Pub Date : 2022-02-06DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2022722
N. Dupérré
ABSTRACT South America is the fourth largest continent on the planet; its birds, mammals, and amphibian's biodiversity is relatively well known, but no outright assessment of the continent spider (Araneae) fauna has been done to date. From January 2019 to August 2020, a recompilation of all spider species registered to occur in South America was conducted based on the data available from the World Spider Catalog [2020. Version 18.5. Natural History Museum Bern. [cited Jan 2019–Aug 2020]]. The assessment revealed that the South American spider fauna comprises 83 families, 1018 genera, and 8302 species, representing 17% of the world spider fauna biodiversity; however, 94% of the spider-specific biodiversity is found nowhere else on earth. A total of 78 species have been introduced in South America, while 30 species were exported from the South American continent to other parts of the world. For all South American families, an overview of the current knowledge is presented: distribution, endemism, taxonomical inconsistency, and problems are discussed. The complete checklist of spiders occurring in SA with distribution given by countries and the complete list of introduced and exported species with details of their native region and current known distribution are presented.
{"title":"Araneae (spiders) of South America: a synopsis of current knowledge","authors":"N. Dupérré","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2022722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2022722","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South America is the fourth largest continent on the planet; its birds, mammals, and amphibian's biodiversity is relatively well known, but no outright assessment of the continent spider (Araneae) fauna has been done to date. From January 2019 to August 2020, a recompilation of all spider species registered to occur in South America was conducted based on the data available from the World Spider Catalog [2020. Version 18.5. Natural History Museum Bern. [cited Jan 2019–Aug 2020]]. The assessment revealed that the South American spider fauna comprises 83 families, 1018 genera, and 8302 species, representing 17% of the world spider fauna biodiversity; however, 94% of the spider-specific biodiversity is found nowhere else on earth. A total of 78 species have been introduced in South America, while 30 species were exported from the South American continent to other parts of the world. For all South American families, an overview of the current knowledge is presented: distribution, endemism, taxonomical inconsistency, and problems are discussed. The complete checklist of spiders occurring in SA with distribution given by countries and the complete list of introduced and exported species with details of their native region and current known distribution are presented.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47160728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2017304
Rebecca J. LeGrice, D. Ward, G. Holwell
ABSTRACT The coast provides an important habitat for insects throughout the world. Some insect taxa are entirely dependent on this continuous but narrow strip of habitat between the land and sea, despite the challenging environmental conditions. In Aotearoa|New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa), the coastal environment is extensive and varies enormously. Aotearoa is also home to a diverse and predominantly endemic Diptera fauna of roughly 5500 species, and a small but significant proportion of these are found along the coast. Here we provide the first extensive survey of Aotearoa’s coastal flies, and describe how the diversity, richness, and abundance of specialised wrack-inhabiting communities vary. Overall, we recorded 257 different species collected from 109 sites from around Aotearoa’s three main islands, with highest abundance, species richness and diversity all found at South Island sites. Our surveys are estimated to have captured over 80% of the species occupying the seashore, and 100% of the wrack specialist community, for which we identified a country-wide baseline community. This study has provided new and interesting insights into the distribution and diversity of flies in Aotearoa. It also highlights the importance of carrying out broad community surveys to capture and improve our understanding of our local fauna.
{"title":"Coastal Diptera species and communities and their geographic distribution in Aotearoa|New Zealand","authors":"Rebecca J. LeGrice, D. Ward, G. Holwell","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2017304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2017304","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The coast provides an important habitat for insects throughout the world. Some insect taxa are entirely dependent on this continuous but narrow strip of habitat between the land and sea, despite the challenging environmental conditions. In Aotearoa|New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa), the coastal environment is extensive and varies enormously. Aotearoa is also home to a diverse and predominantly endemic Diptera fauna of roughly 5500 species, and a small but significant proportion of these are found along the coast. Here we provide the first extensive survey of Aotearoa’s coastal flies, and describe how the diversity, richness, and abundance of specialised wrack-inhabiting communities vary. Overall, we recorded 257 different species collected from 109 sites from around Aotearoa’s three main islands, with highest abundance, species richness and diversity all found at South Island sites. Our surveys are estimated to have captured over 80% of the species occupying the seashore, and 100% of the wrack specialist community, for which we identified a country-wide baseline community. This study has provided new and interesting insights into the distribution and diversity of flies in Aotearoa. It also highlights the importance of carrying out broad community surveys to capture and improve our understanding of our local fauna.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59277991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2022.2053554
S. Grosser, L. Dutoit, Yasmin Foster, F. Robertson, A. Fidler, D. Martini, M. Knapp, B. Robertson
ABSTRACT Recent genomic evidence suggest that kea (Nestor notabilis) have a non-functional RH2 opsin gene potentially leading to impaired vision in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In New Zealand, it is standard procedure to add green dye to aerial poison baits used in mammalian predator control operations to deter native birds from eating toxic bait. A visual deficiency could impact how kea perceive and interact with green-dyed baits and thus have unforeseen consequences for kea conservation. Here, we sequenced the partial RH2 gene of seven wild kea and re-analysed the kea genome raw sequencing data of the RH2 locus. We demonstrate that the reported premature stop codon is most likely an assembly artefact. An extended analysis of the published genomes of all three extant New Zealand parrots of the superfamily Strigopoidea confirms that the RH2 gene is functional in this entire group.
{"title":"Genomic evidence of a functional RH2 opsin in New Zealand parrots and implications for pest control","authors":"S. Grosser, L. Dutoit, Yasmin Foster, F. Robertson, A. Fidler, D. Martini, M. Knapp, B. Robertson","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2022.2053554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2022.2053554","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent genomic evidence suggest that kea (Nestor notabilis) have a non-functional RH2 opsin gene potentially leading to impaired vision in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In New Zealand, it is standard procedure to add green dye to aerial poison baits used in mammalian predator control operations to deter native birds from eating toxic bait. A visual deficiency could impact how kea perceive and interact with green-dyed baits and thus have unforeseen consequences for kea conservation. Here, we sequenced the partial RH2 gene of seven wild kea and re-analysed the kea genome raw sequencing data of the RH2 locus. We demonstrate that the reported premature stop codon is most likely an assembly artefact. An extended analysis of the published genomes of all three extant New Zealand parrots of the superfamily Strigopoidea confirms that the RH2 gene is functional in this entire group.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49217167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2022721
Kate M. Curtis, A. Paterson, Jagoba Malumbres‐Olarte, C. Vink, J. Ross
ABSTRACT Arthropods are often ignored or under-sampled in biodiversity and conservation assessments because of their large diversity, small size and lack of taxonomic guides. Rapid biodiversity assessment programmes have been established to assess these groups accurately. A COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) protocol consists of an intense sampling of a habitat using the optimal combination of sampling methods. We set a basis for future protocols of measuring spider biodiversity in exotic pastures in New Zealand. Overall, 28 spider species were collected. There was variation in species discovery for each collection method, i.e. pitfall traps (86.6% of total species found), ground hand collection (95.4%), suction sampling (85.7%), and sweeping (25%). The various collection methods were complementary in species that were found. Of the four sampling methods used pitfall traps and ground hand collection were far more efficient at collecting spider species in pastures per sample. These findings are relevant for the future development of these protocols and ultimately, these tools will be used for assessing and monitoring biodiversity on farms and the impacts of farming methods.
{"title":"Developing a future protocol for measuring spider biodiversity in pastures in New Zealand","authors":"Kate M. Curtis, A. Paterson, Jagoba Malumbres‐Olarte, C. Vink, J. Ross","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2022721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2022721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Arthropods are often ignored or under-sampled in biodiversity and conservation assessments because of their large diversity, small size and lack of taxonomic guides. Rapid biodiversity assessment programmes have been established to assess these groups accurately. A COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) protocol consists of an intense sampling of a habitat using the optimal combination of sampling methods. We set a basis for future protocols of measuring spider biodiversity in exotic pastures in New Zealand. Overall, 28 spider species were collected. There was variation in species discovery for each collection method, i.e. pitfall traps (86.6% of total species found), ground hand collection (95.4%), suction sampling (85.7%), and sweeping (25%). The various collection methods were complementary in species that were found. Of the four sampling methods used pitfall traps and ground hand collection were far more efficient at collecting spider species in pastures per sample. These findings are relevant for the future development of these protocols and ultimately, these tools will be used for assessing and monitoring biodiversity on farms and the impacts of farming methods.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59277999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2014899
V. Framenau, Pedro de S. Castanheira, C. Vink
ABSTRACT The new Australo-Pacific orb-weaving spider genus Socca is established to include 12 species from Australia: Socca pustulosa (Walckenaer, 1841) comb. nov. (type species; also present in New Zealand); S. arena sp. nov., S. australis sp. nov. S. caiguna sp. nov., S. elvispresleyi sp. nov., S. eugeni sp. nov., S. johnnywarreni sp. nov., S. kullmanni sp. nov., S. levyashini sp. nov., S. pleia sp. nov., S. senicaudata (Simon, 1908) comb. nov. (= Araneus senicaudatus simplex Simon, 1908 syn. nov.) and S. sydneyica (Keyserling, 1887) comb. nov. (= Epeira inquieta Keyserling, 1887 syn. nov.). Socca gen. nov. includes medium-sised, nocturnal orb-weaving spiders. It differs from other backobourkiine genera by five tubercles posteriorly on the abdomen and a tri-partite terminal apophysis of the male pedipalp. The epigyne plate in females is about as wide as long and the scape elongate and reaches posteriorly beyond the epigyne plate. Specimens of five Socca gen. nov. species were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). The preliminary phylogeny supports our morphological species but does not confirm species-groups based on morphology and suggests that New Zealand S. pustulosa comb. nov. populations originate from south-eastern Australia. Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FA8B2BB0-B797-4122-B4C1-1EF14B999BF2
{"title":"Taxonomy and systematics of the new Australo-Pacific orb-weaving spider genus Socca (Araneae: Araneidae)","authors":"V. Framenau, Pedro de S. Castanheira, C. Vink","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2014899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2014899","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The new Australo-Pacific orb-weaving spider genus Socca is established to include 12 species from Australia: Socca pustulosa (Walckenaer, 1841) comb. nov. (type species; also present in New Zealand); S. arena sp. nov., S. australis sp. nov. S. caiguna sp. nov., S. elvispresleyi sp. nov., S. eugeni sp. nov., S. johnnywarreni sp. nov., S. kullmanni sp. nov., S. levyashini sp. nov., S. pleia sp. nov., S. senicaudata (Simon, 1908) comb. nov. (= Araneus senicaudatus simplex Simon, 1908 syn. nov.) and S. sydneyica (Keyserling, 1887) comb. nov. (= Epeira inquieta Keyserling, 1887 syn. nov.). Socca gen. nov. includes medium-sised, nocturnal orb-weaving spiders. It differs from other backobourkiine genera by five tubercles posteriorly on the abdomen and a tri-partite terminal apophysis of the male pedipalp. The epigyne plate in females is about as wide as long and the scape elongate and reaches posteriorly beyond the epigyne plate. Specimens of five Socca gen. nov. species were sequenced for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). The preliminary phylogeny supports our morphological species but does not confirm species-groups based on morphology and suggests that New Zealand S. pustulosa comb. nov. populations originate from south-eastern Australia. Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FA8B2BB0-B797-4122-B4C1-1EF14B999BF2","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44886237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2017985
J. S. Cruz-Méndez, M. P. Herrera-Sánchez, Á. Céspedes-Rubio, I. Rondón-Barragán
ABSTRACT Oxidative stress may occur in the fish brain under several conditions, including tissue reoxygenation during anaesthesia, injury and toxic exposure. An imbalance in oxidative homeostasis can lead to oxidative stress, triggering several adaptive mechanisms at both the genetic and protein levels. The aim of this study was to assess the transcription levels of five oxidative stress-related genes in the Colombian native fish red-bellied pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, under anaesthesia with menthol (50 mg/L) and eugenol (40 mg/L), as well as in models of acute brain injury and organophosphate toxicity. Relative gene expression was assessed in the brain, gill and liver tissues of fish under anaesthesia and in the brain tissues of fish in the brain injury and toxicity experiments. It was found that glutathione reductase (GSR) mRNA levels in the brain were significantly higher in the eugenol group than in the menthol group, ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6) transcription was downregulated after brain injury, and the GSR, ATP6 and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genes were upregulated in fish exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. This is the first evaluation of the relative gene expression of oxidative response biomarkers in P. brachypomus.
{"title":"Oxidative stress response biomarker gene expression in Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)","authors":"J. S. Cruz-Méndez, M. P. Herrera-Sánchez, Á. Céspedes-Rubio, I. Rondón-Barragán","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2017985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2017985","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Oxidative stress may occur in the fish brain under several conditions, including tissue reoxygenation during anaesthesia, injury and toxic exposure. An imbalance in oxidative homeostasis can lead to oxidative stress, triggering several adaptive mechanisms at both the genetic and protein levels. The aim of this study was to assess the transcription levels of five oxidative stress-related genes in the Colombian native fish red-bellied pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, under anaesthesia with menthol (50 mg/L) and eugenol (40 mg/L), as well as in models of acute brain injury and organophosphate toxicity. Relative gene expression was assessed in the brain, gill and liver tissues of fish under anaesthesia and in the brain tissues of fish in the brain injury and toxicity experiments. It was found that glutathione reductase (GSR) mRNA levels in the brain were significantly higher in the eugenol group than in the menthol group, ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6) transcription was downregulated after brain injury, and the GSR, ATP6 and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) genes were upregulated in fish exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. This is the first evaluation of the relative gene expression of oxidative response biomarkers in P. brachypomus.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46621243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-08DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.2003410
C. King
ABSTRACT The history of the introduction of stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (M. nivalis) to New Zealand is a paradigm example of how the course of history can turn on a sequence of simple, unconnected events. When Victorian pastoralists were faced with the dilemma that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were thriving better than their sheep, they sought to enlist the rabbits’ natural enemies to save them from crippling economic losses. An improbable series of circumstances linked four principal characters whose dramatic anti-rabbit policies seemed reasonable to them but have had catastrophic consequences. A Lincolnshire farmer, Samuel Grant, visiting New Zealand in 1880, met Francis Rich, a pastoralist suffering rabbit damage; Rich and Grant organised a trial shipment of stoats and weasels escorted by Lincolnshire trapper Walter Allbones in 1883. Supervising Rabbit Inspector Benjamin Bayly authorised thousands more over 1884–1889, until imports stopped in 1892. This paper describes why only the four principal players could have made each necessary link in the chain, and how easily it could have been broken. Legal attempts to stop the importations failed in 1876, but within another 25 years, the ‘natural enemies’ policy was recognised as a tragic mistake, and its proponents were widely discredited.
{"title":"Conservation history hung on a thread: the unlikely chain of events deciding New Zealand’s importation of stoats and weasels, 1880–1892","authors":"C. King","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.2003410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.2003410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The history of the introduction of stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (M. nivalis) to New Zealand is a paradigm example of how the course of history can turn on a sequence of simple, unconnected events. When Victorian pastoralists were faced with the dilemma that rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were thriving better than their sheep, they sought to enlist the rabbits’ natural enemies to save them from crippling economic losses. An improbable series of circumstances linked four principal characters whose dramatic anti-rabbit policies seemed reasonable to them but have had catastrophic consequences. A Lincolnshire farmer, Samuel Grant, visiting New Zealand in 1880, met Francis Rich, a pastoralist suffering rabbit damage; Rich and Grant organised a trial shipment of stoats and weasels escorted by Lincolnshire trapper Walter Allbones in 1883. Supervising Rabbit Inspector Benjamin Bayly authorised thousands more over 1884–1889, until imports stopped in 1892. This paper describes why only the four principal players could have made each necessary link in the chain, and how easily it could have been broken. Legal attempts to stop the importations failed in 1876, but within another 25 years, the ‘natural enemies’ policy was recognised as a tragic mistake, and its proponents were widely discredited.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.1994426
Simon D. Lamb, Joseph T. Altobelli, L. Easton, S. Godfrey, P. Bishop
ABSTRACT Hamilton’s frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) is often found co-habiting retreat sites in the wild and in captivity, but whether co-habitation is a facet of sociality remains to be explored. We investigated the association patterns of retreat site sharing in four captive colonies of L. hamiltoni using a social networking framework. We tested whether the strength and heterogeneity of associations between individuals of each network varied from expected, or if frogs shared retreat sites randomly. We also investigated the temporal stability of pair-wise associations. In all tanks, we found that frogs shared retreat sites significantly more than would be expected if they displayed no degree of association. Further, we observed more preferred and avoided pairings than would be expected at random. Temporal stability between pairs of individuals within a tank were stable over short time periods (10–50 days) but decreased over time. High variation within and between tanks, however, prevented us from establishing a clear trend in temporal stability. Our results suggest that captive L. hamiltoni frogs, at least over the short-term, preferentially select retreat sites with specific individuals, and from this we infer that sociality in the form of retreat site sharing may form a key component of L. hamiltoni biology.
{"title":"Captive Hamilton’s frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) associates non-randomly under retreat sites: preliminary insights into their social networks","authors":"Simon D. Lamb, Joseph T. Altobelli, L. Easton, S. Godfrey, P. Bishop","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.1994426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.1994426","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hamilton’s frog (Leiopelma hamiltoni) is often found co-habiting retreat sites in the wild and in captivity, but whether co-habitation is a facet of sociality remains to be explored. We investigated the association patterns of retreat site sharing in four captive colonies of L. hamiltoni using a social networking framework. We tested whether the strength and heterogeneity of associations between individuals of each network varied from expected, or if frogs shared retreat sites randomly. We also investigated the temporal stability of pair-wise associations. In all tanks, we found that frogs shared retreat sites significantly more than would be expected if they displayed no degree of association. Further, we observed more preferred and avoided pairings than would be expected at random. Temporal stability between pairs of individuals within a tank were stable over short time periods (10–50 days) but decreased over time. High variation within and between tanks, however, prevented us from establishing a clear trend in temporal stability. Our results suggest that captive L. hamiltoni frogs, at least over the short-term, preferentially select retreat sites with specific individuals, and from this we infer that sociality in the form of retreat site sharing may form a key component of L. hamiltoni biology.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48498833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.1993939
M. J. A. Skirrow, Adam N. H. Smith, L. Ortiz-Catedral
ABSTRACT Determining the size of translocated populations of endemic New Zealand species is essential for assessing their management requirements; however generating estimates can be constrained by the accessibility of sites, particularly for cryptic or difficult to monitor species released on remote islands. In this study, we aimed to produce estimates of population size for three translocated populations of the critically endangered orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi), after a mean establishment period of 6.3 years. We also recorded natural history notes of the species. Using fixed-point distance sampling, we assessed the populations established on Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea / Chalky Island, Te Pākeka / Maud Island, and Oruawairua / Blumine Island. We confirmed the presence of orange-fronted parakeets on Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea / Chalky Island but could not produce density estimates due to a small number of detections. We did not detect orange-fronted parakeets on Te Pākeka / Maud Island. On Oruawairua / Blumine Island, based on 20 detections, we estimated a population of 193 ± 91 parakeets distributed through the mature forest of the 3.77 km2 island. Our findings indicate that Oruawairua / Blumine Island sustains a significant population of the critically endangered orange-fronted parakeet. To assess the long-term trends of the species on offshore islands, further population assessments are needed.
{"title":"Estimating the population size of orange-fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus malherbi) on offshore islands of New Zealand","authors":"M. J. A. Skirrow, Adam N. H. Smith, L. Ortiz-Catedral","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2021.1993939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2021.1993939","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Determining the size of translocated populations of endemic New Zealand species is essential for assessing their management requirements; however generating estimates can be constrained by the accessibility of sites, particularly for cryptic or difficult to monitor species released on remote islands. In this study, we aimed to produce estimates of population size for three translocated populations of the critically endangered orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi), after a mean establishment period of 6.3 years. We also recorded natural history notes of the species. Using fixed-point distance sampling, we assessed the populations established on Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea / Chalky Island, Te Pākeka / Maud Island, and Oruawairua / Blumine Island. We confirmed the presence of orange-fronted parakeets on Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea / Chalky Island but could not produce density estimates due to a small number of detections. We did not detect orange-fronted parakeets on Te Pākeka / Maud Island. On Oruawairua / Blumine Island, based on 20 detections, we estimated a population of 193 ± 91 parakeets distributed through the mature forest of the 3.77 km2 island. Our findings indicate that Oruawairua / Blumine Island sustains a significant population of the critically endangered orange-fronted parakeet. To assess the long-term trends of the species on offshore islands, further population assessments are needed.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49204848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2021.1979053
L. Easton, A. Tennyson, Nicolas J. Rawlence
ABSTRACT The fossil record of Leiopelma frogs in New Zealand is patchy, with remains previously reported only from the early Miocene (16–19 Mya) and late Quaternary (past 20 Ka). Here we describe Leiopelma bishopi n. sp. from the late Pliocene (3.7–2.4 Ma) of the eastern South Island. The subsequent extinction of frogs in this region is likely due to increased aridity following uplift of the Southern Alps and cooling associated with the Pleistocene Ice Ages. Discoveries from this unique Pliocene terrestrial fossil locality provide new and significant insights into how the dynamic climatic and geological history of Zealandia has shaped the evolution of its recent biota, especially for groups with a poor pre-Quaternary fossil record. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:457F4C99-A561-4C3B-802C-3412EA3D7D42 Abbreviations: SVL: snout-vent length; NMNZ: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand; WO: Waitomo Caves Museum, Waitomo, New Zealand
新西兰Leiopelma frog的化石记录是不完整的，以前报道的化石仅来自中新世早期(16-19 Mya)和第四纪晚期(过去20 Ka)。本文描述了南岛东部上新世晚期(3.7-2.4 Ma)的Leiopelma bishopi n. sp.。该地区蛙类的灭绝可能是由于南阿尔卑斯山的隆起和更新世冰河时期的降温导致的干旱加剧。这个独特的上新世陆生化石位置的发现为西兰迪亚的动态气候和地质历史如何塑造其最近生物群的进化提供了新的和重要的见解，特别是对于具有较差的前第四纪化石记录的群体。LSID: urn: LSID: zoobank.org:pub:457F4C99-A561-4C3B-802C-3412EA3D7D42缩写:SVL:鼻口长度;NMNZ:新西兰博物馆the Papa Tongarewa，惠灵顿，新西兰;怀托摩洞穴博物馆，怀托摩，新西兰
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