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AI generation of rage bait: Implications for digital harms AI一代的愤怒诱饵:对数字危害的影响
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251400675
Rob Cover
With the increasing use of generative AI tools to enhance engagement on social media platforms, we are beginning to see AI-generated content contributing to digital harms, including particularly online abuse. Drawing on digital ethnography case studies, this article investigates the emergence of AI-generated ‘rage bait’ content, a severe form of trolling attempting to invoke users into adversity and outrage. AI-generated rage bait differs from other rage baiting because no human actor is involved in its creation or initial distribution. Case study examples of rage bait posts generated by AI tools are analysed. The article theorises the cultural causality of AI-generated rage bait and other digital harms, discussing how AI tools draw on extant datasets, practices and norms to further embed rage in the digital ecology. The article discusses some of the cultural and policy implications of digital harms originating from AI generators and provides a roadmap for further study.
随着越来越多地使用生成人工智能工具来增强社交媒体平台的参与度,我们开始看到人工智能生成的内容造成了数字危害,特别是在线滥用。借助数字人种学案例研究,本文调查了人工智能生成的“愤怒诱饵”内容的出现,这是一种试图让用户陷入困境和愤怒的严重形式。ai生成的愤怒诱饵不同于其他愤怒诱饵,因为它的创造或初始分发不涉及人类演员。分析了人工智能工具生成的愤怒诱饵帖子的案例研究示例。本文将人工智能产生的愤怒诱饵和其他数字危害的文化因果关系理论化,讨论了人工智能工具如何利用现有的数据集、实践和规范,进一步将愤怒嵌入数字生态。本文讨论了源自人工智能生成器的数字危害的一些文化和政策影响,并为进一步研究提供了路线图。
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引用次数: 0
Misreading uncivil and intolerant anti-immigration content in digital spheres: The role of recent online perpetration 误读数字领域中不文明和不宽容的反移民内容:近期网络犯罪的作用
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251401865
Stephanie Bührer, Kevin Koban, Jörg Matthes
Online hostility has become increasingly common in digital public spaces, often to the detriment of marginalized groups. While prior research distinguishes between incivility and intolerance, little is known about whether users can recognize these forms as conceptually distinct. Moreover, the roles of prior digital hate perpetration and national context in shaping such perceptions remain unclear. This cross-national survey ( N = 4041; Austria, France, Hungary, and Sweden) addresses these gaps. Participants rated uncivil anti-immigration content not only as more uncivil but also as more intolerant than explicitly intolerant content, indicating an alarming misreading of exclusionary messages. Recent perpetration was associated with weaker recognition of incivility and intolerance, as well as reduced differentiation between content types, suggesting desensitization and blurred perceptual boundaries. The findings were consistent across countries, indicating that these mechanisms transcend national contexts. Strengthening users’ ability to recognize subtle exclusionary rhetoric is essential to counter its normalization in public spheres.
网络上的敌意在数字公共空间变得越来越普遍,往往对边缘群体造成损害。虽然之前的研究区分了不礼貌和不宽容,但人们对用户是否能认识到这些形式在概念上是不同的知之甚少。此外,之前的数字仇恨行为和国家背景在形成这种观念方面的作用仍不清楚。这项跨国调查(N = 4041;奥地利、法国、匈牙利和瑞典)解决了这些差距。参与者认为不文明的反移民内容不仅更不文明,而且比明确的不宽容内容更不宽容,这表明对排斥性信息的误读令人担忧。最近的犯罪行为与对不文明和不宽容的认识较弱以及内容类型之间的差异减少有关,表明脱敏和模糊的感知边界。研究结果在各个国家都是一致的,表明这些机制超越了国家背景。加强用户识别微妙的排他性言辞的能力对于抵制其在公共领域的正常化至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Young women’s perceptions of cooperative privacy threats through the lens of abortion in the United States 从美国堕胎的角度看年轻女性对合作隐私威胁的看法
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251403196
Gwen Petro, Amy L Gonzales
Privacy scholars have posited that institutional privacy threats arouse more uncertainty than social privacy threats, though research examining different types of privacy threats side-by-side is limited. This research uses the repeal of federal protection for abortion in the United States as a case study to explore reactions to these different threats. Moreover, by separately considering corporations and the state, we inductively examine beliefs about the flows of information and resulting power dynamics between individuals (horizontal) and multiple institutions (vertical). Data from interviews with 45 young women in California and Indiana revealed that privacy threats from institutions—especially the state—were perceived as more uncertain, and that these various threats were seen as intertwined. We present the construct of cooperative privacy threats to highlight the lack of boundaries between privacy threats, which often amplifies the risks they pose. Our findings elaborate on online privacy theory and may inform future privacy-preserving policy and technology design.
隐私学者认为,制度隐私威胁比社会隐私威胁引起更多的不确定性,尽管对不同类型的隐私威胁进行并行研究的研究有限。本研究以美国废除对堕胎的联邦保护为例,探讨人们对这些不同威胁的反应。此外,通过单独考虑公司和国家,我们归纳地考察了个人(横向)和多个机构(纵向)之间关于信息流动和由此产生的权力动态的信念。对加利福尼亚州和印第安纳州45名年轻女性的采访数据显示,来自机构(尤其是州政府)的隐私威胁被认为更不确定,而且这些不同的威胁被认为是交织在一起的。我们提出合作隐私威胁的构造,以突出隐私威胁之间缺乏边界,这往往会放大其所带来的风险。我们的研究结果详细阐述了网络隐私理论,并可能为未来的隐私保护政策和技术设计提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Artificially alive: An exploration of AI resurrections and spectral labor modes in a postmortal society 人工生命:人类社会中人工智能复活和光谱劳动模式的探索
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251397518
Tom Divon, Christian Pentzold
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is widely regarded as a transformative force, reshaping our understanding of both life and death. One experimental frontier is its ability to recreate deceased human beings. Our article explores this nascent GenAI application situated at the threshold of existence. We analyze 50 cases from the United States, Europe, the Near East, and East Asia and distill three principal modes of AI resurrections: (1) Spectacularization, the public re-staging of iconic deceased cultural figures via immersive recreations for entertainment spectacle; (2) Sociopoliticization, the re-invoking of victims of violence in political or commemorative contexts, often as posthumous testimonies; and (3) Mundanization, the everyday revival of loved ones, allowing users to interact with the deceased through chatbots or synthetic media. To engage with the underlying industry that capitalizes on digital remains, we introduce the notion of spectral labor, in which the dead become involuntary sources of data, likeness, and affect that are extracted, circulated, and monetized without their consent. We argue that the use of GenAI to animate the deceased raises urgent legal and ethical questions around posthumous appropriation, ownership, work, and control.
生成式人工智能(GenAI)被广泛认为是一种变革力量,重塑了我们对生命和死亡的理解。一个实验前沿是它能够再造死者。我们的文章探讨了这个处于存在门槛的新兴GenAI应用程序。我们分析了来自美国、欧洲、近东和东亚的50个案例,并从中提炼出人工智能复活的三种主要模式:(1)奇观化,即通过沉浸式娱乐景观再现标志性已故文化人物的公共舞台;(2)社会政治化,在政治或纪念背景下重新援引暴力受害者的证词,通常作为死后证词;(3)平民化,即亲人的日常复活,允许用户通过聊天机器人或合成媒体与死者互动。为了与利用数字遗骸的潜在产业合作,我们引入了光谱劳动的概念,在这个概念中,死者成为非自愿的数据、肖像和影响的来源,这些数据、肖像和影响在未经他们同意的情况下被提取、传播和货币化。我们认为,使用GenAI来激活死者提出了关于死后挪用、所有权、工作和控制的紧迫的法律和伦理问题。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of online harassment on trust: Survey evidence from Denmark and Norway 网络骚扰对信任的影响:来自丹麦和挪威的调查证据
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251401170
Audun Fladmoe, Marjan Nadim
Online harassment is shown to have democratic consequences by limiting freedom of expression, disrupting public discourse, reinforcing prejudice and hostility, and creating barriers for online participation. However, there has been less attention to how online harassment relates to trust, which is a key component of well-functioning democracies. This study investigates the relationship between experiences with online harassment and different forms of social and institutional (media and governmental) trust. The analyses utilize survey panel data from Denmark and Norway, two high-trust societies. Findings indicate that online harassment, especially group-based harassment, negatively correlates with all forms of trust, with the most significant panel effects observed on governmental trust and trust in social media (Facebook), which are both institutions that regulate speech. The study contributes to the research literature by shedding light on how various types of online harassment influence different aspects of trust.
通过限制言论自由、扰乱公共话语、强化偏见和敌意以及为在线参与设置障碍,网络骚扰已被证明具有民主后果。然而,人们很少关注网络骚扰与信任之间的关系,而信任是运转良好的民主制度的关键组成部分。本研究探讨网络骚扰经历与不同形式的社会和机构(媒体和政府)信任之间的关系。这些分析利用了来自丹麦和挪威这两个高信任度社会的调查小组数据。研究结果表明,网络骚扰,尤其是基于群体的骚扰,与所有形式的信任呈负相关,在政府信任和对社交媒体(Facebook)的信任上观察到的面板效应最为显著,这两个机构都是监管言论的机构。该研究通过揭示各种类型的网络骚扰如何影响信任的不同方面,为研究文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Not the average user: A latent profile analysis of privacy protection appraisals in targeted advertising 不是普通用户:针对定向广告中隐私保护评估的潜在概况分析
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251393913
Laurent H Wang, Dina Naji Arch, Miriam J Metzger
Drawing from protection motivation theory (PMT), this study explored subgroups of Internet users based on their patterns of privacy threat and coping appraisals (i.e. perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost) in the context of targeted advertising. A latent profile analysis using a nationally-representative sample of US adults revealed three meaningful subgroups: Privacy-Optimistic, Privacy-Cautious, and Privacy-Balanced. These profiles differed in privacy protection intention, with Privacy-Cautious individuals reporting the highest intention, followed by Privacy-Balanced and Privacy-Optimistic individuals. In addition, higher perceived surveillance was associated with higher odds of being in the Privacy-Cautious and Privacy-Balanced (vs Privacy-Optimistic) profiles. Higher privacy powerlessness was also associated with higher odds of being in the Privacy-Cautious (vs Privacy-Optimistic) profile. Findings theoretically extend PMT and previous privacy research by highlighting the heterogeneity in users’ online privacy appraisals, and practically inform more tailored intervention and message designs.
本研究借鉴保护动机理论(PMT),探讨了定向广告背景下互联网用户的隐私威胁和应对评估模式(即感知严重性、感知脆弱性、感知利益、自我效能、反应效能和反应成本)。一项使用具有全国代表性的美国成年人样本的潜在剖面分析显示了三个有意义的亚组:隐私乐观型、隐私谨慎型和隐私平衡型。这些个体在隐私保护意愿上存在差异,隐私谨慎型个体报告的意愿最高,其次是隐私平衡型个体和隐私乐观型个体。此外,更高的监控感知与更高的隐私谨慎和隐私平衡(相对于隐私乐观)的可能性相关。更高的隐私无力感也与更高的隐私谨慎(相对于隐私乐观)的几率相关。研究结果通过突出用户在线隐私评估的异质性,在理论上扩展了PMT和以往的隐私研究,并在实践中为更有针对性的干预和信息设计提供了信息。
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引用次数: 0
Ethical conundrums: Hacked data in the study of far-right violent extremism 伦理难题:研究极右翼暴力极端主义的黑客数据
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251399640
Lise Waldek, Brian Ballsun-Stanton, Muhammad Iqbal, David Kernot, Debra Smith
Ethical conduct in digital research is full of grey areas. Disciplinary, institutional and individual norms and conventions developed to support research are challenged, often leaving scholars with a sense of unease or lack of clarity. The growing availability of hacked data is one area. Discussions and debates around the use of these datasets in research are extremely limited. Reviews of the history, culture or morality of the act of hacking are topics that have attracted some scholarly attention. However, how to undertake research with this data is less examined and provides an opportunity for the generation of reflexive ethical practice. This article presents a case study outlining the ethical debates that arose when considering the use of hacked data to examine online far-right violent extremism. It argues that under certain circumstances, researchers can do ethical research with hacked data. However, to do so, we must proactively and continually engage deeply with ethical quandaries and dilemmas.
数字研究中的道德行为充满了灰色地带。为支持研究而制定的学科、机构和个人规范和惯例受到挑战,常常使学者感到不安或缺乏清晰度。黑客数据越来越多的可用性是一个领域。关于在研究中使用这些数据集的讨论和辩论非常有限。回顾黑客行为的历史、文化或道德是吸引一些学者关注的话题。然而,如何利用这些数据进行研究却很少被检查,并为产生反思性伦理实践提供了机会。本文提出了一个案例研究,概述了在考虑使用黑客数据来检查在线极右翼暴力极端主义时出现的伦理辩论。它认为,在某些情况下,研究人员可以使用黑客数据进行道德研究。然而,要做到这一点,我们必须积极地、持续地深入处理道德困境和困境。
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引用次数: 0
‘Influence’ in the (post-)digital age: Girls’ experiences of online influencer culture (后)数字时代的“影响”:女孩对网络影响者文化的体验
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251392918
Emily Setty, Robyn Muir, Rosie Macpherson
This paper examines how girls aged 9–15 engage with online influencer culture, focusing on interplays between digital and non-digital normative ecologies. Drawing on school-based workshops, we explore tensions between authenticity, normative ideals and self-presentation in girls’ interactions with influencers. Participants expressed agency in content consumption alongside pressures to conform, shaped by social interactions online and offline. We argue that influencer culture perpetuates dominant femininity norms through reciprocal dynamics between influencers and audiences. Girls navigated this terrain ambivalently, often endorsing authenticity and diversity while feeling constrained by normative expectations. We propose a post-digital literacy framework to conceptualise girls’ critically engagements with influence as part of everyday life, highlighting implications for education and digital practice.
本文研究了9-15岁的女孩如何参与网络影响者文化,重点关注数字和非数字规范生态之间的相互作用。借助以学校为基础的研讨会,我们探索了女孩与影响者互动中真实性、规范性理想和自我表现之间的紧张关系。参与者在内容消费方面表现出能动性,同时也受到线上和线下社交互动的影响,承受着顺从的压力。我们认为,影响者文化通过影响者和受众之间的相互动态,使占主导地位的女性规范永久化。女孩们在这个问题上很矛盾,她们常常支持真实性和多样性,同时又觉得自己受到规范期望的约束。我们提出了一个后数字扫盲框架,将女孩批判性地参与影响作为日常生活的一部分进行概念化,强调对教育和数字实践的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Reconceptualising political influencers: An alternative means of definition and analysis 重新定义政治影响者:另一种定义和分析方法
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251395272
Elizabeth Dubois, Katharine Dommett
Recent interest in online political influencers has resulted in an array of competing definitions of who counts as a political influencer. Contending the value of a more porous and resilient definition able to recognise a spectrum of online political influence, we interrogate scholarship on opinion leadership, influentials, micro-celebrities, and social media influencer studies to reveal a range of identifying traits that can characterise different types of political influencers. Introducing a new approach to categorising these varied manifestations, we discuss six key attributes: personalised communication, compensation, audience size, political topical focus, control, and formal political role. Showing how this approach can be deployed to capture different manifestations of political influencers, we aim to build understanding that is resilient to change over time and that can support comparative empirical work.
最近对网络政治影响者的兴趣导致了一系列关于谁是政治影响者的相互竞争的定义。我们对意见领袖、影响者、微名人和社交媒体影响者研究方面的学术研究进行了调查,以揭示一系列可以表征不同类型政治影响者的识别特征。引入一种新的方法对这些不同的表现进行分类,我们讨论了六个关键属性:个性化沟通、补偿、受众规模、政治话题焦点、控制和正式的政治角色。通过展示如何利用这种方法来捕捉政治影响者的不同表现形式,我们的目标是建立一种能够适应时间变化的理解,并支持比较实证工作。
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引用次数: 0
Utilizing information communication technologies (ICTs) during the process of disaffiliating from the ultra-Orthodox community 在脱离极端正统社区的过程中利用信息通信技术(ict)
IF 5 1区 文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1177/14614448251393375
Yossi David, Baruch Shomron
The ultra-Orthodox community is characterized by high levels of commitment to community and religion and insulation from the outside world. Leaving such a community resembles the process of migration, in which the individual encounters new cultures, norms, and behaviors. This presents challenges with integration and disaffiliated community members do indeed often lack the tools, skills, and knowledge to successfully integrate into their new societies. Through qualitative in-depth interviews, we examine the role of information communication technologies (ICTs) and media in the processes of disaffiliation from ultra-Orthodox communities. Findings reveal the enablers and constraints these individuals experience in their journey and shed light on the importance of media and ICTs in individuals’ attempts to build new lives outside the ultra-Orthodox community. This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of media and ICTs in the lives of people undergoing major life changes, such as disaffiliation from the ultra-Orthodox community.
极端正统派社区的特点是对社区和宗教的高度承诺,与外界隔绝。离开这样一个社区类似于移民的过程,在这个过程中,个人会遇到新的文化、规范和行为。这给整合带来了挑战,脱离社区的成员确实经常缺乏成功融入新社会的工具、技能和知识。透过深度访谈,我们检视资讯通讯科技(ict)与媒体在脱离极端正统社群的过程中所扮演的角色。调查结果揭示了这些人在他们的旅程中所经历的促成因素和制约因素,并揭示了媒体和信息通信技术在个人试图在极端正统社区之外建立新生活中的重要性。这项研究有助于更好地理解媒体和信息通信技术在经历重大生活变化(如脱离极端正统社区)的人们的生活中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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New Media & Society
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