W. Luppold, T. Mace, A. Weatherspoon, Keith Jacobson
Premium fuel pellets are popular for home heating fuel and standard fuel pellets are finding increased use for electrical generation. In 2005, 41 percent of the fiber feed stock used to produce pellets in the Lake States was wood residue, 27 percent waste paper or agricultural residue, and 32 percent multiple or unspecified fiber feed stocks. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of wood pellet processing facilities in the region nearly doubled and this expansion required an additional 592 thousand dry tons of fiber feed stock. Currently, two facilities producing 67 thousand tons of pellets are under construction and four plants slated to produce an additional 600 thousand tons of product are in the planning stage. The primary product manufactured in these new or planned facilities will be commercial fuel pellets and the primary feed stock will be roundwood or harvest residues and paper and agriculture waste. The potential increase in the demand for lower quality roundwood by these new facilities could replace the declining demand for this material by the paper industry. However, if the fuel pellet industry continues to expand, it could bid roundwood away from the remaining pulp and paper mills.
{"title":"Changes in the Fuel Pellet Industry in the Lake States 2005 to 2008","authors":"W. Luppold, T. Mace, A. Weatherspoon, Keith Jacobson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","url":null,"abstract":"Premium fuel pellets are popular for home heating fuel and standard fuel pellets are finding increased use for electrical generation. In 2005, 41 percent of the fiber feed stock used to produce pellets in the Lake States was wood residue, 27 percent waste paper or agricultural residue, and 32 percent multiple or unspecified fiber feed stocks. Between 2005 and 2008, the number of wood pellet processing facilities in the region nearly doubled and this expansion required an additional 592 thousand dry tons of fiber feed stock. Currently, two facilities producing 67 thousand tons of pellets are under construction and four plants slated to produce an additional 600 thousand tons of product are in the planning stage. The primary product manufactured in these new or planned facilities will be commercial fuel pellets and the primary feed stock will be roundwood or harvest residues and paper and agriculture waste. The potential increase in the demand for lower quality roundwood by these new facilities could replace the declining demand for this material by the paper industry. However, if the fuel pellet industry continues to expand, it could bid roundwood away from the remaining pulp and paper mills.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"204-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems","authors":"Oscar Bustos, A. Egan","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"194-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characteristics of and Challenges Faced by Logging Business Owners in Southern New England","authors":"A. Egan","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"180-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nontarget Insects Caught on Emerald Ash Borer Purple Monitoring Traps in Western Pennsylvania","authors":"M. Skvarla, J. D. Holland","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"219-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
regeneration and pole-sized beech densities (Jones et al. 1989, Bohn and Nyland 2003, Nolet et al. 2008), but with larger gap/patch openings, beech densities can be reduced while allowing shade-tolerant sugar maple to grow beneath shade-intolerant species that establish after harvest (Leak 1999). Subsequent timber stand improvement can then be used to shift species compositions to sugar maple and yellow birch (Leak and Smith 1997). Shelterwood harvests can favor beech-dominated understories when residual beech regeneration remains, root suckering increases, and harvests occur on mid-quality sites, because beech is typically more competitive than sugar maple on sites low in calcium and nitrogen (Boerner and Koslowsky 1989, Long et al. 1997). Preharvest site preparation (Kelty and Nyland 1981) and postharvest herbicide applications (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986) can be effective strategies for promoting the establishment of sugar maple and yellow birch when combined with even-aged management. Advances in forest herbicide technology, including precise application rates, make it possible to test the performance of treatments designed to release desirable hardwood species from understory beech cover, similar to northern conifer release treatments (sensu Newton et al. 1992, Wagner and Robinson 2006). The high susceptibility of beech and low susceptibility of sugar maple to moderate glyphosate rates (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986, Pitt et al. 1992, 1993) makes this herbicide an ideal candidate for testing the selective removal of beech and preservation of sugar maple following shelterwood harvests. We hypothesized that by systematically adjusting the glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that a treatment combination could be identified that produced maximum beech control and minimal injury to sugar maple and other desirable hardwood species. The objectives of this study were to (1) document the relative susceptibility of five major hardwood species in Maine northern hardwood stands (beech, sugar maple, red maple, striped maple, and yellow birch) to various combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) and surfactant (EnTree 5735); (2) identify an optimal combination of glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that produced the highest level of beech control and lowest level of sugar maple injury; and (3) determine whether the results produced using hydraulic nozzle applications (which were required to precisely control herbicide and surfactant application rates) were transferable to mistblower applications that would typically be used for industrial herbicide applications.
再生和竹竿大小的山毛榉密度(Jones et al. 1989, Bohn and Nyland 2003, Nolet et al. 2008)，但随着更大的间隙/斑块开口，山毛榉密度可以降低，同时允许耐阴糖枫在收获后建立的耐阴树种下生长(Leak 1999)。随后的林分改善可用于将树种组成转变为糖枫和黄桦(Leak and Smith 1997)。当残留的山毛榉还在再生，吸根量增加，并且在中等质量的地点收获时，杉木采伐有利于山毛榉为主的林下植被，因为在钙和氮含量低的地点，山毛榉通常比糖枫更具竞争力(Boerner and Koslowsky 1989, Long et al. 1997)。采前准备(Kelty and Nyland 1981)和采后施用除草剂(Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986)与平均树龄管理相结合，可以成为促进糖枫和黄桦成树的有效策略。森林除草剂技术的进步，包括精确的施用率，使得测试旨在从山毛榉林下覆盖层释放所需硬木物种的处理的性能成为可能，类似于北方针叶树释放处理(sensu Newton等人，1992;Wagner和Robinson, 2006)。山毛榉对草甘膦的敏感性高，而糖枫对草甘膦的敏感性低(Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986, Pitt et al. 1992, 1993)，这使得该除草剂成为测试在防护林收获后选择性去除山毛榉和保存糖枫的理想候选除草剂。我们假设，通过系统地调节草甘膦的用量和表面活性剂的浓度，可以确定一种能最大限度地控制山毛榉、最小限度地损害糖枫和其他理想硬木树种的处理组合。本研究的目的是:(1)记录缅因州北部阔叶林中五种主要硬木树种(山毛榉、糖枫、红枫、条纹枫和黄桦)对各种草甘膦除草剂(Accord浓缩剂)和表面活性剂(EnTree 5735)组合的相对敏感性;(2)确定草甘膦浓度和表面活性剂浓度的最佳组合，使山毛榉的防治水平最高，糖枫的危害水平最低;(3)确定使用液压喷嘴应用(需要精确控制除草剂和表面活性剂的施用量)产生的结果是否可转移到通常用于工业除草剂应用的吹雾器应用中。
{"title":"Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine","authors":"A. Nelson, R. Wagner","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","url":null,"abstract":"regeneration and pole-sized beech densities (Jones et al. 1989, Bohn and Nyland 2003, Nolet et al. 2008), but with larger gap/patch openings, beech densities can be reduced while allowing shade-tolerant sugar maple to grow beneath shade-intolerant species that establish after harvest (Leak 1999). Subsequent timber stand improvement can then be used to shift species compositions to sugar maple and yellow birch (Leak and Smith 1997). Shelterwood harvests can favor beech-dominated understories when residual beech regeneration remains, root suckering increases, and harvests occur on mid-quality sites, because beech is typically more competitive than sugar maple on sites low in calcium and nitrogen (Boerner and Koslowsky 1989, Long et al. 1997). Preharvest site preparation (Kelty and Nyland 1981) and postharvest herbicide applications (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986) can be effective strategies for promoting the establishment of sugar maple and yellow birch when combined with even-aged management. Advances in forest herbicide technology, including precise application rates, make it possible to test the performance of treatments designed to release desirable hardwood species from understory beech cover, similar to northern conifer release treatments (sensu Newton et al. 1992, Wagner and Robinson 2006). The high susceptibility of beech and low susceptibility of sugar maple to moderate glyphosate rates (Ostrofsky and McCormack 1986, Pitt et al. 1992, 1993) makes this herbicide an ideal candidate for testing the selective removal of beech and preservation of sugar maple following shelterwood harvests. We hypothesized that by systematically adjusting the glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that a treatment combination could be identified that produced maximum beech control and minimal injury to sugar maple and other desirable hardwood species. The objectives of this study were to (1) document the relative susceptibility of five major hardwood species in Maine northern hardwood stands (beech, sugar maple, red maple, striped maple, and yellow birch) to various combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) and surfactant (EnTree 5735); (2) identify an optimal combination of glyphosate rate and surfactant concentration that produced the highest level of beech control and lowest level of sugar maple injury; and (3) determine whether the results produced using hydraulic nozzle applications (which were required to precisely control herbicide and surfactant application rates) were transferable to mistblower applications that would typically be used for industrial herbicide applications.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Becker, E. Bilek, T. Cunningham, M. Bill, M. Calvert, J. Jensen, M. Norris, T. Thompson
The objective of the case studies reported here was to quantify actual timber revenues, the production rates and hourly machine costs of conventional harvest equipment (chainsaw and skidder), and the cost of loading and transporting timber from the woods to the mill. This permitted an assessment of the net operating revenues to loggers generated by forest improvement harvests using BMPs and crop tree management in the Missouri Ozarks. Our aim was to assess whether these harvest practices were an affordable option for loggers and landowners. Neither silvicultural prescriptions nor harvest practices were modified for this study, which measured outcomes based on actual costs and revenues. The loggers were exceptional in that all but one team were state or regional loggers of the year, and all incorporated smallwood harvesting in their normal operations. The low capital cost of their equipment was, however, typical of family logging operations, which predominate in the Missouri Ozarks. Materials and Methods Site Descriptions and Silvicultural Prescriptions Four upland oak or oak-hickory stands in the Missouri Ozarks were selected on the basis of the willingness of landowners and their loggers to participate in the study. All stands had some sawtimber 70 years old. Slope varied from 0% to 50%, and soils were mainly silt loams varying in depth from 1 to 8 ft. Our harvests occurred in 2008 and 2009, at least 30 years after the previous harvest. We studied a variety of approaches to crop tree management to better assess the economic feasibility of forest improvement harvests. At all sites, professional foresters selected individual crop trees (e.g., Iffrig et al. 2008) and marked trees for felling. Additionally, some group openings due to mortality or current prescription occurred at Sites II and IV. Two sites (II and III) had been harvested under crop tree management for at least three decades and were already producing sawtimber of greater size and quality than the other two sites, which had experienced only diameter-limit cuts. These groups were further dichotomized by the extent of FSI performed (greatest at Sites I and II). Smallwood consequently made up very different proportions of harvested timber volume and revenue among the sites. We have reported the results for individual sites so that readers can better judge their generality. Stand Inventories Preharvest inventories of trees l.5 in. dbh with a basal area factor prism of 10 followed standard procedures (Missouri Department of Conservation 2007). Postharvest damage was assessed for all live trees 5 in. dbh in 7 or 12 plots of 0.1 ac each, established in a systematic grid at about 3% sampling intensity. The boundary of the harvest area was mapped with a GPS device, as were the location of log decks within the harvest area and skid trails with three or more hauls to measure their areas. Work and Production Records Loggers were financially compensated for their time to record production data and
这里报告的案例研究的目的是量化实际木材收入、传统采伐设备(链锯和滑车)的生产率和每小时机器成本，以及木材从树林装载和运输到工厂的成本。这样就可以评估密苏里奥扎克地区利用bmp和林木管理进行森林改良收获所产生的伐木工人净营业收入。我们的目的是评估这些采伐方法是否是伐木者和土地所有者负担得起的选择。这项研究既没有修改造林处方，也没有修改采伐方法，它是根据实际成本和收入来衡量结果的。这些伐木者的特殊之处在于，除了一个伐木者外，他们都是当年的州或地区伐木者，而且所有伐木者都在他们的正常作业中加入了小木材的采伐。然而，他们设备的低资本成本是典型的家庭伐木作业，这种作业在密苏里州奥扎克地区占主导地位。材料与方法场地描述与造林处方根据土地所有者及其伐木工人的参与意愿，在密苏里州欧扎克地区选择了4个高地橡树或山核桃林。所有的看台上都有一些有70年历史的锯材。坡度从0%到50%不等，土壤主要是淤泥壤土，深度从1英尺到8英尺不等。我们的收获发生在2008年和2009年，比上一次收获至少晚了30年。为了更好地评估森林改良收获的经济可行性，我们研究了多种作物树木管理方法。在所有地点，专业的林务人员选择单个作物树木(例如，Iffrig等人，2008年)，并标记树木进行砍伐。此外，由于死亡率或目前的处方，一些群体开口发生在II和IV点。两个地点(II和III)在作物树管理下采伐至少三十年，并且已经生产出比其他两个地点更大的尺寸和质量的锯材，这两个地点只经历了直径限制的砍伐。这些群体被FSI的程度进一步划分(在site I和II中最大)。因此，Smallwood在采伐木材量和收入中所占的比例在不同的站点之间非常不同。我们报告了个别网站的结果，以便读者可以更好地判断它们的普遍性。采伐前1.5英寸树木的库存。dbh与基底面积因子棱镜为10遵循标准程序(密苏里州保护部门2007)。对所有活树的采后损害进行了评估。在系统网格中以约3%的采样强度建立7或12个地块，每个地块0.1 ac的胸径。采伐区域的边界是用GPS设备绘制的，采伐区域内的原木甲板和滑道的位置是用三次或更多的运输来测量的。工作和生产记录记录器因其记录生产数据和为估计机器成本提供输入的时间而获得经济补偿。操作员使用电子秒表并记录每台设备的每日运行时间(以0.25小时为单位)。Becker et al.(2006)发现该程序在整个系统操作层面上是足够准确的。在Site I，土地所有者仅在作物树周围进行FSI，砍伐，划界和覆盖小树木，小到4英寸。胸径。处理废弃树木的时间只算在一台链锯的成本上。在交付给工厂之前，锯木尺寸为(国际1/4-in)。由其中一位作者(站点I和III)或伐木工(站点II和IV)收集8或9英尺原木的规则。所有锯木和小木材的消费者规模重量票被收集。因为锯木和小木材的收获时间没有分开，这些产品有时以不同的单位出售，体积被转换成一个共同的单位(绿色吨)用于生产力分析。吨/千板英尺(mbf)(国际1/4英寸)根据Doruska et al.(2006，公式10)对所有研究树种，即橡树、山核桃树和甜桉树的所有原木进行计算。该比率(现场平均值:5.9-6.3吨/mbf)乘以每根原木的缩放mbf，以估计以吨为单位的重量，然后对所有锯木进行求和。该估计值仅比现场III和IV锯木的工厂测量重量大3%，小2%。收获设备的机器成本(表1)根据Miyata(1980)计算，Brinker等人(2002，表2)使用deLasaux等人(2009)开发的电子表格进行了修改。这种方法为应用于特定操作的平均时间生产率和不寻常费用提供了标准和透明的基础。然而，它确实在一定程度上忽视了货币的时间价值(Bilek 2008, Rummer 2008)。 这里报告的案例研究的目的是量化实际木材收入、传统采伐设备(链锯和滑车)的生产率和每小时机器成本，以及木材从树林装载和运输到工厂的成本。这样就可以评估密苏里奥扎克地区利用bmp和林木管理进行森林改良收获所产生的伐木工人净营业收入。我们的目的是评估这些采伐方法是否是伐木者和土地所有者负担得起的选择。这项研究既没有修改造林处方，也没有修改采伐方法，它是根据实际成本和收入来衡量结果的。这些伐木者的特殊之处在于，除了一个伐木者外，他们都是当年的州或地区伐木者，而且所有伐木者都在他们的正常作业中加入了小木材的采伐。然而，他们设备的低资本成本是典型的家庭伐木作业，这种作业在密苏里州奥扎克地区占主导地位。材料与方法场地描述与造林处方根据土地所有者及其伐木工人的参与意愿，在密苏里州欧扎克地区选择了4个高地橡树或山核桃林。所有的看台上都有一些有70年历史的锯材。坡度从0%到50%不等，土壤主要是淤泥壤土，深度从1英尺到8英尺不等。我们的收获发生在2008年和2009年，比上一次收获至少晚了30年。为了更好地评估森林改良收获的经济可行性，我们研究了多种作物树木管理方法。在所有地点，专业的林务人员选择单个作物树木(例如，Iffrig等人，2008年)，并标记树木进行砍伐。此外，由于死亡率或目前的处方，一些群体开口发生在II和IV点。两个地点(II和III)在作物树管理下采伐至少三十年，并且已经生产出比其他两个地点更大的尺寸和质量的锯材，这两个地点只经历了直径限制的砍伐。这些群体被FSI的程度进一步划分(在site I和II中最大)。因此，Smallwood在采伐木材量和收入中所占的比例在不同的站点之间非常不同。我们报告了个别网站的结果，以便读者可以更好地判断它们的普遍性。采伐前1.5英寸树木的库存。dbh与基底面积因子棱镜为10遵循标准程序(密苏里州保护部门2007)。对所有活树的采后损害进行了评估。在系统网格中以约3%的采样强度建立7或12个地块，每个地块0.1 ac的胸径。采伐区域的边界是用GPS设备绘制的，采伐区域内的原木甲板和滑道的位置是用三次或更多的运输来测量的。工作和生产记录记录器因其记录生产数据和为估计机器成本提供输入的时间而获得经济补偿。操作员使用电子秒表并记录每台设备的每日运行时间(以0.25小时为单位)。Becker et al.(2006)发现该程序在整个系统操作层面上是足够准确的。在Site I，土地所有者仅在作物树周围进行FSI，砍伐，划界和覆盖小树木，小到4英寸。胸径。处理废弃树木的时间只算在一台链锯的成本上。在交付给工厂之前，锯木尺寸为(国际1/4-in)。由其中一位作者(站点I和III)或伐木工(站点II和IV)收集8或9英尺原木的规则。所有锯木和小木材的消费者规模重量票被收集。因为锯木和小木材的收获时间没有分开，这些产品有时以不同的单位出售，体积被转换成一个共同的单位(绿色吨)用于生产力分析。吨/千板英尺(mbf)(国际1/4英寸)根据Doruska et al.(2006，公式10)对所有研究树种，即橡树、山核桃树和甜桉树的所有原木进行计算。该比率(现场平均值:5.9-6.3吨/mbf)乘以每根原木的缩放mbf，以估计以吨为单位的重量，然后对所有锯木进行求和。该估计值仅比现场III和IV锯木的工厂测量重量大3%，小2%。收获设备的机器成本(表1)根据Miyata(1980)计算，Brinker等人(2002，表2)使用de
{"title":"Economics of Coharvesting Smallwood by Chainsaw and Skidder for Crop Tree Management in Missouri","authors":"P. Becker, E. Bilek, T. Cunningham, M. Bill, M. Calvert, J. Jensen, M. Norris, T. Thompson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the case studies reported here was to quantify actual timber revenues, the production rates and hourly machine costs of conventional harvest equipment (chainsaw and skidder), and the cost of loading and transporting timber from the woods to the mill. This permitted an assessment of the net operating revenues to loggers generated by forest improvement harvests using BMPs and crop tree management in the Missouri Ozarks. Our aim was to assess whether these harvest practices were an affordable option for loggers and landowners. Neither silvicultural prescriptions nor harvest practices were modified for this study, which measured outcomes based on actual costs and revenues. The loggers were exceptional in that all but one team were state or regional loggers of the year, and all incorporated smallwood harvesting in their normal operations. The low capital cost of their equipment was, however, typical of family logging operations, which predominate in the Missouri Ozarks. Materials and Methods Site Descriptions and Silvicultural Prescriptions Four upland oak or oak-hickory stands in the Missouri Ozarks were selected on the basis of the willingness of landowners and their loggers to participate in the study. All stands had some sawtimber 70 years old. Slope varied from 0% to 50%, and soils were mainly silt loams varying in depth from 1 to 8 ft. Our harvests occurred in 2008 and 2009, at least 30 years after the previous harvest. We studied a variety of approaches to crop tree management to better assess the economic feasibility of forest improvement harvests. At all sites, professional foresters selected individual crop trees (e.g., Iffrig et al. 2008) and marked trees for felling. Additionally, some group openings due to mortality or current prescription occurred at Sites II and IV. Two sites (II and III) had been harvested under crop tree management for at least three decades and were already producing sawtimber of greater size and quality than the other two sites, which had experienced only diameter-limit cuts. These groups were further dichotomized by the extent of FSI performed (greatest at Sites I and II). Smallwood consequently made up very different proportions of harvested timber volume and revenue among the sites. We have reported the results for individual sites so that readers can better judge their generality. Stand Inventories Preharvest inventories of trees l.5 in. dbh with a basal area factor prism of 10 followed standard procedures (Missouri Department of Conservation 2007). Postharvest damage was assessed for all live trees 5 in. dbh in 7 or 12 plots of 0.1 ac each, established in a systematic grid at about 3% sampling intensity. The boundary of the harvest area was mapped with a GPS device, as were the location of log decks within the harvest area and skid trails with three or more hauls to measure their areas. Work and Production Records Loggers were financially compensated for their time to record production data and","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"214-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Wieferich, D. McCullough, D. Hayes, Nancy J. Schwalm
{"title":"Distribution of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Beech Scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) in Michigan from 2005 to 2009","authors":"D. Wieferich, D. McCullough, D. Hayes, Nancy J. Schwalm","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foresters' Perceptions of Family Forest Owner Willingness to Participate in Forest Carbon Markets","authors":"D. Wade, C. Moseley","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"199-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.4.199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada","authors":"M. Kwiaton, Jian R. Wang, Douglas E B Reid","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"129-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Domke, A. David, A. D’Amato, A. Ek, Gary W. Wycoff
There is great potential for the production of woody biomass feedstocks from hybrid aspen stands; however, little is known about the response of these systems to silvicultural treatments, such as shearing. We sought to address this need by integrating results from more than 20 years of individual tree and yield measurements in hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich. P. tremula L.) stands in north central Minnesota. Specifically, tree and stand-level responses are described in terms of sucker density, early diameter and height characteristics, volume, and biomass production. Overall, shearing treatments increased the density of hybrid aspen stems, relative to preshear densities at the same age. In addition, average stem diameter and volume as well as stand-level biomass were considerably greater in hybrid aspen stands relative to similarly aged native aspen stands also established via shearing treatment. These findings illustrate that coppice systems using hybrid aspen provide great potential to rapidly produce biomass feedstocks, with little management investment.
{"title":"Hybrid aspen response to shearing in Minnesota: Implications for biomass production","authors":"G. Domke, A. David, A. D’Amato, A. Ek, Gary W. Wycoff","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","url":null,"abstract":"There is great potential for the production of woody biomass feedstocks from hybrid aspen stands; however, little is known about the response of these systems to silvicultural treatments, such as shearing. We sought to address this need by integrating results from more than 20 years of individual tree and yield measurements in hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich. P. tremula L.) stands in north central Minnesota. Specifically, tree and stand-level responses are described in terms of sucker density, early diameter and height characteristics, volume, and biomass production. Overall, shearing treatments increased the density of hybrid aspen stems, relative to preshear densities at the same age. In addition, average stem diameter and volume as well as stand-level biomass were considerably greater in hybrid aspen stands relative to similarly aged native aspen stands also established via shearing treatment. These findings illustrate that coppice systems using hybrid aspen provide great potential to rapidly produce biomass feedstocks, with little management investment.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"125 22 1","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.3.117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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