Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.1885454
Cohen Stewart, Erin Garrick, M. McDougall, Zane N. Moss
ABSTRACT New Zealand’s native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and endemic longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) have been negatively affected by wetland habitat loss. However, in Southland, open water wetland habitat has been created by hunters in the form of waterfowl hunting wetlands (duck ponds), habitat which can be utilised by eels. The aim of this study was to estimate the number and biomass of eels supported by Southland duck ponds to highlight the value of hunter-created wetlands as eel habitat. Eel population surveys were conducted in 56 duck ponds located on private agricultural land across Southland. Shortfin eels were found in 28 ponds with an average population size of 22 and biomass of 9.3 kg. Longfin eels were found in 26 ponds with an average population size of nine and biomass of 7.6 kg. Estimates indicate there are 7,013 ± (1761) duck ponds in Southland and they collectively support 36,000 shortfin eels weighing 15,500 kg and 60,000 longfin eels weighing 53,000 kg. Results from this study show that duck hunting ponds are utilised by shortfin and longfin eels.
{"title":"Waterfowl hunting wetlands as habitat for two New Zealand eel species","authors":"Cohen Stewart, Erin Garrick, M. McDougall, Zane N. Moss","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.1885454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.1885454","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT New Zealand’s native shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and endemic longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) have been negatively affected by wetland habitat loss. However, in Southland, open water wetland habitat has been created by hunters in the form of waterfowl hunting wetlands (duck ponds), habitat which can be utilised by eels. The aim of this study was to estimate the number and biomass of eels supported by Southland duck ponds to highlight the value of hunter-created wetlands as eel habitat. Eel population surveys were conducted in 56 duck ponds located on private agricultural land across Southland. Shortfin eels were found in 28 ponds with an average population size of 22 and biomass of 9.3 kg. Longfin eels were found in 26 ponds with an average population size of nine and biomass of 7.6 kg. Estimates indicate there are 7,013 ± (1761) duck ponds in Southland and they collectively support 36,000 shortfin eels weighing 15,500 kg and 60,000 longfin eels weighing 53,000 kg. Results from this study show that duck hunting ponds are utilised by shortfin and longfin eels.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"49 1","pages":"67 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2021.1885454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44394739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1858880
J. Banks, L. Kelly, R. Falleiros, J. Rojahn, R. Gabrielsson, J. Clapcott
ABSTRACT We assessed the usefulness of environmental DNA (eDNA) for monitoring the introduced pest fish Gambusia affinis by filtering water samples from streams in the Nelson and Tasman regions, South Island, New Zealand, known to contain G. affinis, and from streams where G. affinis were absent. We used the Smith Root DNA sampler backpack with two types of filters (1.2 and 5 µm pores), to filter water and capture eDNA, and used quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to measure the amount of G. affinis DNA collected by the two filter sizes. We also used high throughput (Illumina MiSeq) sequencing (HTS) to detect G. affinis. Results from the two PCR methods and the high throughput sequencing were compared to hand net counts of G. affinis. We found that all three methods were equally successful at detecting G. affinis when four replicates were taken from each site, but that sensitivity over all replicates was ddPCR > qPCR > HTS. We conclude that the use of environmental DNA to detect the presence of G. affinis is a useful tool to assist in mapping the distribution of G. affinis and will aid in the control of this invasive species.
{"title":"Detecting the pest fish, Gambusia affinis from environmental DNA in New Zealand: a comparison of methods","authors":"J. Banks, L. Kelly, R. Falleiros, J. Rojahn, R. Gabrielsson, J. Clapcott","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1858880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1858880","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We assessed the usefulness of environmental DNA (eDNA) for monitoring the introduced pest fish Gambusia affinis by filtering water samples from streams in the Nelson and Tasman regions, South Island, New Zealand, known to contain G. affinis, and from streams where G. affinis were absent. We used the Smith Root DNA sampler backpack with two types of filters (1.2 and 5 µm pores), to filter water and capture eDNA, and used quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to measure the amount of G. affinis DNA collected by the two filter sizes. We also used high throughput (Illumina MiSeq) sequencing (HTS) to detect G. affinis. Results from the two PCR methods and the high throughput sequencing were compared to hand net counts of G. affinis. We found that all three methods were equally successful at detecting G. affinis when four replicates were taken from each site, but that sensitivity over all replicates was ddPCR > qPCR > HTS. We conclude that the use of environmental DNA to detect the presence of G. affinis is a useful tool to assist in mapping the distribution of G. affinis and will aid in the control of this invasive species.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"202 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1858880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49017597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1848889
N. Battini, G. Bravo
ABSTRACT An unexpected predator-prey interaction is reported between two successful invasive species in Patagonia, the European green crab Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) and the potentially neurotoxic grey side-gilled sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832). On two different occasions, a total of four crabs were observed preying upon the sea slugs in the field. The establishment of a novel predator-prey interaction between these species can imply significant effects on their potential spread and invasive success along the South Western Atlantic, as well as it provides a noteworthy contribution towards the knowledge of the currently underexplored question related to what eats the sea slugs.
{"title":"Unexpected meal: first record of predation upon a potentially neurotoxic sea slug by the European green crab Carcinus maenas","authors":"N. Battini, G. Bravo","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1848889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1848889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An unexpected predator-prey interaction is reported between two successful invasive species in Patagonia, the European green crab Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) and the potentially neurotoxic grey side-gilled sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832). On two different occasions, a total of four crabs were observed preying upon the sea slugs in the field. The establishment of a novel predator-prey interaction between these species can imply significant effects on their potential spread and invasive success along the South Western Atlantic, as well as it provides a noteworthy contribution towards the knowledge of the currently underexplored question related to what eats the sea slugs.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"166 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1848889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45359701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1833948
S. D. Hill, Matthew D. M. Pawley, C. Bishop
ABSTRACT Birds are good indicators of ecosystem health. Monitoring populations can provide useful information to inform conservation action. Kaipatiki, Auckland, contains approximately 450 ha of indigenous forest, scrub and wetland ecosystems. Pest-controlled reserves are important for supporting avian biodiversity, however, this has not been measured extensively over time across Kaipatiki. An established method to measure changes in avian biodiversity and numbers over time is using stationary point-counts. Using this method, bird counts were conducted in 19 reserves during three consecutive breeding season periods (2016–2018). We also conducted correlative analyses on mammalian predator and bird abundance within Kaipatiki to examine these relationships. Mixed modelling statistical analyses suggested significantly higher numbers of individual birds of all detected species in 2018 than both 2016 and 2017. Tūī, silvereye, grey warbler and fantail were the most common native species observed. Further, rat relative abundance had a significant negative relationship with bird abundance. Ongoing bird counts across Kaipatiki will help provide robust long-term data allowing reliable analyses of population trends and avian species dynamics. These data should be subjected to correlative analyses alongside mammalian predator control data in each reserve. This will enable us to gauge predator control effectiveness in terms of native bird number changes.
{"title":"Annual variation in bird numbers across Kaipatiki, Auckland","authors":"S. D. Hill, Matthew D. M. Pawley, C. Bishop","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1833948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1833948","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Birds are good indicators of ecosystem health. Monitoring populations can provide useful information to inform conservation action. Kaipatiki, Auckland, contains approximately 450 ha of indigenous forest, scrub and wetland ecosystems. Pest-controlled reserves are important for supporting avian biodiversity, however, this has not been measured extensively over time across Kaipatiki. An established method to measure changes in avian biodiversity and numbers over time is using stationary point-counts. Using this method, bird counts were conducted in 19 reserves during three consecutive breeding season periods (2016–2018). We also conducted correlative analyses on mammalian predator and bird abundance within Kaipatiki to examine these relationships. Mixed modelling statistical analyses suggested significantly higher numbers of individual birds of all detected species in 2018 than both 2016 and 2017. Tūī, silvereye, grey warbler and fantail were the most common native species observed. Further, rat relative abundance had a significant negative relationship with bird abundance. Ongoing bird counts across Kaipatiki will help provide robust long-term data allowing reliable analyses of population trends and avian species dynamics. These data should be subjected to correlative analyses alongside mammalian predator control data in each reserve. This will enable us to gauge predator control effectiveness in terms of native bird number changes.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"113 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1833948","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44801309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-08DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1839515
G. Brett, L. Ortiz-Catedral
ABSTRACT The behaviour and diet of the Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) have not been quantitively described. We quantified the relative frequency of behaviours and diversity of food items for the species during autumn and winter to help refine the current management of the species. We also collected information on the availability of one of their main foods: niau (Rhopalostylis baueri) fruits. Parakeets fed on fruit pulp and seeds of eight plant species. Niau fruits represented 44% of total feeding bouts indicating that this is an important food item during the autumn-winter period. The most common behavioural state during our observations was feeding (30% of behavioural states). Our estimate of niau fruit availability in the core area of Tasman parakeet occurrence indicates approximately 1.2 million fruits during the peak of fruiting in spring. Tasman parakeets are generalists, but niau fruits represent an abundant and important resource. Although niau are common and produce large quantities of fruit, introduced rats (Rattus spp.), potentially represent significant competitors to Tasman parakeets, because they also feed on niau fruits. Ongoing control of rats is thus critical to maintain large quantities of native fruits to sustain a growing population of Tasman parakeets.
{"title":"The importance of niau (Rhopalostylis baueri) in the diet of the Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) in the Norfolk Island National Park","authors":"G. Brett, L. Ortiz-Catedral","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1839515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1839515","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The behaviour and diet of the Tasman parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii) have not been quantitively described. We quantified the relative frequency of behaviours and diversity of food items for the species during autumn and winter to help refine the current management of the species. We also collected information on the availability of one of their main foods: niau (Rhopalostylis baueri) fruits. Parakeets fed on fruit pulp and seeds of eight plant species. Niau fruits represented 44% of total feeding bouts indicating that this is an important food item during the autumn-winter period. The most common behavioural state during our observations was feeding (30% of behavioural states). Our estimate of niau fruit availability in the core area of Tasman parakeet occurrence indicates approximately 1.2 million fruits during the peak of fruiting in spring. Tasman parakeets are generalists, but niau fruits represent an abundant and important resource. Although niau are common and produce large quantities of fruit, introduced rats (Rattus spp.), potentially represent significant competitors to Tasman parakeets, because they also feed on niau fruits. Ongoing control of rats is thus critical to maintain large quantities of native fruits to sustain a growing population of Tasman parakeets.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"130 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1839515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42781248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1828941
Stacey Watson, C. King
ABSTRACT The risk that stoats can detect, and become averse to, human scent on traps, baits and tracking tunnels is an important but unsolved question. In this pilot study, the scent marking behaviour of three female and five male captive stoats was observed in response to three experimental scents, two neutral and one potentially significant, introduced into their home cages. Each stoat was presented with a random sequence of three scents rubbed onto a plastic refuge tube within the cage: (1) a clean, washed tube; (2) goat odour, expected to be perceptible by the stoat but not threatening to it; (3) the body scent of male humans (because all eight stoats were accustomed to being fed by a female human carer). We observed scent marking behaviours such as tube sniffing, anal gland marking and body rubbing during all trials. When the treatment tube was rubbed with ‘male human odour’, stoats reacted strongly and more often, both by more vigorous anal gland marking and also by adding head-rubbing behaviours which normally convey an agonistic response. These results suggest that an extensive field trial could be justified to check whether this response might indicate the reactions of wild stoats towards traps.
{"title":"Reactions of stoats (Mustela erminea) to male human scent","authors":"Stacey Watson, C. King","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1828941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1828941","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The risk that stoats can detect, and become averse to, human scent on traps, baits and tracking tunnels is an important but unsolved question. In this pilot study, the scent marking behaviour of three female and five male captive stoats was observed in response to three experimental scents, two neutral and one potentially significant, introduced into their home cages. Each stoat was presented with a random sequence of three scents rubbed onto a plastic refuge tube within the cage: (1) a clean, washed tube; (2) goat odour, expected to be perceptible by the stoat but not threatening to it; (3) the body scent of male humans (because all eight stoats were accustomed to being fed by a female human carer). We observed scent marking behaviours such as tube sniffing, anal gland marking and body rubbing during all trials. When the treatment tube was rubbed with ‘male human odour’, stoats reacted strongly and more often, both by more vigorous anal gland marking and also by adding head-rubbing behaviours which normally convey an agonistic response. These results suggest that an extensive field trial could be justified to check whether this response might indicate the reactions of wild stoats towards traps.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"159 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1828941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49404051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556
Bernard J. Phiri, D. Hayman, P. Biggs, N. French, J. C. Garcia-R
ABSTRACT Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a new avenue for investigating changes in the water microbial community associated with faecal contamination. Faeces in drinking water might include pathogens, which result in serious waterborne diseases in humans. Therefore, drinking water requires comprehensive information about microbial diversity that comes from faecal contamination of different sources to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we investigated the microbial diversity of water and faecal samples at 15 recreational campgrounds in New Zealand. In total, 42 faecal (two rabbits, seven ducks, seven ruminants, seven passerines, nine possum and ten Pukeko) and 75 water (37 intakes and 38 taps) samples were analysed using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. Our results suggested that water samples harbour a higher microbial diversity than faeces. Canonical correspondence analysis of bacterial communities and NeighborNet tree of recognised pathogens showed clustering of samples from similar sources. Phylogenetic analyses showed evidence for the presence of Arcobacter and Sulfurospirillum and indicator organisms Escherichia and enterococci in water, while Campylobacter was mainly found in faeces. These findings provide novel insights toward understanding the quality of drinking water and allow future use for the identification of faecal contamination in water.
{"title":"Microbial diversity in water and animal faeces: a metagenomic analysis to assess public health risk","authors":"Bernard J. Phiri, D. Hayman, P. Biggs, N. French, J. C. Garcia-R","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a new avenue for investigating changes in the water microbial community associated with faecal contamination. Faeces in drinking water might include pathogens, which result in serious waterborne diseases in humans. Therefore, drinking water requires comprehensive information about microbial diversity that comes from faecal contamination of different sources to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we investigated the microbial diversity of water and faecal samples at 15 recreational campgrounds in New Zealand. In total, 42 faecal (two rabbits, seven ducks, seven ruminants, seven passerines, nine possum and ten Pukeko) and 75 water (37 intakes and 38 taps) samples were analysed using 16S rRNA metabarcoding. Our results suggested that water samples harbour a higher microbial diversity than faeces. Canonical correspondence analysis of bacterial communities and NeighborNet tree of recognised pathogens showed clustering of samples from similar sources. Phylogenetic analyses showed evidence for the presence of Arcobacter and Sulfurospirillum and indicator organisms Escherichia and enterococci in water, while Campylobacter was mainly found in faeces. These findings provide novel insights toward understanding the quality of drinking water and allow future use for the identification of faecal contamination in water.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"188 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45899847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1828102
Kaylyn A. Pinney, J. Ross, A. Paterson
ABSTRACT Intensive ground-based searches for white-tailed deer carcasses were conducted in the Dart Valley/Routeburn catchments following the aerial application of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) cereal pellets as part of the ‘Battle for the Birds’/ Tiakina Ngā Manu predator control program in August 2014. Four 100 ha areas were searched over four days. The detection rate of simulated carcasses allowed an estimation of the success rate for finding deer carcasses. All white-tailed deer carcasses located were confirmed to have muscle tissue containing traces of 1080 (range: 0.41–1.06 mg/kg). The detection rate of simulated carcasses was 78% (312/400). The adjusted number of dead white-tailed deer was 3.85 ± 0.85 (95% CI) over the 400 ha (0.96 deer/km2) suggesting a potential mortality of 146 ± 32 (95% CI) white-tailed deer in the predator control area of 15,215 ha. These results suggest that recurrent predator control operations may have implications for sustainable hunting of white-tailed deer.
{"title":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcass survey following an aerial 1080 operation, Otago, New Zealand","authors":"Kaylyn A. Pinney, J. Ross, A. Paterson","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1828102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1828102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intensive ground-based searches for white-tailed deer carcasses were conducted in the Dart Valley/Routeburn catchments following the aerial application of 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) cereal pellets as part of the ‘Battle for the Birds’/ Tiakina Ngā Manu predator control program in August 2014. Four 100 ha areas were searched over four days. The detection rate of simulated carcasses allowed an estimation of the success rate for finding deer carcasses. All white-tailed deer carcasses located were confirmed to have muscle tissue containing traces of 1080 (range: 0.41–1.06 mg/kg). The detection rate of simulated carcasses was 78% (312/400). The adjusted number of dead white-tailed deer was 3.85 ± 0.85 (95% CI) over the 400 ha (0.96 deer/km2) suggesting a potential mortality of 146 ± 32 (95% CI) white-tailed deer in the predator control area of 15,215 ha. These results suggest that recurrent predator control operations may have implications for sustainable hunting of white-tailed deer.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"23 6","pages":"147 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1828102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41246627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-09DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1792945
P. Hadden, A. Pas, S. B. Cassidy, W. C. Ober
ABSTRACT We describe the ocular features and normal physiological parameters of the South Island takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri), using three birds. Both eyes face slightly forward such that there is some anatomic possibility of binocular vision but with restriction particularly of the superior and posterior visual fields. The pupil is round under both dim room light and very high illumination and the centre of the pupil is displaced <= 0.5 mm nasally with regard to the corneal centre. The iris is light brown and has several areas of more prominent vascularity. Their refractive error in the distance by retinoscopy is between 0 and +1 dioptre, although they sometimes accommodate down to -1 dioptre during examination. The average intraocular pressure is 6.75 +/- 0.88 mmHg using an iCare tonometer and the average corneal thickness is 340 +/- 32 mm. The average corneal curvature is 73.63 +/- 0.82 dioptres. On B scan the eye appears flattened in its antero-posterior axis; the axial length is 13.67 +/- 0.61 mm, the width 16.36 +/- 0.30 mm. The distance from the posterior pole of the lens to the retina is 7.37 +/- 0.26 mm. The pecten is visible inferiorly but no os opticus can be identified.
{"title":"The eye of the takahe, Porphyrio hochstetteri","authors":"P. Hadden, A. Pas, S. B. Cassidy, W. C. Ober","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2020.1792945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2020.1792945","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We describe the ocular features and normal physiological parameters of the South Island takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri), using three birds. Both eyes face slightly forward such that there is some anatomic possibility of binocular vision but with restriction particularly of the superior and posterior visual fields. The pupil is round under both dim room light and very high illumination and the centre of the pupil is displaced <= 0.5 mm nasally with regard to the corneal centre. The iris is light brown and has several areas of more prominent vascularity. Their refractive error in the distance by retinoscopy is between 0 and +1 dioptre, although they sometimes accommodate down to -1 dioptre during examination. The average intraocular pressure is 6.75 +/- 0.88 mmHg using an iCare tonometer and the average corneal thickness is 340 +/- 32 mm. The average corneal curvature is 73.63 +/- 0.82 dioptres. On B scan the eye appears flattened in its antero-posterior axis; the axial length is 13.67 +/- 0.61 mm, the width 16.36 +/- 0.30 mm. The distance from the posterior pole of the lens to the retina is 7.37 +/- 0.26 mm. The pecten is visible inferiorly but no os opticus can be identified.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"48 1","pages":"139 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03014223.2020.1792945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44931543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1790396
S. Trewick, Briar Taylor-Smith, M. Morgan‐Richards
ABSTRACT Wētā (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) are a well-recognised component of New Zealand nocturnal ecology, but much of the diversity remains undescribed and only partly characterised. Species of Hemiandrus conceal themselves during the day in soil burrows and most are infrequently encountered, however, one taxon is notorious in some South Island vineyards. We demonstrate that this wētā at unusually high density in some vineyards in the Awatere valley is also found in North Island forests (Hemiandrus bilobatus). Here we use morphological and genetic data to identify the wine wētā and examine its ecology in vineyards. We also describe four new species which belong to the same ground wētā clade as the wine wētā. We provide mtDNA analysis and diagnostic morphological characters to distinguish six Hemiandrus species that are characterised by adult females having an extremely short ovipositor and maternal care.
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