F. Akande, I. Oyewusi, A. Idowu, Michael A. Ajakaiye
Mange is a contagious skin disease affecting various groups of animals. Psoroptic mange is a severe skin condition of farm animals; it is highly contagious and is responsible for huge economic losses in many farm animals. Infestation with Psoroptes has been reported all over the world in various farm animals, but none has ever been reported in swine. A male weaner large white breed pig of age 3 months weighing 10kg was presented with skin lesions and areas of alopecia during a routine farm visit by the handlers. The alopecia was found around the thorax, abdomen and ear regions with severe pruritus, emaciation, wrinkling and thickening of the skin with heavy crust formation on abdomen and the ears, along with curling of the tongue with attending vocal loss noticed on close observations. A tentative diagnosis of mange was made with the following differential diagnosis: Allergic dermatitis, Bacterial dermatitis, Fly bite dermatitis, Hypovitaminosis. Further confirmatory diagnosis was done by collection of deep skin scrapping from which Psoroptes mites were demonstrated and a case of psoroptic mange diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of Psoroptic mange in pigs. The affected animal was treated using Ivermectin (1%) and Long acting Oxytetracycline (20%). This case may be the first case in which psoroptic mange was reported in pigs with effective ivermectin control. More work should be done on the prevalence and possible molecular characterization of Psoroptic mites on pigs across the globe to ascertain if there are other strains that can affect pigs. Key words: Psoroptes mite, Mange, Ivermectin, and Pigs
{"title":"Psoroptic Mange in a Weaner Pig","authors":"F. Akande, I. Oyewusi, A. Idowu, Michael A. Ajakaiye","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Mange is a contagious skin disease affecting various groups of animals. Psoroptic mange is a severe skin condition of farm animals; it is highly contagious and is responsible for huge economic losses in many farm animals. Infestation with Psoroptes has been reported all over the world in various farm animals, but none has ever been reported in swine. A male weaner large white breed pig of age 3 months weighing 10kg was presented with skin lesions and areas of alopecia during a routine farm visit by the handlers. The alopecia was found around the thorax, abdomen and ear regions with severe pruritus, emaciation, wrinkling and thickening of the skin with heavy crust formation on abdomen and the ears, along with curling of the tongue with attending vocal loss noticed on close observations. A tentative diagnosis of mange was made with the following differential diagnosis: Allergic dermatitis, Bacterial dermatitis, Fly bite dermatitis, Hypovitaminosis. Further confirmatory diagnosis was done by collection of deep skin scrapping from which Psoroptes mites were demonstrated and a case of psoroptic mange diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of Psoroptic mange in pigs. The affected animal was treated using Ivermectin (1%) and Long acting Oxytetracycline (20%). This case may be the first case in which psoroptic mange was reported in pigs with effective ivermectin control. More work should be done on the prevalence and possible molecular characterization of Psoroptic mites on pigs across the globe to ascertain if there are other strains that can affect pigs. \u0000Key words: Psoroptes mite, Mange, Ivermectin, and Pigs","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"108-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78778727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Wada, P. Rekwot, O. Okubanjo, B. Mohammed, S. J. Oniye
The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas.
{"title":"Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II","authors":"Y. Wada, P. Rekwot, O. Okubanjo, B. Mohammed, S. J. Oniye","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"353 1","pages":"144-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76469043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clement A Meseko, B. Olorunsola, C. Chinyere, K. Olawuyi
Epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 in Nigeria was successfully contained during the first wave that lasted from 2006 to 2008 without the use of vaccine. Re-current and more severe outbreak was witnessed in 2015 and there are suspicions that some farmers may have resorted to vaccination to prevent infections in their flocks. We investigate evidence of vaccination in farms and the status of vaccination as alternate control for HPAI in Nigeria. The study was carried out in a cross section of 24 commercial poultry farms in four States in South West and North Central Nigeria. Five hundred and one sera collected randomly were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay for antibody to group specific influenza A nucleoprotein. One hundred and eight sera obtained from five H5N1 infected poultry farms were also concurrently screened. Reactive sera were further analysed by Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) test against H5 antigen using 1% suspension of pooled washed chicken red blood cells. Only 8 out of 501 sera (1.6%) had evidence of influenza A antibody. All of the 8 samples were from one farm with 20 samples collected representing 40% seroconversion at farm level. Three out of those sera were positive for H5 at HI titer of 3log2. All other sera including those obtained from HPAI infected farms were negative for influenza antibody. This study confirms limited antibody response to avian influenza subtype H5 most likely due to vaccination in one commercial flock. Vaccination against avian influenza by farmers desperate to protect their investments may lead to unregulated and suboptimal application of vaccines requiring farmers’ and stakeholders’ engagement to forestall negative impact.
{"title":"Re-current Epizootics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Nigeria: Status of Vaccination as Alternate control","authors":"Clement A Meseko, B. Olorunsola, C. Chinyere, K. Olawuyi","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Epizootic of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 in Nigeria was successfully contained during the first wave that lasted from 2006 to 2008 without the use of vaccine. Re-current and more severe outbreak was witnessed in 2015 and there are suspicions that some farmers may have resorted to vaccination to prevent infections in their flocks. We investigate evidence of vaccination in farms and the status of vaccination as alternate control for HPAI in Nigeria. The study was carried out in a cross section of 24 commercial poultry farms in four States in South West and North Central Nigeria. Five hundred and one sera collected randomly were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay for antibody to group specific influenza A nucleoprotein. One hundred and eight sera obtained from five H5N1 infected poultry farms were also concurrently screened. Reactive sera were further analysed by Hemagglutinin Inhibition (HI) test against H5 antigen using 1% suspension of pooled washed chicken red blood cells. Only 8 out of 501 sera (1.6%) had evidence of influenza A antibody. All of the 8 samples were from one farm with 20 samples collected representing 40% seroconversion at farm level. Three out of those sera were positive for H5 at HI titer of 3log2. All other sera including those obtained from HPAI infected farms were negative for influenza antibody. This study confirms limited antibody response to avian influenza subtype H5 most likely due to vaccination in one commercial flock. Vaccination against avian influenza by farmers desperate to protect their investments may lead to unregulated and suboptimal application of vaccines requiring farmers’ and stakeholders’ engagement to forestall negative impact.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"7-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90831981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Wada, O. Okubanjo, P. Rekwot, B. Mohammed, S. J. Oniye
Trypanosomosis remains one of the most deadly protozoan diseases that pose a significant impact on livestock health in the tropics. Sixteen (16) rams aged between 24 to 30 months and weighed between 22-25kg were acclimatized under standard animal housing conditions. Twelve (12) of the sheep deemed fit and healthy were randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, and IV) of three sheep each. Each sheep in groups I and II was inoculated intravenously with 2 mL containing 2 X 106 trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. While group III, each sheep received 2 mL containing 2 X 106 mixed inoculums of T. brucei and T. evansi (50% each by volume of the infective inoculums). Sheep in group IV served as the non-infected control. Post-infection animals were monitored for 14 weeks for parasitaemia, clinical signs, and haematological pathologies. The patent infection became evident in groups I, II, and III between 5-21 days post-infection with average patency of 7, 20, and 8.5 days respectively. The infection was characterized by intermittent pyrexia with a significant decrease (p< 0.001) in mean weekly packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), live weight gain, plasma protein, which significantly decreased (p< 0.001) in all the infected groups. Pearson’s correlation (r) indicates a strong positive correlation (r= 0.991) between parasitaemia and pyrexia, and principal component analysis (PCA) biplot increased the predictabilities of these two indices as the major precursors in the progression of the trypanosomes pathogenesis in sheep. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Patency; Clinico-haematological pathologies; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Yankasa sheep
{"title":"Patency and Clinico-Haematological Pathologies Sequel to Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Yankasa Sheep I","authors":"Y. Wada, O. Okubanjo, P. Rekwot, B. Mohammed, S. J. Oniye","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosomosis remains one of the most deadly protozoan diseases that pose a significant impact on livestock health in the tropics. Sixteen (16) rams aged between 24 to 30 months and weighed between 22-25kg were acclimatized under standard animal housing conditions. Twelve (12) of the sheep deemed fit and healthy were randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, and IV) of three sheep each. Each sheep in groups I and II was inoculated intravenously with 2 mL containing 2 X 106 trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. While group III, each sheep received 2 mL containing 2 X 106 mixed inoculums of T. brucei and T. evansi (50% each by volume of the infective inoculums). Sheep in group IV served as the non-infected control. Post-infection animals were monitored for 14 weeks for parasitaemia, clinical signs, and haematological pathologies. The patent infection became evident in groups I, II, and III between 5-21 days post-infection with average patency of 7, 20, and 8.5 days respectively. The infection was characterized by intermittent pyrexia with a significant decrease (p< 0.001) in mean weekly packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), live weight gain, plasma protein, which significantly decreased (p< 0.001) in all the infected groups. Pearson’s correlation (r) indicates a strong positive correlation (r= 0.991) between parasitaemia and pyrexia, and principal component analysis (PCA) biplot increased the predictabilities of these two indices as the major precursors in the progression of the trypanosomes pathogenesis in sheep. \u0000Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Patency; Clinico-haematological pathologies; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Yankasa sheep","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"125-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89848614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O. Igwe, M. Sanda, Ubon E. Nnsewo, C. Okonkwo, O. Onyebgula
Recently, it was demonstrated under laboratory conditions that increased doses of LaSota vaccine increased ND antibody response significantly in chickens. In this study, we have used the same model to investigate whether vaccination with increased doses of lentogenic LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus are associated with pathological changes in chickens. Four-week-old broiler chickens (n=100) were randomly assigned into four groups of 25 each: ZD, each drenched with phosphate-buffered saline, SD, DD and TD broilers were each drenched with single, double and triple dose of LaSota vaccine, respectively. The chickens were observed for clinical signs and lesions. Serum samples were collected from the chickens in all the groups at weekly intervals post inoculation (PV) and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. The vaccinated broilers showed no morbidity and mortality. Only the bursa of all the vaccinated groups appeared slightly reduced in size on day 10 PV. The histopathological changes were lymphoid hyperplasia and formation of germinal centres in the spleen and caecal tonsils from days 3 to 6 PV and mild depletion of bursal lymphocytes on day 10 PV. Generally, the integrity of the lymphoid organs was intact. Groups DD and TD antibody titres were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the SD on day 21 PV. This suggests that increased doses of LaSota vaccine does not cause pathologic impairment and may be considered in improving the performance of the vaccine in the control of velogenic ND.
{"title":"The Pathology of Vaccination of Chickens with Varying Doses of Lentogenic LaSota Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus","authors":"A. O. Igwe, M. Sanda, Ubon E. Nnsewo, C. Okonkwo, O. Onyebgula","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, it was demonstrated under laboratory conditions that increased doses of LaSota vaccine increased ND antibody response significantly in chickens. In this study, we have used the same model to investigate whether vaccination with increased doses of lentogenic LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus are associated with pathological changes in chickens. Four-week-old broiler chickens (n=100) were randomly assigned into four groups of 25 each: ZD, each drenched with phosphate-buffered saline, SD, DD and TD broilers were each drenched with single, double and triple dose of LaSota vaccine, respectively. The chickens were observed for clinical signs and lesions. Serum samples were collected from the chickens in all the groups at weekly intervals post inoculation (PV) and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. The vaccinated broilers showed no morbidity and mortality. Only the bursa of all the vaccinated groups appeared slightly reduced in size on day 10 PV. The histopathological changes were lymphoid hyperplasia and formation of germinal centres in the spleen and caecal tonsils from days 3 to 6 PV and mild depletion of bursal lymphocytes on day 10 PV. Generally, the integrity of the lymphoid organs was intact. Groups DD and TD antibody titres were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the SD on day 21 PV. This suggests that increased doses of LaSota vaccine does not cause pathologic impairment and may be considered in improving the performance of the vaccine in the control of velogenic ND.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"62-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74914313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study evaluated the prevalence and pattern of orthopaedic conditions in young dogs below one year presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan Nigeria from January 2015 to April 2019. Out of two hundred and thirty-eight (238) patients presented for surgical management, fifty-one cases (21%) were orthopaedic in nature, and thirty-two cases (62.7%) involved young dogs below 1-year-old. Seventy-five percent (75 %) were males while 25 % were female. Fifty percent of young dogs presenting with fracture had no apparent bone disorders. Some (15.6%) had Legg-Calve Perthes disease (LCPD) with or without fracture. While 12.5% had Osteopenia with or without fracture. Other observed bone disorders included: hypertrophic osteodystrophy with or without fracture (6.3%), osteochondrosis (6.3%), and hyperostosis (3.1%). Fifty percent of fractures occurred on the tibia and fibula, 31% occurred on the femur, 13% were on the radius and ulna, and 6% were on the humerus. The bones of most of the patients were low in radiographic opacity, presenting with thin cortical margins and enlarged medullary cavity, with resultant low cortical bone index. The mean cortical bone index for the femur was 0.107±0.04, and tibia was 0.09 ± 0.04. Those of humerus and radio-ulna were not included for low case numbers. We therefore conclude that bones disorders, with or without fracture, are common in young dogs presenting lameness in Ibadan, Nigeria, and should be noted during patient routine examination, and pet-owners counselling on pets’ care for proper bone health. Key words: Non-traumatic, Bone disease, Fracture, Young dogs
{"title":"Prevalence and Pattern of Non-Trauma Induced Bone Disorders Among Young Dogs Presented At The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University Of Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"O. Eyarefe, S. Oyetayo, A. Adetunji","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V40I4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V40I4.5","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the prevalence and pattern of orthopaedic conditions in young dogs below one year presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan Nigeria from January 2015 to April 2019. Out of two hundred and thirty-eight (238) patients presented for surgical management, fifty-one cases (21%) were orthopaedic in nature, and thirty-two cases (62.7%) involved young dogs below 1-year-old. Seventy-five percent (75 %) were males while 25 % were female. Fifty percent of young dogs presenting with fracture had no apparent bone disorders. Some (15.6%) had Legg-Calve Perthes disease (LCPD) with or without fracture. While 12.5% had Osteopenia with or without fracture. Other observed bone disorders included: hypertrophic osteodystrophy with or without fracture (6.3%), osteochondrosis (6.3%), and hyperostosis (3.1%). Fifty percent of fractures occurred on the tibia and fibula, 31% occurred on the femur, 13% were on the radius and ulna, and 6% were on the humerus. The bones of most of the patients were low in radiographic opacity, presenting with thin cortical margins and enlarged medullary cavity, with resultant low cortical bone index. The mean cortical bone index for the femur was 0.107±0.04, and tibia was 0.09 ± 0.04. Those of humerus and radio-ulna were not included for low case numbers. We therefore conclude that bones disorders, with or without fracture, are common in young dogs presenting lameness in Ibadan, Nigeria, and should be noted during patient routine examination, and pet-owners counselling on pets’ care for proper bone health. \u0000Key words: Non-traumatic, Bone disease, Fracture, Young dogs","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"296-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74304932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Otu, I. A. Lawal, B. George, M. Abubakar, I. Adeyinka, F. Abeke, A. Sekoni, B. I. Nwagu, E. Adejoh-Ubani, A. K. Oluntunmogun, A. Umar, I. Abdullahi, H. Haruna
The in vitro anti coccidial activities of n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Khaya senegalensis, Gueira senegalensis and Tamarindus indica leaves extracts on Eimeria tenella parasite was studied by observing the effects of the plant extracts on the sporulation of the Eimeria tenella oocysts. Drug resistance and consumer demanding decrease in the use of drugs in animals have generated interest in alternative strategies to control the avian disease one of which is herbal intervention studies. Fresh faecal samples were collected from infected birds and their oocysts load determined. Dilutions of the extracts (100mg, 250mg, 400mg, 550mg, 700mg and 850mg per ml) in distilled water were prepared and placed in separate well labelled petri dishes. 100 oocysts were added to each petri dish and the set up was left at ambient temperature on the laboratory table and monitored twice daily (9.00am and 3.00pm) to observe the sporulation of the oocysts over a 72 hours period. Laboratory sporulation medium (2.5% Potassium dichromate) and Amprolium were used for comparison. The phytochemical result implied that the active ingredients were present mainly in the n-butanol and crude extract fractions with the nbutanol fraction of the Khaya senegalensis extract containing phenols and flavonoids which have antioxidant effects. The in vitro study showed that the n-butanol fraction of K senegalensis (100mg/ml) and the aqueous fraction of Tamarindus indica (100mg/ml) extracts had similar effects to those obtained using Amprolium which was considered as the standard by inhibiting the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts. It is therefore recommended that more work needs to be done to determine the anti coccidial activities of these extracts in vivo.
{"title":"Effects of N-Butanol and Aqueous Fractions of Khaya senegalensis, Guiera senegalensis and Tamarindus Indica Leaves Extracts on Eimeria tenella Oocyst Sporulation in Vitro","authors":"M. Otu, I. A. Lawal, B. George, M. Abubakar, I. Adeyinka, F. Abeke, A. Sekoni, B. I. Nwagu, E. Adejoh-Ubani, A. K. Oluntunmogun, A. Umar, I. Abdullahi, H. Haruna","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The in vitro anti coccidial activities of n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Khaya senegalensis, Gueira senegalensis and Tamarindus indica leaves extracts on Eimeria tenella parasite was studied by observing the effects of the plant extracts on the sporulation of the Eimeria tenella oocysts. Drug resistance and consumer demanding decrease in the use of drugs in animals have generated interest in alternative strategies to control the avian disease one of which is herbal intervention studies. Fresh faecal samples were collected from infected birds and their oocysts load determined. Dilutions of the extracts (100mg, 250mg, 400mg, 550mg, 700mg and 850mg per ml) in distilled water were prepared and placed in separate well labelled petri dishes. 100 oocysts were added to each petri dish and the set up was left at ambient temperature on the laboratory table and monitored twice daily (9.00am and 3.00pm) to observe the sporulation of the oocysts over a 72 hours period. Laboratory sporulation medium (2.5% Potassium dichromate) and Amprolium were used for comparison. The phytochemical result implied that the active ingredients were present mainly in the n-butanol and crude extract fractions with the nbutanol fraction of the Khaya senegalensis extract containing phenols and flavonoids which have antioxidant effects. The in vitro study showed that the n-butanol fraction of K senegalensis (100mg/ml) and the aqueous fraction of Tamarindus indica (100mg/ml) extracts had similar effects to those obtained using Amprolium which was considered as the standard by inhibiting the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts. It is therefore recommended that more work needs to be done to determine the anti coccidial activities of these extracts in vivo.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"93 1","pages":"175-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80274359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chromatographic Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties of Different Root Extracts of Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh on Vero, HepG2 And RAW 264.7 Macrophage Adeniran, L.A. and Ashafa, A.O.T.2 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria. Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa.*corresponding author Email: lateef.adeniran@uniabuja.edu.ng Tel No+27788796568
不同根提取物的色谱分析及体外细胞毒性研究。& Zeyh on Vero, HepG2和RAW 264.7巨噬细胞腺瘤，L.A.和Ashafa, A.O.T.2尼日利亚阿布贾大学兽医学院生理与生物化学系。自由邦大学植物科学系植物医学和植物药理学研究组，夸夸瓦校区，南非普萨迪贾巴9866。*通讯作者邮箱:lateef.adeniran@uniabuja.edu.ng联系电话:+27788796568
{"title":"Chromatographic Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties of Different Root Extracts of Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh on Vero, HepG2 And RAW 264.7 Macrophage","authors":"L. Adeniran, A. Ashafa","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Chromatographic Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties of Different Root Extracts of Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh on Vero, HepG2 And RAW 264.7 Macrophage Adeniran, L.A. and Ashafa, A.O.T.2 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria. Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa.*corresponding author Email: lateef.adeniran@uniabuja.edu.ng Tel No+27788796568","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"117-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87134100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.A.B. Sabuwa, W. Nafarnda, S. Mohammed, Abdul'aziz Bello
This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in cattle slaughtered from the three agricultural zones of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Selected tissues of muscle, intestine, skin, kidney and liver were analyzed for the presence of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Thirty cattle were used for sampling. Five samples of the tissues were collected from each of the cattle, making a total of one hundred and fifty samples. Values obtained were compared with that of FAO/WHO guidelines. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in all the sampled tissues were generally low and below the codex standards. Cr was detected above permissible limit with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 1.19±5.94, 1.07±4.42, 3.01±6.65, 1.18±5.56 and 1.35±6.94 in intestine, kidney, liver, muscle and skin respectively. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the level of Ni and Cd across two agricultural zones. Government and private sectors should establish cattle ranch and colonies across Nigeria so as to reduce pasture contamination. Public enlightenment on the grazing of cattle in heavy metals prone areas such as automobile workshops, construction sites and paint factory premises should be advocated. Measures should be put in place for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in Nasarawa state in order to curtail their potential negative effect in human and animal tissues.
{"title":"Determination of Heavy Metals in Selected Tissues of Cattle Slaughtered across Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"M.A.B. Sabuwa, W. Nafarnda, S. Mohammed, Abdul'aziz Bello","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V40I4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V40I4.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals in cattle slaughtered from the three agricultural zones of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Selected tissues of muscle, intestine, skin, kidney and liver were analyzed for the presence of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Thirty cattle were used for sampling. Five samples of the tissues were collected from each of the cattle, making a total of one hundred and fifty samples. Values obtained were compared with that of FAO/WHO guidelines. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in all the sampled tissues were generally low and below the codex standards. Cr was detected above permissible limit with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 1.19±5.94, 1.07±4.42, 3.01±6.65, 1.18±5.56 and 1.35±6.94 in intestine, kidney, liver, muscle and skin respectively. There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the level of Ni and Cd across two agricultural zones. Government and private sectors should establish cattle ranch and colonies across Nigeria so as to reduce pasture contamination. Public enlightenment on the grazing of cattle in heavy metals prone areas such as automobile workshops, construction sites and paint factory premises should be advocated. Measures should be put in place for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in Nasarawa state in order to curtail their potential negative effect in human and animal tissues.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"154 1","pages":"254-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78309136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Babesiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Babesia spp, which is an intra-erythrocytic parasite of domestic and wild animals. The parasite is mainly transmitted by infected ticks through bite and it is characterized by fever, paleness and icteric mucous membranes and emaciation. This paper reports case of babesiosis in a 3-month-old Nigerian indigenous male puppy at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The relevant history, clinical signs and laboratory evaluations were recorded. The effects on some hematological parameters were studied and recorded. The dog was successfully transfused with 226 ml of blood and then treated with a single dose of 4% Diminazene aceturate at the dose rate of 4 mg/kg intramuscularly (I.M). Thereafter, the patient was monitored until fully recovered.
{"title":"Babesiosis in a -3-Month-old Nigerian Indigenous Male Puppy","authors":"G. Aminu, A. A. Bada, S. Muhammad, S. Muhammad","doi":"10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NVJ.V41I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Babesiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Babesia spp, which is an intra-erythrocytic parasite of domestic and wild animals. The parasite is mainly transmitted by infected ticks through bite and it is characterized by fever, paleness and icteric mucous membranes and emaciation. This paper reports case of babesiosis in a 3-month-old Nigerian indigenous male puppy at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The relevant history, clinical signs and laboratory evaluations were recorded. The effects on some hematological parameters were studied and recorded. The dog was successfully transfused with 226 ml of blood and then treated with a single dose of 4% Diminazene aceturate at the dose rate of 4 mg/kg intramuscularly (I.M). Thereafter, the patient was monitored until fully recovered.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"79 1","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78434770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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