH on NK Cells.","authors":"Qingqing Yang,&nbsp;Jingyi Li,&nbsp;Chunjia Kou,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Xiansheng Wang,&nbsp;Yu Long,&nbsp;Jiajia Ni,&nbsp;Shuqi Li,&nbsp;Haiqing Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000516925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000516925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is widely expressed in human tissues and cells. TSHR is not only involved in thyroid disease but also in the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network. However, no study has exclusively focused on the expression and function of TSHR in natural killer (NK) cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied TSHR expression using reverse transcription PCR to verify TSHR mRNA transcripts in human and mouse NK cells. Human and mouse thyroid and liver tissues as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or spleen lymphoid cells (SLCs) were used as controls. The TSHR protein levels in NK-92 cells were determined by immunofluorescence staining. The function of TSHR in NK cells was investigated by measuring the TSH-stimulated cAMP levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TSHR mRNA was detected in human and mouse NK cells as well as in NK-92 cells and had the same sequence as that of thyroid-derived, PBMC-derived, and liver-derived mRNA. The TSHR protein was also expressed in the cell membrane of NK-92 cells. Furthermore, the cAMP levels in NK-92 cells were significantly higher after adding 102 mIU/mL of bovine TSH at p < 0.05, which stimulated cAMP production in NK-92 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings confirm that TSHR is present and functional in NK cells and provide key clues for the potential regulatory effects of TSH on TSHR in NK cells in the immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"29 1","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39322492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Neurofilament Light Chain Determination: Referee for Future Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis? 神经丝轻链测定:多发性硬化症患者补充维生素D3的参考依据?
IF 2.4 4区 医学 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000521266
Hans-Klaus Goischke
{"title":"Neurofilament Light Chain Determination: Referee for Future Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis?","authors":"Hans-Klaus Goischke","doi":"10.1159/000521266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000521266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19133,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"29 4","pages":"520-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10391628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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Neuroimmunomodulation
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