{"title":"Deep Planting Has No Short- or Long-Term Effect on the Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine","authors":"A. Paquette, J. Girard, Denis Walsh","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"146-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species","authors":"Andrew J. Fast, M. Ducey","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"157-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.
物种间的渐渗杂交产生新的基因组合和表型。我们需要一种容易获得的、客观的方法来评价黑松(Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm])之间的渗透程度。[Critchfield]和杰克松(Pinus banksiana Lamb.)在加拿大的分布范围重叠的单株树木中用于另一项关于寄主物种对最近扩大其分布范围的爆发性食草动物的抗性的影响的研究。我们采用、简化并完全量化了一种用来评价松树种群侵蚀的形态指数，并将其应用于单株树木。除了主成分分析(PCA)之外，我们还使用了判别函数分析(DFA)，这是一种具有亲本分类群先验知识的潜在更强大的方法，可以生成渗入评级。杂交区域内的形态性状变异和渗进率较高，而纯亲本区域的变异率很低。PCA和DFA在林分水平上产生了相似的渗透评分，但个别树种的评分差异很大。某些形态特征可能在PCA和DFA中被忽略，但对林分等级的评定影响不大。本文提出的判别函数是基于易于测量的、完全可量化的形态特征，可以被其他研究人员用于产生黑松和长叶松的相对渗入等级。该方法也可应用于其他植物杂交系统。
{"title":"Rating Introgression between Lodgepole and Jack Pine at the Individual Tree Level Using Morphological Traits","authors":"K. Bleiker, A. Carroll","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.138","url":null,"abstract":"Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"138-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher H. Guiterman, A. Weiskittel, R. Seymour
{"title":"Influences of Conventional and Low-Density Thinning on the Lower Bole Taper and Volume Growth of Eastern White Pine","authors":"Christopher H. Guiterman, A. Weiskittel, R. Seymour","doi":"10.1093/njaf/28.3.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.3.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/njaf/28.3.123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We tested the effects of plot size (0.05-0.30 ac) and basal area factor (BAF) (5-30) on the accuracy and precision of per-acre estimates of tree number, basal area, biomass (all for trees ≥4.5 in. dbh), and sawtimber volume (for trees ≥11.6 in. dbh). Field sampling errors, such as missing in-trees, did not affect our tests. Virtual, variableand fixed-radius plots were randomly located within an artificial matrix of 130 real plots in well stocked, upland hardwood forests of sawtimber-sized trees in the Missouri Ozarks. Inventory parameters were essentially independent of plot size and BAF, while their coefficients of variation decreased with plot size and increased with BAF. Thus, our results for random plots agreed with sampling theory, unlike a previous study using concentric virtual plots in West Virginia forests. A very concentrated zone of high tree density around some plot centers apparently caused the biased estimates by concentric plots. Compared with the entire composite forest, inventory means were accurately estimated (to within 5%) and size class distributions were well represented for plots ≥0.1 ac or ≤ 15 BAF. Our procedures provide a basis for selecting an efficient and cost-effective sampling design suited to forest characteristics and the inventory’s purpose.
{"title":"Effects of Basal Area Factor and Plot Size on Precision and Accuracy of Forest Inventory Estimates","authors":"P. Becker, Tom Nichols","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.152","url":null,"abstract":"We tested the effects of plot size (0.05-0.30 ac) and basal area factor (BAF) (5-30) on the accuracy and precision of per-acre estimates of tree number, basal area, biomass (all for trees ≥4.5 in. dbh), and sawtimber volume (for trees ≥11.6 in. dbh). Field sampling errors, such as missing in-trees, did not affect our tests. Virtual, variableand fixed-radius plots were randomly located within an artificial matrix of 130 real plots in well stocked, upland hardwood forests of sawtimber-sized trees in the Missouri Ozarks. Inventory parameters were essentially independent of plot size and BAF, while their coefficients of variation decreased with plot size and increased with BAF. Thus, our results for random plots agreed with sampling theory, unlike a previous study using concentric virtual plots in West Virginia forests. A very concentrated zone of high tree density around some plot centers apparently caused the biased estimates by concentric plots. Compared with the entire composite forest, inventory means were accurately estimated (to within 5%) and size class distributions were well represented for plots ≥0.1 ac or ≤ 15 BAF. Our procedures provide a basis for selecting an efficient and cost-effective sampling design suited to forest characteristics and the inventory’s purpose.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"152-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Carbon Management Diagram for Oak-hickory Forests in Southern Ohio","authors":"Roger A. Williams, Yuhua Tao","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.161","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"161-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004-2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0-5, 10-15, and 20-25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20-25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0-5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.
{"title":"Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, and Herbicide Application on Ash (Fraxinus Spp.) Stump Sprouting and Colonization by Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)","authors":"T. Petrice, R. Haack","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.79","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004-2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0-5, 10-15, and 20-25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20-25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0-5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"79-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.79","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Evans, M. Aust, C. A. Dolloff, Ben S. Templeton, J. Peterson
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the Appalachian mountain range is threatened by the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Potential impacts on riparian systems are great because of eastern hemlock’s role as a foundation species that influences site soil, vegetation, and stream characteristics. We installed permanent research sites at 49 locations in riparian areas, from Maine to Alabama, to survey eastern hemlock health, measure stand dynamics, and predict near-term forest composition without eastern hemlock. This report summarizes the initial stand measurements from summer of 2008. We found hemlock woolly adelgid present at 25 of 49 stands from Massachusetts to Georgia, and all of these stands had some degree of hemlock decline. New England states, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Alabama had good hemlock health and no sign of hemlock woolly adelgid. Eighteen of the 49 sites had no nonhemlock conifer species in the overstory, and 30 of 49 sites had less than 5 m 2 ha 1 of nonhemlock conifers. Without eastern hemlock, 25 of the stands would have more than 90% hardwood in the overstory, many of which are in the mid-Atlantic and southern states at sites dominated by shrubs in the understory such as Rhododendron maximum. Competition from shrubs may hinder stand regeneration after disturbance by hemlock woolly adelgid. On the basis of the abundance of hardwood species and lack of conifer species present in the overstory at many infested hemlock-dominated stands, these sites may conver tt o hardwood-dominated stands, which will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
阿巴拉契亚山脉的东部铁杉(Tsuga canadensis)受到引进的铁杉羊毛铁杉(Adelges tsugae)的威胁。由于东铁杉作为一种基础物种，影响了场地土壤、植被和溪流特征，因此对河岸系统的潜在影响是巨大的。我们在从缅因州到阿拉巴马州的49个河岸地区设置了永久性研究站点，以调查东部铁杉的健康状况，测量林分动态，并预测没有东部铁杉的短期森林组成。本报告总结了2008年夏季的初步林分测量结果。在麻州至乔治亚州的49个林分中，有25个林分存在铁杉毛蕊蚜，且这些林分铁杉均有不同程度的下降。新英格兰州、俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州西部、肯塔基州和阿拉巴马州的铁杉健康状况良好，没有铁杉绒毛状蚜虫的迹象。49个样地中有18个样地没有非铁杉针叶树，30个样地的非铁杉针叶树少于5 m 2 hm2。如果没有东部铁杉，25个林分的林下硬木覆盖率将超过90%，其中许多林下硬木分布在大西洋中部和南部各州，林下灌木占主导地位，如杜鹃花。来自灌木的竞争可能会阻碍铁杉绒蚜干扰后的林分再生。在许多以铁杉为主的被侵染林分中，由于阔叶树种类丰富而针叶树种类缺乏，这些地点可能会转变为硬木为主的林分，这将影响陆地和水生生态系统的动态。
{"title":"Eastern hemlock decline in riparian areas from Maine to Alabama","authors":"Daniel Evans, M. Aust, C. A. Dolloff, Ben S. Templeton, J. Peterson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.97","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the Appalachian mountain range is threatened by the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Potential impacts on riparian systems are great because of eastern hemlock’s role as a foundation species that influences site soil, vegetation, and stream characteristics. We installed permanent research sites at 49 locations in riparian areas, from Maine to Alabama, to survey eastern hemlock health, measure stand dynamics, and predict near-term forest composition without eastern hemlock. This report summarizes the initial stand measurements from summer of 2008. We found hemlock woolly adelgid present at 25 of 49 stands from Massachusetts to Georgia, and all of these stands had some degree of hemlock decline. New England states, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Alabama had good hemlock health and no sign of hemlock woolly adelgid. Eighteen of the 49 sites had no nonhemlock conifer species in the overstory, and 30 of 49 sites had less than 5 m 2 ha 1 of nonhemlock conifers. Without eastern hemlock, 25 of the stands would have more than 90% hardwood in the overstory, many of which are in the mid-Atlantic and southern states at sites dominated by shrubs in the understory such as Rhododendron maximum. Competition from shrubs may hinder stand regeneration after disturbance by hemlock woolly adelgid. On the basis of the abundance of hardwood species and lack of conifer species present in the overstory at many infested hemlock-dominated stands, these sites may conver tt o hardwood-dominated stands, which will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"97-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vertical Point Sampling with a Camera","authors":"M. Ducey, J. Kershaw","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.61","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia I. Briedis, Jeremy S. Wilson, J. Benjamin, R. Wagner
wood across all sites was 726 57 ft 3 /ac (SE), 47% of which was residue generated by the harvest. The variability of residue volumes was higher within sites (coefficients of variation between 36 and 69%) than between sites (coefficient of variation, 27%). Coarse woody material between 3 and 6 in. in diameter at the large end dominated the postharvest debris, while logs greater than 10 in. in diameter were scarce. The majority of harvest-generated downed wood was in decay class 1, whereas preharvest debris consisted of mostly decay classes 2, 3, and 4. The volumes of downed wood remaining on the study sites were within the range of volumes found on other managed sites of similar forest types. However, further research is necessary to assess whether these amounts and characteristics are adequate for long-term maintenance of ecological processes.
{"title":"Logging Residue Volumes and Characteristics following Integrated Roundwood and Energy-Wood Whole-Tree Harvesting in Central Maine","authors":"Julia I. Briedis, Jeremy S. Wilson, J. Benjamin, R. Wagner","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.66","url":null,"abstract":"wood across all sites was 726 57 ft 3 /ac (SE), 47% of which was residue generated by the harvest. The variability of residue volumes was higher within sites (coefficients of variation between 36 and 69%) than between sites (coefficient of variation, 27%). Coarse woody material between 3 and 6 in. in diameter at the large end dominated the postharvest debris, while logs greater than 10 in. in diameter were scarce. The majority of harvest-generated downed wood was in decay class 1, whereas preharvest debris consisted of mostly decay classes 2, 3, and 4. The volumes of downed wood remaining on the study sites were within the range of volumes found on other managed sites of similar forest types. However, further research is necessary to assess whether these amounts and characteristics are adequate for long-term maintenance of ecological processes.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"66-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：