Northern Journal of Applied Forestry最新文献

英文中文

In Defence of the Normative Account of Ignorance. 为 "无知的规范性解释 "辩护。

IF 0.9

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00529-7

Anne Meylan

The standard view of ignorance is that it consists in the mere lack of knowledge or true belief. Duncan Pritchard has recently argued, against the standard view, that ignorance is the lack of knowledge/true belief that is due to an improper inquiry. I shall call, Pritchard's alternative account the Normative Account. The purpose of this article is to strengthen the Normative Account by providing an independent vargument supporting it.

关于无知的标准观点认为，无知仅仅是缺乏知识或真实信念。邓肯-普里查德（Duncan Pritchard）最近反驳了这一标准观点，认为无知是由于不恰当的探究而导致的知识/真实信念的缺乏。我将把普里查德的另一种说法称为 "规范说"。本文的目的是通过提供支持规范说的独立论据来加强规范说。

引用次数: 0

A rare case report of panuveitis with retinochoroidal involvement, retinitis, and retinal vasculitis due to extensive tinea corporis. 一例罕见病例报告：广泛的体癣导致泛发性视网膜炎、视网膜炎和视网膜血管炎，并累及视网膜脉络膜。

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2023-06-09 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1174414

Vinaya Kumar Konana, Kalpana Babu

A 40-year-old Asian Indian woman, diagnosed as having idiopathic panuveitis (elsewhere) 3 years earlier and being treated with oral steroids (20 mg/day) and methotrexate (25 mg/week), presented to us with worsening vision in both eyes. Her best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was perception of light in her right eye and counting fingers close to face in her left eye. A slit lamp examination showed an anterior chamber (AC) reaction (1+) in both eyes with posterior synechia, a total cataract in her right eye, and pseudophakia in her left eye. The left fundus showed vitritis, vitreous membranes, chorioretinitis, multifocal areas of retinitis, and retinal vascular sheathing. A systemic examination showed extensive multifocal areas of tinea corporis on the hands and torso. Owing to the leukocytosis (22,000 cells/mm³), diagnostic vitrectomy was initially deferred and 100 mg of oral itraconazole was given twice a day for 3 months. The vitritis improved a little and her total white blood cell (WBC) count improved with treatment of the skin infection. Following a diagnostic vitrectomy later in her left eye, resolving areas of retinitis were seen. Complete resolution of eye inflammation was seen at the end of 6 weeks. At the 6-month follow-up, her BCVA was 6/18 in left eye and she was off oral steroids and methotrexate, with no recurrence of inflammation. We speculate a probable association between the ocular inflammation and extensive tinea corporis based on the therapeutic response to itraconazole.

一名 40 岁的亚裔印度妇女在 3 年前被诊断为特发性泛葡萄膜炎（其他部位），并接受了口服类固醇（20 毫克/天）和甲氨蝶呤（25 毫克/周）治疗。她的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）为右眼能感知光线，左眼能数靠近脸部的手指。裂隙灯检查显示，双眼前房（AC）反应（1+），伴有后方裂隙，右眼为全白内障，左眼为假性白内障。左眼眼底显示玻璃体炎、玻璃体膜、脉络膜视网膜炎、多灶性视网膜炎和视网膜血管鞘。全身检查显示，她的手部和躯干有广泛的多灶性体癣。由于白细胞增多（22,000 个细胞/立方毫米），诊断性玻璃体切除术一开始被推迟，她口服了 100 毫克伊曲康唑，每天两次，持续了 3 个月。随着皮肤感染的治疗，她的玻璃体炎略有好转，白细胞总数也有所改善。后来在对她的左眼进行诊断性玻璃体切除术后，发现视网膜炎区域有所缓解。6 周后，眼部炎症完全消退。在 6 个月的随访中，她的左眼 BCVA 为 6/18，她已停用口服类固醇和甲氨蝶呤，炎症也没有复发。根据伊曲康唑的治疗反应，我们推测眼部炎症可能与广泛的体癣有关。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of Whole-Tree and Cut-to-Length Harvesting on Postharvest Condition and Logging Costs for Early Commercial Thinning in Maine 缅因州全树采伐和切长采伐对采后条件和早期商业间伐伐木成本的影响

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.13-016

J. Benjamin, R. Seymour, Emily Meacham, Jeremy S. Wilson

Regenerating clearcuts dating from the spruce budworm outbreak of the 1980s are beginning to reach merchantable size throughout northern Maine and would benefit from commercial thinning, but there is no consensus among foresters and the logging industry about how such stands can be efficiently thinned. This study investigated silviculturally effective, operational solutions to implement early commercial thinning treatments. Comparisons between two wholetree (WT) and two cut-to-length (CTL) systems were made in terms of residual stem damage, retention of downed woody material, product utilization, and unit cost of production. Results show significantly more crop trees removed (P 0.030) and more high severity wound area per plot (P 0.011) for the WT systems. There was no difference in the number of stems wounded per plot at the high severity level between harvest methods (P 0.312). Harvest-generated and retained downed wood material volume averaged 511.9 and 205.6 ft/ac for CTL and WT plots, respectively. Round wood production was the same for CTL and WT plots (average 30 tons/ac), but more than four times more biomass was produced from the WT operations. Production costs were not significantly different between harvest methods due in part to high machine productivity and increased biomass production for the WT systems.

从20世纪80年代的云杉芽虫爆发开始，在整个缅因州北部重新砍伐的空地开始达到可销售的规模，并将受益于商业砍伐，但在如何有效地砍伐这些林分方面，林农和伐木业没有达成共识。本研究探讨了早期商业间伐处理在造林上的有效性和可操作性。比较了两种整树(WT)和两种切到长度(CTL)系统在残茎损伤、羽化木质材料保留、产品利用率和单位生产成本方面的差异。结果显示，在WT系统中，有更多的作物树木被砍伐(P 0.030)，每个地块有更多的严重伤口面积(P 0.011)。不同采收方式在高严重程度下每小区茎伤数无显著差异(P 0.312)。在CTL和WT地块上，收获产生和保留的羽绒木材材料体积平均分别为511.9英尺/公顷和205.6英尺/公顷。CTL和WT地块的圆木产量相同(平均30吨/ac)，但WT操作产生的生物质是其四倍多。生产成本在不同的收获方法之间没有显著差异，部分原因是WT系统的机器生产率高，生物量产量增加。

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引用次数: 25

Long-Term Impact of Shoot Blight Disease on Red Pine Saplings 梢疫病对红松幼苗的长期影响

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.13-024

L. Haugen, M. Ostry

Damage from Sirococcus and Diplodia shoot blights of red pine is widespread and periodically severe in the Lake States. An outbreak of shoot blight occurred in red pine sapling plantations across northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in 1993. We established monitoring plots in red pine sapling plantations severely affected by shoot blight in Michigan and Wisconsin to assess the influence of residual overstory red pine and the presence of Sirococcus and Diplodia shoot blights on disease severity and their long-term impact on tree survival and growth. Fourteen years after the initial outbreak, many red pine saplings had recovered from serious damage ( 1/3 of new shoots affected) that had occurred in a single outbreak year followed by lower levels of disease in subsequent years. However, the most severely affected trees sustained higher mortality and reduced growth. Forking or development of crooks of the main stem was common if terminal leaders were killed by shoot blight. Results from this study suggest that the impact of a shoot blight outbreak on red pine saplings largely depends on the presence or absence of an inoculum source in residual overstory trees, the species of pathogen present in the stand, and the initial disease severity.

红松的Sirococcus and Diplodia shoot疫病在Lake States是广泛和周期性严重的。1993年，威斯康辛州北部、明尼苏达州北部和密歇根州上半岛的红松树苗种植园爆发了梢疫病。在美国密歇根州和威斯康辛州受梢疫病严重影响的红松人工林中建立监测样地，评估残留的林下红松和梢疫病的存在对病害严重程度的影响及其对树木生存和生长的长期影响。在最初爆发的14年后，许多红松树苗已经从单一爆发年份发生的严重损害(受影响的新芽的1/3)中恢复过来，随后几年的疾病水平较低。然而，受影响最严重的树木死亡率较高，生长速度下降。如果末梢茎被芽枯病杀死，主茎分叉或分叉是常见的。研究结果表明，红松梢疫病爆发对红松幼树的影响在很大程度上取决于剩余林分中是否存在接种源、林分中存在的病原体种类和初始疾病严重程度。

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引用次数: 6

Financial and management implications of producing bioenergy in upland oak stands in Kentucky. 肯塔基州高地橡树林生产生物能源的财务和管理意义。

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.12-039

Jonathan Franklin Catron, G. Stainback, J. Lhotka, J. Stringer, Lijia Hu

引用次数: 7

Practical Implications of Projecting a Horizontal Angle in a Nonhorizontal Manner to Diameter at Breast Height 以非水平方式向胸围高度的直径投射水平角的实际意义

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.12-040

C. VanderSchaaf

引用次数: 0

Precommercial Crop Tree Release Increases Upper Canopy Persistence and Diameter Growth of Oak Saplings 商业作物前的树木释放增加了橡树树苗的冠层持久性和直径生长

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.13-017

J. Ward

引用次数: 12

A Comparative Analysis of Conservation Awareness among New York and Massachusetts Woodland Owners 纽约州和马萨诸塞州林地所有者保护意识的比较分析

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.13-026

Emma L. Schnur, S. Allred, D. Kittredge

The Conservation Awareness Index (CAI) is a survey instrument used to assess how prepared family forest landowners are to make informed decisions about their land. First developed in Massachusetts, we report results of its application in New York. Administered to 496 randomly selected New York family forest landowners and 158 benchmark landowners who had received conservation training, results confirmed instrument validity and exposed low levels of awareness about conservation options among forest landowners in the study, especially concerning New York’s current-use tax program and conservation easements. Education level, ownership acreage, and location were associated with higher levels of conservation awareness. A comparative analysis between New York and Massachusetts forest landowners revealed significantly higher levels of conservation awareness for the New England state’s landowners. The CAI can be used to improve outreach efforts by targeting education toward the conservation options for which landowners have low levels of awareness. A high level of conservation awareness is the foundation for informed forest stewardship decisions.

保护意识指数(CAI)是一种调查工具，用于评估家庭森林土地所有者对其土地做出明智决定的准备程度。首先在马萨诸塞州开发，我们报告其在纽约应用的结果。随机选择496名纽约家庭森林土地所有者和158名接受过保护培训的基准土地所有者，结果证实了工具的有效性，并暴露了研究中森林土地所有者对保护选择的认识水平较低，特别是关于纽约当前使用税计划和保护地地权。受教育程度、所有权面积和地理位置与较高的保护意识相关。一项对纽约州和马萨诸塞州森林所有者的比较分析显示，新英格兰州的土地所有者的保护意识明显更高。通过针对土地所有者意识较低的保护方案进行教育，CAI可以用来改善外联工作。高度的保护意识是作出明智的森林管理决策的基础。

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引用次数: 2

Landowner Attitudes Toward Maple Syrup Production in the Northern Forest: A Survey of Forest Owners with ≥100 Acres in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont 北方森林所有者对枫糖浆生产的态度:对缅因州、新罕布什尔州、纽约州和佛蒙特州≥100英亩森林所有者的调查

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.12-030

Michael L. Farrell, R. Stedman

引用次数: 9

The Effect of Soil Scarification on Quercus Seedling Establishment Within Upland Stands of the Northern Cumberland Plateau 土壤侵蚀对北坎伯兰高原旱地栎树幼苗成活率的影响

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.5849/NJAF.13-002

D. Parrott, J. Lhotka, J. Stringer

引用次数: 2

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