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Traversing the Temporal Borderlands of Shakespeare 穿越莎士比亚时代的边界
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0028
Ruben W. Espinosa
Abstract:This essay seeks to disrupt temporal distance to consider what an Anzaldúan perspective of Shakespeare contributes to the powerful conversations that premodern critical race studies have engendered. By drawing on what I term the temporal borderlands of Shakespeare—a borderlands rich with varied critical approaches and cultural products from which to consider the boundaries of periodization that demarcate, define, and inform strategies of race making—I offer an intervention that unsettles the critical frameworks that have, for far too long, reinforced the white rage and linguistic violence that sustain Shakespeare's white capital.
摘要:本文试图打破时间距离,思考莎士比亚的安扎杜视角对前现代批判性种族研究所产生的强有力的对话有何贡献。通过借鉴我所说的莎士比亚的时间边界——一个充满了各种批评方法和文化产品的边界,从中可以考虑划分、定义和告知种族形成策略的分期界限——我提供了一种干预,这种干预扰乱了长期以来一直存在的批评框架,强化了白人的愤怒和语言暴力,这些都支撑着莎士比亚的白人资本。
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引用次数: 1
Coloring the Past, Considerations on Our Future: RaceB4Race 涂色过去,思考我们的未来:种族
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0018
Margo Hendricks
Abstract:This essay is not one i thought to write when asked to contribute to this issue. My expectation was that I would submit a simple revision of "Coloring the Past, Rewriting Our Future: RaceB4Race" (the keynote lecture from which this paper emerges), only along scholarly lines. Yet, as history has long proven, what people intend and what they actually produce may be very different. I now find myself in a different writing space and less wedded to academic rhetoric. This essay, then, is a thought piece, a forward-facing reflection on the public humanities. It is also autobiographical in certain respects, since I am an academic who once struggled to find a place within the academy but no longer do. Thus, this meditation/mediation has two parts. Part One is retrospective: a look back at my place in an effort to decolonize my professional relationship to the academy and the discipline where my intellectual efforts are housed, the field of early modern English literature and culture (where I once landed not fully by choice). Part Two is a letter to and for Black, Indigenous, Peoples of Color (BIPOC) colleagues and allies.
摘要:这篇文章并不是我被邀请为这个问题投稿时想写的。我的期望是,我将提交一份简单的修订“着色过去,重写我们的未来:RaceB4Race”(这篇论文的主题演讲),只是沿着学术路线。然而,正如历史早已证明的那样,人们的意图和他们实际生产的东西可能非常不同。现在我发现自己在一个不同的写作空间,不那么拘泥于学术修辞。因此,这篇文章是一篇思想文章,是对公共人文学科的前瞻性反思。在某些方面,它也是自传体的,因为我是一名学者,曾经努力在学术界找到一个位置,但现在已经没有了。因此,这个冥想/冥想有两个部分。第一部分是回顾:回顾我的位置,努力去殖民化我与学院和学科的专业关系,这是我的智力成果所在,早期现代英国文学和文化领域(我曾经不是完全出于选择)。第二部分是致黑人、土著和有色人种(BIPOC)同事和盟友的一封信。
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引用次数: 5
Making Race in the Early Modern East Indies 近代早期东印度群岛的种族
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0024
S. Ng
Abstract:In the early modern East Indies new categories for race appeared, such as white Bengalis and Black Portuguese. European arrival placed a new emphasis on epidermal race to reconfigure older ethnic identifications. This essay examines three ways in which early modern race which was made at the faultlines of boundary shifts: ancient physiognomy inherited from the Arabs and its interaction with European notions of epidermal race centered on the Black/white binary; an intensifying emphasis on ethnic categories, both new and old, such as mestiço and "Chinese," which acquired additional layers of meaning; and, finally the emergence of "Malay" as a capacious category. Physiognomy's values shifted as it adapted to local contexts, but "white" was increasingly associated with Europeans, a Black/white color line divided Europeans from Southeast Asians. Evolving and contingent, racial projects arise from the distribution of resources. In Edmund Scott's An Exact Discourse of the Subtilties, Fashishions [sic], Policies, Religion, and Ceremonies of the East Indians (1606), trade competition and alliances in Banten, Java led to English racialization of some groups, such as the Chinese through anti-Semitic tropes, but not of the South Indian bureaucrats on whom they depended. Economic stakes thus produced racialization, but also, intriguingly, the absence of racialization. While the English drew racial boundaries, Malay became a flexible and capacious category that could integrate outsiders.
摘要:在现代东印度群岛早期,出现了新的种族分类,如孟加拉白人和葡萄牙黑人。欧洲人的到来将新的重点放在了表皮种族上,以重新配置旧的种族认同。本文考察了在边界断层线上形成的早期现代种族转变的三种方式:继承自阿拉伯人的古代相学及其与欧洲以黑人/白人二元为中心的表皮种族观念的相互作用;越来越强调新的和旧的民族类别,如mestiço和“Chinese”,它们获得了更多的意义层次;最后,“马来语”作为一个广阔的范畴出现了。生理学的价值观随着适应当地环境而发生了变化,但“白人”越来越多地与欧洲人联系在一起,这是一条将欧洲人与东南亚人区分开来的黑/白颜色线。种族项目的发展和偶然性源于资源的分配。埃德蒙·斯科特(Edmund Scott)的《东印度人的秘密、时尚、政策、宗教和仪式的精确论述》(1606年)中,爪哇万丹的贸易竞争和联盟导致了英国对一些群体的种族化,比如通过反犹太主义的比喻对中国人的种族化。因此,经济利害关系产生了种族化,但有趣的是,也没有种族化。虽然英国人划定了种族界限,但马来语成为了一个灵活而广阔的类别,可以融合外来者。
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引用次数: 1
Historiography, Periodization, and Race: Italy between Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Europe and Africa 史学、分期与种族:古代与中世纪之间的意大利、欧洲与非洲
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0022
Nicole Lopez‐Jantzen
Abstract:Periodization is inherently political and bound up with racial ideas. Following Kathleen Davis's model for the analysis of feudalism and secularism, this essay asks how race governs the politics of time. Understanding the racial logic behind the construction of Italian history in the premodern and modern periods can help us to understand and challenge those categories and logics, thereby destabilizing the ancient/medieval/modern divides. Older concepts of periodization in nineteenth- and twentieth-century historiography divided the ancient world from the Middle Ages, juxtaposing Romans with foreign barbarians as well as with Africans. This essay will first analyze the historiographical category of late antiquity, arguing that the construction of the Lombards, a post-Roman group who ruled much of Italy in the sixth- through eighth- centuries, played a fundamental role in Italian self-definition beginning in the nineteenth century. Finally, this essay examines the use of the concept of Romanitas (Roman-ness or romanità, or the political and cultural values spread by Romans throughout their empire) in modern Italian scholarship and politics to demonstrate that shifts in its conceptualization suggest that the desire to create a white Italian identity was tied to Europe and had devastating effects on those excluded.
摘要:年代化本质上是政治性的,与种族观念密切相关。本文遵循凯瑟琳·戴维斯(Kathleen Davis)分析封建主义和世俗主义的模式,探讨种族如何支配时代政治。理解前现代和现代时期意大利历史建构背后的种族逻辑,可以帮助我们理解和挑战这些类别和逻辑,从而动摇古代/中世纪/现代的分裂。在19世纪和20世纪的历史编纂中,较旧的分期概念将古代世界与中世纪分开,将罗马人与外国野蛮人以及非洲人并列。本文将首先分析古代晚期的史学范畴,论证伦巴第人(一个后罗马的群体,在六至八世纪统治了意大利的大部分地区)的建构在十九世纪开始的意大利自我定义中发挥了重要作用。最后,本文考察了罗马人(Romanitas)概念(romanness或romanit,或罗马人在其整个帝国中传播的政治和文化价值观)在现代意大利学术和政治中的使用,以证明其概念化的转变表明,创造一个白人意大利身份的愿望与欧洲联系在一起,并对那些被排除在外的人产生了毁灭性的影响。
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引用次数: 1
A Wrinkle in Medieval Time: Ironing out Issues Regarding Race, Temporality, and the Early English 《中世纪的皱纹:消除种族、时间性和早期英语的问题》
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0019
M. Rambaran-Olm
Abstract:The field of Early English studies (formerly Anglo-Saxon studies) is both founded on and operates within the parameters of white supremacy. Currently, the field is grappling with questions concerning who it represents, how it reflects on the world, and likewise the boundaries of the period. This analysis investigates the history of the field, surveys its periodization dates, and interrogates our diminished understanding of this time in early medieval history, due in part to the field's continued restrictiveness and insistence on preserving white heritage myths. While outlining the historiography of the field and the early English period, this paper also tackles the erasure or downplaying of Black historical figures and Black scholars in medieval studies. Primarily centering the works of Stuart Hall, Frantz Fanon, Toni Morrison, and a number of postcolonial theorists, this essay examines the field's restrictiveness, gatekeeping, and whiteness, which has fed into ethnonationalism and anti-Blackness. Ultimately, this piece explores the undercurrent of racism prevalent in Early English studies which continues to undermine its potential as a field to provide a deeper and more enriching understanding of the past.
摘要:早期英语研究领域(前身为盎格鲁撒克逊研究)既建立在白人至上主义的基础上,又在白人至上论的范围内运作。目前,该领域正在努力解决有关它代表谁、如何反映世界以及这个时期的界限的问题。这项分析调查了该领域的历史,调查了其分期日期,并质疑了我们在中世纪早期对这一时期的理解有所减少,部分原因是该领域对保护白人遗产神话的持续限制和坚持。在概述该领域和英国早期的史学的同时,本文还探讨了中世纪研究中对黑人历史人物和黑人学者的抹杀或淡化。本文主要以斯图尔特·霍尔(Stuart Hall)、弗兰茨·法农(Frantz Fanon)、托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison。最终,这篇文章探讨了早期英语研究中普遍存在的种族主义暗流,这继续削弱了它作为一个对过去有更深入、更丰富理解的领域的潜力。
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引用次数: 7
Race and Periodization: Introduction 种族与分期:简介
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0017
Urvashi Chakravarty, Ayanna Thompson
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引用次数: 3
Ill-Will as Racialized Affect: Early Modern Volition, Critical Race Theory, and Shakespearean Ill-Will 作为种族化情感的恶意:早期现代自愿、批判种族理论和莎士比亚的恶意
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2021.0026
Carol Mejia Laperle
Abstract:Seventeenth-century accounts of will are a fundamental part of race-making. By reading critical race theory's interventions alongside early modern accounts of volition, I reveal the implications of social contract theorists' consideration of will as a means to calibrate one's relationship to power. Embedded within these discourses is a fundamental, rather than circumstantial, disavowal of participation in the commonweal. I theorize this category of exclusion as "ill-will," a selectively essentialized category that does not require empirical evidence but is instead a pre-emptive anticipation of threat.Ill-will marks relational incompatibility, an abnormal volition, attributed to racialized subjects. As a racializing mechanism in the early modern period, ill-will precludes civic participation. The essay concludes with considerations of how these categories of preclusion inform William Shakespeare's representations of race. Performances of volition, along with affects that the history of will attaches to intention, desire, and ability, are crucial features of Shakespeare's representation of ill-will as a racialized affect.
摘要:17世纪关于遗嘱的记载是种族形成的基本组成部分。通过阅读批判性种族理论的干预以及早期现代对意志的描述,我揭示了社会契约理论家将意志视为校准一个人与权力关系的手段的含义。在这些话语中,嵌入了对参与公益的根本而非间接的否认。我将这种排斥类别理论化为“恶意”,这是一种选择性地本质化的类别,不需要经验证据,而是对威胁的先发制人的预期。恶意标志着关系不相容,这是一种不正常的意志,归因于种族化的主体。作为现代早期的一种种族化机制,恶意阻碍了公民的参与。文章最后考虑了这些排除类别如何影响威廉·莎士比亚对种族的描述。意志的表现,以及意志史对意图、欲望和能力的影响,是莎士比亚将恶意表现为种族化影响的关键特征。
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引用次数: 0
Recovering Franz Kafka's Asbestos Factory 恢复Franz Kafka的石棉工厂
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.0002
Arthur Rose
Abstract:This article recalls Franz Kafka's part ownership of the asbestos factory, Prague Asbestwerke Hermann & Co. to introduce two forms of literary recovery, exemplified by Alan Bennett's 1985 television play, The Insurance Man, and James Kelman's 1994 novel, How late it was, how late. Both works develop divergent politicized styles, based on their respective readings of Kafka's life and work. Rather than simply recuperating Kafka from this biographeme or damning him for it, they find the aesthetic means to represent the asbestos problem in the combination of Kafka's biography and writing, either by addressing the long tail of asbestos exposure or by focussing on the interiority of asbestos victims. Brought together, these approaches turn the recovery of Kafka's asbestos factory into a case for thinking about precarity, activism, compensation, and justice.
摘要:本文回顾了弗朗茨·卡夫卡在布拉格石棉工厂的部分所有权,介绍了两种形式的文学复苏,以艾伦·班尼特1985年的电视剧《保险人》和詹姆斯·凯尔曼1994年的小说《多么晚啊,多么晚啊》为代表。两部作品基于各自对卡夫卡生平和作品的解读,形成了不同的政治化风格。他们不是简单地将卡夫卡从这个传记中恢复,也不是为此诅咒他,而是通过解决石棉暴露的长尾问题,或者通过关注石棉受害者的内心,在卡夫卡的传记和写作的结合中找到了代表石棉问题的美学手段。这些方法结合在一起,将卡夫卡的石棉工厂的恢复变成了一个思考不稳定、激进主义、补偿和正义的案例。
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引用次数: 0
Postcritique and the Problem of the Lay Reader 后批判与外行读者的问题
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.0006
Tobias Skiveren
Abstract:This essay examines the figure of the lay reader in recent debates about critique and postcritique. It argues that an attachment to "lay reading" not only fuels the current emergence of countertrends to critical methodologies but also threatens the survival of such postcritical projects. The essay does so by demonstrating, first, how this attachment counterworks an elitist tendency in critical scholarship to regard such modes of reading—and those who value them—as politically dubious (e.g., Bruce Robbins). The essay then shows how this very same attachment also complicates the formulation of viable methodological alternatives to critique: In some cases, it entails a didactic of unschooling that strips literary critics of their status as academics (e.g., Elizabeth S. Anker and Cara L. Lewis); in others, it leads to generic accounts of reading that fail to provide distinct strategies for scholars specifically (e.g., Lucas Thomson and Toril Moi). On this basis, the essay calls for the postcritical project to loosen its attachment to the figure of the lay reader and look to neighboring fields for other ways of moving beyond critique, like, for instance, the current resurgence of Spinozian ethics in affect studies.
摘要:本文考察了在最近关于批判和后写作的辩论中,外行读者的形象。它认为,对“外行阅读”的依恋不仅助长了当前对关键方法论的反趋势的出现,而且威胁到这些关键后项目的生存。这篇文章首先展示了这种依恋是如何对抗批判性学术中的精英主义倾向的,即认为这种阅读模式——以及那些重视它们的人——在政治上是可疑的(例如布鲁斯·罗宾斯)。然后,这篇文章展示了同样的依恋如何也使批判的可行方法论替代方案的制定变得复杂:在某些情况下,它包含了一种非学校教育的说教,剥夺了文学评论家的学术地位(例如,伊丽莎白·S·安克和卡拉·L·刘易斯);在另一些情况下,它导致了对阅读的一般描述,而这些描述并不能为学者提供特定的策略(例如Lucas Thomson和Toril Moi)。在此基础上,本文呼吁后批判项目放松对非专业读者形象的依恋,并将目光投向邻近领域,寻找超越批判的其他方式,例如,当前Spinozian伦理学在情感研究中的复兴。
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引用次数: 3
Intricate Intimacies: Reading the Transatlantic Queer in Dinaw Mengestu's All Our Names 错综复杂的亲密关系:读迪诺·门格斯图的《我们所有的名字》中的跨大西洋同性恋
IF 0.9 2区 文学 0 LITERATURE Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2022.0003
Cajetan Iheka
Abstract:In Dinaw Mengestu's dual first-person narrative All Our Names (2014), narrator Isaac recounts his departure from a conflict-ridden Ethiopia to Uganda, where he meets the original Isaac from whom he takes the name and passport that eventually enable him to escape from a tumultuous Uganda to the United States. Once in the U.S., the newly minted narrator Isaac begins a romantic relationship with the second narrator, Helen, a white social worker, who assists him on arrival. In the 1970s setting of the novel, narrator Isaac and Helen's interracial romance is fraught, and the text is attentive to the racist complications that the couple face, reminding readers that Africa is unexceptional in the perpetration of violence against Black people. In charting geographies of unfreedom that stretch from Uganda to the United States, Mengestu's novel challenges the overdetermination of African spaces as sites of barbarity and violence. Linking the African space to the American context is the obvious romance between narrator Isaac and Helen, but the novel encodes a more cryptic relationship as well. Mengestu orchestrates interlocking triangles of desire: first with narrator Isaac, the original Isaac, and Joseph, their benefactor in Uganda, and later with Helen, narrator Isaac, and the original Isaac, from whom the narrator derives his travel documents and new identity. As I argue, at the heart of Mengestu's textualization of transcontinental geographies of unfreedom for Black people is a queer script that articulates a repressive infrastructure and repressed desires. Extending the queer archive in African literary criticism and intervening in the reading debate, I read Mengestu's depiction of intricate intimacies as a lesson for recalibrating reading practices against binaries and in praise of queer assemblages of disparate methods as text and context demand.
摘要:在迪瑙·门格斯图的双重第一人称叙事小说《我们的名字》(2014)中,叙述者以撒讲述了他从冲突不断的埃塞俄比亚前往乌干达的故事,在那里他遇到了原来的以撒,他从以撒那里得到了这个名字和护照,最终使他能够从动荡的乌干达逃到美国。一到美国,新来的叙述者艾萨克和第二个叙述者海伦开始了一段浪漫的关系,海伦是一名白人社会工作者,在他到达时帮助他。小说的背景设定在20世纪70年代,叙述者艾萨克和海伦的跨种族爱情充满了忧虑,文章也关注了这对夫妇面临的种族主义复杂问题,提醒读者非洲对黑人的暴力行为并不罕见。孟格斯图的小说描绘了从乌干达延伸到美国的不自由地区,挑战了将非洲空间视为野蛮和暴力场所的过度认定。将非洲空间与美国背景联系起来的是叙述者艾萨克和海伦之间明显的浪漫关系,但小说也编码了一种更神秘的关系。门格斯图精心安排了相互关联的三角形欲望:首先是叙述者以撒,原来的以撒,和约瑟夫,他们在乌干达的恩人,后来是海伦,叙述者以撒,和原来的以撒,叙述者从他那里得到了旅行证件和新的身份。正如我所说,孟格斯图对黑人不自由的跨洲地理的文本化的核心是一个酷儿剧本,它阐明了压抑的基础设施和被压抑的欲望。扩展非洲文学批评中的酷儿档案,介入阅读辩论,我读了Mengestu对错综复杂的亲密关系的描述,作为重新校准阅读实践的教训,反对二元对立,并赞扬文本和上下文要求的不同方法的酷儿组合。
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引用次数: 1
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New Literary History
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