Pub Date : 2023-10-22DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2267457
Ines G. Moran, Yen Yi Loo, Sarah J. Withers, Margaret C. Stanley, Kristal E. Cain
A recent reshuffling in the avian phylogeny indicates that New Zealand wrens and songbirds share a close common ancestor with parrots – making New Zealand wrens an excellent group to test for vocal learning. The New Zealand wrens have previously been classified as vocal non-learners, but their vocal learning ability has never been experimentally tested. Here, we explore the potential presence of vocal learning in one species of New Zealand wren, the titipounamu (Acanthisitta chloris). We expose nestlings to synthetic playback stimuli that simulate adult feeding calls and determine whether the nestlings altered their calls after exposure to the playback stimuli. We found that experimental nestlings did not alter their calls towards the playback stimuli. While this indicates that no vocal imitation occurred during the nestling period, other developmental stages should be tested for vocal learning, particularly during the fledgling or first year adult phase.
{"title":"Playback experiment shows no evidence for vocal learning in titipounamu nestlings ( <i>Acanthisitta chloris</i> )","authors":"Ines G. Moran, Yen Yi Loo, Sarah J. Withers, Margaret C. Stanley, Kristal E. Cain","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2267457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2267457","url":null,"abstract":"A recent reshuffling in the avian phylogeny indicates that New Zealand wrens and songbirds share a close common ancestor with parrots – making New Zealand wrens an excellent group to test for vocal learning. The New Zealand wrens have previously been classified as vocal non-learners, but their vocal learning ability has never been experimentally tested. Here, we explore the potential presence of vocal learning in one species of New Zealand wren, the titipounamu (Acanthisitta chloris). We expose nestlings to synthetic playback stimuli that simulate adult feeding calls and determine whether the nestlings altered their calls after exposure to the playback stimuli. We found that experimental nestlings did not alter their calls towards the playback stimuli. While this indicates that no vocal imitation occurred during the nestling period, other developmental stages should be tested for vocal learning, particularly during the fledgling or first year adult phase.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"17 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135460919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-22DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2270433
Brian M. Fitzgerald, Murray G. Efford, Brian J. Karl
The ectoparasites of introduced rodents in mainland New Zealand forests include several species of cosmopolitan flea that may be important in the population dynamics and future biocontrol of rodents. We describe a 2-rodent, 2-flea system that showed little change over 20 years. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus) were snap trapped at fixed sites in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, for a study of their population ecology. The fleas Leptopsylla segnis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus were common on mice and rats respectively, and less common on the alternate hosts. Prevalence was described in relation to sex and age of the host, and to season and year. Male mice were more likely than females to carry L. segnis. Prevalence and intensity of infection mostly increased with age of host. Prevalence of both flea species showed modest seasonal variation, with a dip in autumn. Pregnant or lactating female rats and mice were less likely to have fleas than were non-breeding adult females. Prevalence did not vary positively with host density. We detected a slight overall increase in the prevalence of each flea species over the duration of the study. We conclude with some discussion of flea assemblages in New Zealand.
{"title":"The fleas of house mice ( <i>Mus musculus</i> L.) and ship rats ( <i>Rattus rattus</i> L.) in forest of the Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand","authors":"Brian M. Fitzgerald, Murray G. Efford, Brian J. Karl","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2270433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2270433","url":null,"abstract":"The ectoparasites of introduced rodents in mainland New Zealand forests include several species of cosmopolitan flea that may be important in the population dynamics and future biocontrol of rodents. We describe a 2-rodent, 2-flea system that showed little change over 20 years. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus) were snap trapped at fixed sites in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, for a study of their population ecology. The fleas Leptopsylla segnis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus were common on mice and rats respectively, and less common on the alternate hosts. Prevalence was described in relation to sex and age of the host, and to season and year. Male mice were more likely than females to carry L. segnis. Prevalence and intensity of infection mostly increased with age of host. Prevalence of both flea species showed modest seasonal variation, with a dip in autumn. Pregnant or lactating female rats and mice were less likely to have fleas than were non-breeding adult females. Prevalence did not vary positively with host density. We detected a slight overall increase in the prevalence of each flea species over the duration of the study. We conclude with some discussion of flea assemblages in New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"40 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135461068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-22DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2256239
James J. Roberts, Dianne H. Brunton, Hannah Clement, Aaron M.T. Harmer
The New Zealand fairy tern/tara iti (Sternula nereis davisae; NZFT) is New Zealand’s most endangered bird, with approximately 40 individuals remaining. Due to previous poor breeding success, this species is on the brink of extinction. Nest failures occur because of adverse weather, predation, and potentially nest disturbance. We observed parental behaviour of 11 nesting pairs from November 2020 to January 2021 at three sites: Mangawhai, Waipu and Pakiri. Overall, avian predator disturbance was low at all nests, and most disturbance events were by interactions between conspecifics. Responses to conspecific disturbances were lowest for the three closely nesting pairs and highest for the three solitary nests. We measured the frequency of chick feeding and found feeding rates varied considerably between nests. Defensive response rates and feeding rates varied between nests but we found no relationship between the proportion of responses to disturbance and feeding rates. We found no relationship between feeding rate and tidal state. This could be due to our small sample size and the duration of our observation period (30 min). We urge future researchers to increase observation period time. With an understanding of feeding rates and disturbance, informed decisions can be made to support the conservation of NZFT.
{"title":"Observations of chick feeding rates and parental defensive responses to disturbance at nests in the critically endangered New Zealand fairy tern/tara iti ( <i>Sternula nereis davisae</i> )","authors":"James J. Roberts, Dianne H. Brunton, Hannah Clement, Aaron M.T. Harmer","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2256239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2256239","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand fairy tern/tara iti (Sternula nereis davisae; NZFT) is New Zealand’s most endangered bird, with approximately 40 individuals remaining. Due to previous poor breeding success, this species is on the brink of extinction. Nest failures occur because of adverse weather, predation, and potentially nest disturbance. We observed parental behaviour of 11 nesting pairs from November 2020 to January 2021 at three sites: Mangawhai, Waipu and Pakiri. Overall, avian predator disturbance was low at all nests, and most disturbance events were by interactions between conspecifics. Responses to conspecific disturbances were lowest for the three closely nesting pairs and highest for the three solitary nests. We measured the frequency of chick feeding and found feeding rates varied considerably between nests. Defensive response rates and feeding rates varied between nests but we found no relationship between the proportion of responses to disturbance and feeding rates. We found no relationship between feeding rate and tidal state. This could be due to our small sample size and the duration of our observation period (30 min). We urge future researchers to increase observation period time. With an understanding of feeding rates and disturbance, informed decisions can be made to support the conservation of NZFT.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135460936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2245763
Marion L. Donald, Priscilla A. San Juan, Manpreet K. Dhami
Microbes found in nectar and dispersed by animal visitors can mediate pollination and host fitness. While previous studies have characterised floral nectar microbiomes and their effects on invertebrate pollinators, fewer studies have focused on vertebrate pollinators, especially outside of the Northern Hemisphere. In Aotearoa New Zealand, vertebrates, such as birds and bats, are critical pollinators for many native plant species. Here, we present nectar microbiome profiles for two endemic, vertebrate-pollinated plant species in Aotearoa New Zealand, wharariki, mountain flax (Phormium cookianum), and pua o te Rēinga, wood rose (Dactylanthus taylorii). We used vertebrate exclusion treatments and camera traps to monitor visitation. Camera trap footage revealed silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), ship rat (Rattus rattus), and possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) visitation. We detected shifts in microbial species turnover in wood rose and varying relative abundances of fungal and bacterial taxa across the vertebrate exclusion treatments for both mountain flax and wood rose. However, we did not detect strong effects on floral nectar microbiome community composition or richness. Future work should move beyond profiling the microbial communities and identify fitness consequences and pollination outcomes, which could affect conservation and management decisions.
在花蜜中发现并由动物访客传播的微生物可以调节授粉和宿主的适应性。虽然以前的研究已经描述了花蜜微生物群及其对无脊椎动物传粉媒介的影响，但很少有研究关注脊椎动物传粉媒介，特别是在北半球以外的地区。在新西兰奥特罗阿，脊椎动物，如鸟类和蝙蝠，是许多本地植物物种的重要传粉者。在这里，我们展示了新西兰Aotearoa地区两种特有的脊椎动物传粉植物的花蜜微生物群特征，即warariki, mountain亚麻(Phormium cookianum)和pua o the Rēinga，木玫瑰(Dactylanthus taylorii)。我们采用脊椎动物隔离处理和相机陷阱来监测访客。摄像机捕捉到银眼鼠(Zosterops lateralis)、船鼠(Rattus Rattus)和负鼠(Trichosurus vulpecula)来访。我们检测了木玫瑰中微生物种类更替的变化以及真菌和细菌分类群的相对丰度在山麻和木玫瑰脊椎动物排除处理中的变化。然而，我们没有发现对花蜜微生物群落组成或丰富度的强烈影响。未来的工作应该超越对微生物群落的分析，并确定适应性结果和授粉结果，这可能会影响保护和管理决策。
{"title":"Microbial signatures of vertebrate visitation in floral nectar: a case study with two endemic Aotearoa New Zealand plant species","authors":"Marion L. Donald, Priscilla A. San Juan, Manpreet K. Dhami","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2245763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2245763","url":null,"abstract":"Microbes found in nectar and dispersed by animal visitors can mediate pollination and host fitness. While previous studies have characterised floral nectar microbiomes and their effects on invertebrate pollinators, fewer studies have focused on vertebrate pollinators, especially outside of the Northern Hemisphere. In Aotearoa New Zealand, vertebrates, such as birds and bats, are critical pollinators for many native plant species. Here, we present nectar microbiome profiles for two endemic, vertebrate-pollinated plant species in Aotearoa New Zealand, wharariki, mountain flax (Phormium cookianum), and pua o te Rēinga, wood rose (Dactylanthus taylorii). We used vertebrate exclusion treatments and camera traps to monitor visitation. Camera trap footage revealed silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), ship rat (Rattus rattus), and possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) visitation. We detected shifts in microbial species turnover in wood rose and varying relative abundances of fungal and bacterial taxa across the vertebrate exclusion treatments for both mountain flax and wood rose. However, we did not detect strong effects on floral nectar microbiome community composition or richness. Future work should move beyond profiling the microbial communities and identify fitness consequences and pollination outcomes, which could affect conservation and management decisions.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135199806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2256682
Matthew R. L. Jones, Mary A. Sewell
During late December 2018 a sea star wasting event occurred at Pilot Bay, Tauranga Harbour, North Island/Te Ika-a-Māui, Aotearoa New Zealand. Forty-seven specimens of the asteroid Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867, with a maximum diameter of 50 - 150 mm, were found in varying states of wasting on and between rocks at low tide over an area of ∼70 m at the NW end of Pilot Bay. The wasting event followed a brief period of heavy rain (97.8 mm during the previous 24 h) and was short-lived, with no affected sea stars observed after three days. The affected C. muricata may have had low resilience to changes in water quality, particularly salinity. However, the cause of this wasting event remains unresolved. These opportunistic data suggest that small scale sea star wasting events of this nature may be easily overlooked due to their ephemeral nature.
2018年12月下旬，在新西兰奥特罗阿北岛陶朗加港Pilot Bay /Te Ika-a-Māui发生了海星消耗事件。47颗小行星Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867年，最大直径50 - 150毫米，在领航员湾西北端约70米的区域内，在退潮时以不同的状态在岩石上和岩石之间被发现。消耗事件发生在短暂的大雨之后(前24小时为97.8毫米)，持续时间很短，三天后没有观察到受影响的海星。受影响的muricata可能对水质变化，特别是盐度变化的适应能力较低。然而，造成这一浪费事件的原因仍未得到解决。这些机会主义数据表明，这种性质的小规模海星损耗事件可能很容易被忽视，因为它们的短暂性。
{"title":"An ephemeral sea star ( <i>Coscinasterias muricata</i> ) wasting event at Tauranga, New Zealand","authors":"Matthew R. L. Jones, Mary A. Sewell","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2256682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2256682","url":null,"abstract":"During late December 2018 a sea star wasting event occurred at Pilot Bay, Tauranga Harbour, North Island/Te Ika-a-Māui, Aotearoa New Zealand. Forty-seven specimens of the asteroid Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867, with a maximum diameter of 50 - 150 mm, were found in varying states of wasting on and between rocks at low tide over an area of ∼70 m at the NW end of Pilot Bay. The wasting event followed a brief period of heavy rain (97.8 mm during the previous 24 h) and was short-lived, with no affected sea stars observed after three days. The affected C. muricata may have had low resilience to changes in water quality, particularly salinity. However, the cause of this wasting event remains unresolved. These opportunistic data suggest that small scale sea star wasting events of this nature may be easily overlooked due to their ephemeral nature.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2255147
Jassim M. Abed, Atheer H. Ali, Ali T. Yaseen, Abbas Al-Faisal, Falah Mutlak, Furat K. Jassim, Dean R. Jerry, Laith A. Jawad
The natural distribution of Lates calcarifer (barramundi or Asian sea bass), ranges from western India, around Sri Lanka to the Bay of Bengal, and through the whole of Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. It is not known to be native to the Arabian Gulf, although the species has recently been introduced for aquaculture production in Iran. In 2019, 12 adult barramundi were caught from freshwater in the Shatt al-Arab River, its estuary and marine waters bordering Iraq. This is the first wild-capture record of this species for Iraq’s inland waters and the northern Arabian Gulf. The specimens were morphologically described, while genetic structure analyses indicated that the specimens likely originated from Australian and Thailand genetic stocks and thus probably were aquaculture escapees from farmed populations. Among the L. calcarifer collected from the freshwater environment on the Shatt al-Arab River, one specimen exhibited saddleback syndrome, and another showed abnormality in the left operculum. The results are interesting and useful in reminding people to prevent aquaculture escapees. The aim of this study was to morphologically describe the specimens and undertake a genetic analysis to determine the likely provenance of the fish.
{"title":"Barramundi ( <i>Lates calcarifer</i> ) from Iraq: a new record for the Arabian Gulf, with a highlight on it genetic origins and description of two skeletal deformities","authors":"Jassim M. Abed, Atheer H. Ali, Ali T. Yaseen, Abbas Al-Faisal, Falah Mutlak, Furat K. Jassim, Dean R. Jerry, Laith A. Jawad","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2255147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2255147","url":null,"abstract":"The natural distribution of Lates calcarifer (barramundi or Asian sea bass), ranges from western India, around Sri Lanka to the Bay of Bengal, and through the whole of Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. It is not known to be native to the Arabian Gulf, although the species has recently been introduced for aquaculture production in Iran. In 2019, 12 adult barramundi were caught from freshwater in the Shatt al-Arab River, its estuary and marine waters bordering Iraq. This is the first wild-capture record of this species for Iraq’s inland waters and the northern Arabian Gulf. The specimens were morphologically described, while genetic structure analyses indicated that the specimens likely originated from Australian and Thailand genetic stocks and thus probably were aquaculture escapees from farmed populations. Among the L. calcarifer collected from the freshwater environment on the Shatt al-Arab River, one specimen exhibited saddleback syndrome, and another showed abnormality in the left operculum. The results are interesting and useful in reminding people to prevent aquaculture escapees. The aim of this study was to morphologically describe the specimens and undertake a genetic analysis to determine the likely provenance of the fish.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136315012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2251898
William D. Brockelsby, Colin M. Miskelly, Travis R. Glare, Maria A. Minor
The flax weevil Anagotus fairburni is a large flightless beetle, that is one of the members of the endemic insect ‘megafauna’ of New Zealand. It is a protected species that currently persists only on predator-free islands or in remote and difficult to access alpine areas. Little is documented about the ecology of the flax weevil. In this study we estimated the number of instars in the A. fairburni life cycle by measuring the head capsule widths of larvae collected in the field on Mana Island Scientific Reserve. We used kernel density function estimates to predict average head-capsule widths and the number of larval instars. We then used Brooks-Dyar’s law on the head capsule width data and analysed Brooks and Crosby indexes to refine the estimated number of instars based on imperfect data. Results from sampling of 86 larvae suggested four instar groupings, but further analysis based on Brooks-Dyar’s law found that A. fairburni likely passes through 6 or 7 larval stages prior to pupation, with some uncertainty for smaller instars. Our method provides new data on ecology of an endemic species and provides a framework for further work on similar endangered species where data is imperfect or difficult to gather.
{"title":"The number of larval instars in the flax weevil ( <i>Anagotus fairburni</i> ) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"William D. Brockelsby, Colin M. Miskelly, Travis R. Glare, Maria A. Minor","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2251898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2251898","url":null,"abstract":"The flax weevil Anagotus fairburni is a large flightless beetle, that is one of the members of the endemic insect ‘megafauna’ of New Zealand. It is a protected species that currently persists only on predator-free islands or in remote and difficult to access alpine areas. Little is documented about the ecology of the flax weevil. In this study we estimated the number of instars in the A. fairburni life cycle by measuring the head capsule widths of larvae collected in the field on Mana Island Scientific Reserve. We used kernel density function estimates to predict average head-capsule widths and the number of larval instars. We then used Brooks-Dyar’s law on the head capsule width data and analysed Brooks and Crosby indexes to refine the estimated number of instars based on imperfect data. Results from sampling of 86 larvae suggested four instar groupings, but further analysis based on Brooks-Dyar’s law found that A. fairburni likely passes through 6 or 7 larval stages prior to pupation, with some uncertainty for smaller instars. Our method provides new data on ecology of an endemic species and provides a framework for further work on similar endangered species where data is imperfect or difficult to gather.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2255165
Robyn White, Laureline Rossignaud, James V. Briskie
Consistent differences among individuals in the boldness-shyness continuum have been described in a variety of species. Environments with higher levels of predation are likely to select for shyer behavioural responses, due to the increased susceptibility of being ‘fearless’ in a high-risk environment. In this study, we compared the behavioural responses in two populations of South Island robin (Petroica australis), one of which is sympatric with a range of introduced predators (Kaikoura mainland) and one with no introduced predators (Motuara Island). We found robins on Motuara Island were significantly bolder than mainland robins. This was evidenced by robins in this low-risk environment being more likely to approach mealworms placed closer to a researcher. Robins in Kaikoura were also significantly slower than Motuara Island robins in latency (time to approach mealworms) but faster to remove five mealworms placed nearest to a researcher (handling time). These differences may be driven by bolder individuals having a disadvantage on the mainland as it exposes them to a higher risk from introduced predators. Although the extent to which these differences have a genetic basis is unknown, our results suggest that sympatry with introduced predators may favour more risk-averse behaviours in robins and other native species.
{"title":"The bold bird gets the worm? Behavioural differences of South Island robins ( <i>Petroica australis</i> ) in relation to differing predation risk","authors":"Robyn White, Laureline Rossignaud, James V. Briskie","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2255165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2255165","url":null,"abstract":"Consistent differences among individuals in the boldness-shyness continuum have been described in a variety of species. Environments with higher levels of predation are likely to select for shyer behavioural responses, due to the increased susceptibility of being ‘fearless’ in a high-risk environment. In this study, we compared the behavioural responses in two populations of South Island robin (Petroica australis), one of which is sympatric with a range of introduced predators (Kaikoura mainland) and one with no introduced predators (Motuara Island). We found robins on Motuara Island were significantly bolder than mainland robins. This was evidenced by robins in this low-risk environment being more likely to approach mealworms placed closer to a researcher. Robins in Kaikoura were also significantly slower than Motuara Island robins in latency (time to approach mealworms) but faster to remove five mealworms placed nearest to a researcher (handling time). These differences may be driven by bolder individuals having a disadvantage on the mainland as it exposes them to a higher risk from introduced predators. Although the extent to which these differences have a genetic basis is unknown, our results suggest that sympatry with introduced predators may favour more risk-averse behaviours in robins and other native species.","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2255142
Allen G. Rodrigo
{"title":"Modelling the evolution of holobionts: an incomplete review","authors":"Allen G. Rodrigo","doi":"10.1080/03014223.2023.2255142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2023.2255142","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19208,"journal":{"name":"New Zealand Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2023.2251904
Jodanne Aitken, Adrian Paterson, James Ross, Tamsin Orr-Walker, Laura Young
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