Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277
R. Negrello , L. Bandiera , N. Canale , P. Fedeli , V. Guidi , V.V. Haurylavets , A. Mazzolari , G. Paternò , M. Romagnoni , V.V. Tikhomirov , A. Sytov
We present a novel python tool for the analysis of Geant4 simulations that enhances our understanding of coherent phenomena occurring during the interaction of charged particles with crystal planes. This tool compares the total energy of particles with the potential energy inside crystal channels, enabling a complete examination of coherent effects. By tracking the particle trajectory and classifying the dynamics at each simulation step, it provides deeper insights into how different phenomena contribute to both radiation and particle deflection. This tool can be used to improve crystal-based extraction methods and the development of gamma-ray sources using crystals.
{"title":"A novel tool for advanced analysis of Geant4 simulations of charged particles interactions in oriented crystals","authors":"R. Negrello , L. Bandiera , N. Canale , P. Fedeli , V. Guidi , V.V. Haurylavets , A. Mazzolari , G. Paternò , M. Romagnoni , V.V. Tikhomirov , A. Sytov","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel python tool for the analysis of Geant4 simulations that enhances our understanding of coherent phenomena occurring during the interaction of charged particles with crystal planes. This tool compares the total energy of particles with the potential energy inside crystal channels, enabling a complete examination of coherent effects. By tracking the particle trajectory and classifying the dynamics at each simulation step, it provides deeper insights into how different phenomena contribute to both radiation and particle deflection. This tool can be used to improve crystal-based extraction methods and the development of gamma-ray sources using crystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309
E. Navarrete Ramos , J. Duarte-Campderros , M. Fernández , G. Gómez , J. González , S. Hidalgo , R. Jaramillo , P. Martínez Ruiz del Árbol , M. Moll , C. Quintana , A.K. Sikdar , I. Vila , J. Villegas
In this radiation tolerance study, Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) with a carbon-enriched broad and shallow multiplication layer were examined in comparison to identical non-carbonated LGADs. Manufactured at IMB-CNM, the sensors underwent neutron irradiation at the TRIGA reactor in Ljubljana, reaching a fluence of 1.5 × 10 15neqcm−2. The results revealed a smaller deactivation of boron and improved resistance to radiation in carbonated LGADs. The study demonstrated the potential benefits of carbon enrichment in mitigating radiation damage effects, particularly the acceptor removal mechanism, reducing the acceptor removal constant by more than a factor of two. Additionally, time resolution and collected charge degradation due to irradiation were observed, with carbonated samples exhibiting better radiation tolerance. A noise analysis focused on baseline noise and spurious pulses showed the presence of thermal-generated dark counts attributed to a too narrow distance between the gain layer end and the p-stop implant at the periphery of the pad for the characterized LGAD design; however, without significant impact of operation performance.
{"title":"Impact of neutron irradiation on LGADs with a carbon-enriched shallow multiplication layer: Degradation of timing performance and gain","authors":"E. Navarrete Ramos , J. Duarte-Campderros , M. Fernández , G. Gómez , J. González , S. Hidalgo , R. Jaramillo , P. Martínez Ruiz del Árbol , M. Moll , C. Quintana , A.K. Sikdar , I. Vila , J. Villegas","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this radiation tolerance study, Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) with a carbon-enriched broad and shallow multiplication layer were examined in comparison to identical non-carbonated LGADs. Manufactured at IMB-CNM, the sensors underwent neutron irradiation at the TRIGA reactor in Ljubljana, reaching a fluence of 1.5<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->10 <sup>15</sup>n<sub>eq</sub>cm<sup>−2</sup>. The results revealed a smaller deactivation of boron and improved resistance to radiation in carbonated LGADs. The study demonstrated the potential benefits of carbon enrichment in mitigating radiation damage effects, particularly the acceptor removal mechanism, reducing the acceptor removal constant by more than a factor of two. Additionally, time resolution and collected charge degradation due to irradiation were observed, with carbonated samples exhibiting better radiation tolerance. A noise analysis focused on baseline noise and spurious pulses showed the presence of thermal-generated dark counts attributed to a too narrow distance between the gain layer end and the p-stop implant at the periphery of the pad for the characterized LGAD design; however, without significant impact of operation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AQUA beamline of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility is a SASE free-electron laser designed to operate in the water window, in the 3-4 nm wavelength range. The electron beam driving this source is accelerated up to about 1-1.2 GeV by an X-band normal conducting linear accelerator, followed by a plasma wakefield acceleration stage. The main radiator consists of an array of ten APPLE-X permanent magnet undulator modules, each 2 m long and with a period length of 18 mm. Tolerance analyses against resistive wall wakefields and injection misalignments at undulator entrance are performed, and the related effects on the laser yield performance are evaluated and discussed.
{"title":"FEL performance and tolerance studies of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB beamline AQUA","authors":"Federico Nguyen , Luca Giannessi , Michele Opromolla , Alberto Petralia","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The AQUA beamline of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility is a SASE free-electron laser designed to operate in the water window, in the 3-4 nm wavelength range. The electron beam driving this source is accelerated up to about 1-1.2 GeV by an X-band normal conducting linear accelerator, followed by a plasma wakefield acceleration stage. The main radiator consists of an array of ten APPLE-X permanent magnet undulator modules, each 2 m long and with a period length of 18 mm. Tolerance analyses against resistive wall wakefields and injection misalignments at undulator entrance are performed, and the related effects on the laser yield performance are evaluated and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308
Dhananjaya Sahoo , Madhu , A.Y. Deo , Yashraj , U.S. Ghosh , Indu Bala , R.P. Singh , Prince Raj Yadav , Mohit Kumar , A. Jhingan , Mamta Jain
The present study primarily reports on the complete characterization of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators coupled to fast Hamamatsu R2083 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The energy characteristics of the detector, such as linearity response, energy resolution, and intrinsic efficiency, are thoroughly investigated using standard radioactive sources (137Cs, 60Co, and 152Eu). The experimentally measured energy spectra and the intrinsic efficiency are compared with the GEANT4 simulations, indicating an overall good agreement between the measured and simulated results. In addition, the timing characteristics of the detectors are studied with a 60Co source. The time resolution is optimized by varying the PMT bias voltages and Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) delays. The best time resolution for an individual LaBr3(Ce) scintillator coupled to R2083 PMT is measured to be 243(2) ps for 1173–1332 keV -ray energies. The measured time resolution is compared with the best values reported for different sizes of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators coupled to various PMTs.
{"title":"Characterization of 2′′×2′′ LaBr3(Ce) scintillators for fast-timing spectroscopy","authors":"Dhananjaya Sahoo , Madhu , A.Y. Deo , Yashraj , U.S. Ghosh , Indu Bala , R.P. Singh , Prince Raj Yadav , Mohit Kumar , A. Jhingan , Mamta Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study primarily reports on the complete characterization of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillators coupled to fast Hamamatsu R2083 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The energy characteristics of the detector, such as linearity response, energy resolution, and intrinsic efficiency, are thoroughly investigated using standard radioactive sources (<sup>137</sup>Cs, <sup>60</sup>Co, and <sup>152</sup>Eu). The experimentally measured energy spectra and the intrinsic efficiency are compared with the GEANT4 simulations, indicating an overall good agreement between the measured and simulated results. In addition, the timing characteristics of the detectors are studied with a <sup>60</sup>Co source. The time resolution is optimized by varying the PMT bias voltages and Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) delays. The best time resolution for an individual LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillator coupled to R2083 PMT is measured to be 243(2) ps for 1173–1332 keV <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-ray energies. The measured time resolution is compared with the best values reported for different sizes of LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillators coupled to various PMTs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170328
A. Avetisyan , L. Mkrtchyan , S. Khosrovyan , L. Aloyan
This study explores the dose-dependent effects of ultrashort electron beams on DNA damage and the role of Zn-containing porphyrins in modulating this interaction. As advancements in electron beam technology continue to emerge, their potential applications in fields such as medicine and genetic engineering are becoming increasingly significant. However, the complex mechanisms governing the interaction between ultrashort electron beams and DNA remain largely uncharted. We investigated the influence of varying electron beam doses on DNA isolated from the calf thymus, as well as on DNA/porphyrin complexes. The presence of ZnTOEPyP porphyrin and its effects on radiation-induced DNA damage were examined at different relative concentrations of the complexes (r = 0.01; 0.02; 0.04, where r = Cporph./CDNA) and compared to previous findings. The study sought to uncover the potential potentiating effects of porphyrins on DNA damage, dependent on both porphyrin concentration and radiation dose. Utilizing spectroscopic melting methods in a 10−3 M NaCl buffer solution. We identified the dependence of porphyrin-induced protective or radiation-enhancing effects on the combination of relative concentration and irradiation dose.
{"title":"Investigating the impact of metalloporphyrins on DNA damage during electron beam irradiation","authors":"A. Avetisyan , L. Mkrtchyan , S. Khosrovyan , L. Aloyan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the dose-dependent effects of ultrashort electron beams on DNA damage and the role of Zn-containing porphyrins in modulating this interaction. As advancements in electron beam technology continue to emerge, their potential applications in fields such as medicine and genetic engineering are becoming increasingly significant. However, the complex mechanisms governing the interaction between ultrashort electron beams and DNA remain largely uncharted. We investigated the influence of varying electron beam doses on DNA isolated from the calf thymus, as well as on DNA/porphyrin complexes. The presence of ZnTOEPyP porphyrin and its effects on radiation-induced DNA damage were examined at different relative concentrations of the complexes (r = 0.01; 0.02; 0.04, where r = C<sub>porph.</sub>/C<sub>DNA</sub>) and compared to previous findings. The study sought to uncover the potential potentiating effects of porphyrins on DNA damage, dependent on both porphyrin concentration and radiation dose. Utilizing spectroscopic melting methods in a 10<sup>−3</sup> M NaCl buffer solution. We identified the dependence of porphyrin-induced protective or radiation-enhancing effects on the combination of relative concentration and irradiation dose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel kind of tritium detector for in-line tritium measurements for DT fuels recycling system in fusion research has been developed, which is capable of measuring tritium concentration by detecting the signal induced by electrons emitted in tritium beta decay directly without the application of voltage. This power-free tritium detector (PTD) is a compact type with sensitive volume only 0.7 mL, and it can be installed in-line and provide the real-time tritium concentration for the tritium processing. The response time of PTD is around 4.8 s when it is used as the detector of micro Gas Chromatography (micro-GC) in isotope separation system for fusion fuel system. Furthermore, the sensitivity of PTD is estimated to be as low as 3.2 ppm in the experiments. Characterized by a compact design, fast response time and high sensitivity, the PTD is able to be directly integrated within tritium fuel systems to facilitate the achievement of process control, tritium accountancy and radiation protection in fusion research.
{"title":"Power-free tritium detector for DT fuels in fusion research","authors":"Zhilin Chen, Yang Yang, Ping Chen, Shenghan Cheng, Yu Li, Wenxiang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel kind of tritium detector for in-line tritium measurements for DT fuels recycling system in fusion research has been developed, which is capable of measuring tritium concentration by detecting the signal induced by electrons emitted in tritium beta decay directly without the application of voltage. This power-free tritium detector (PTD) is a compact type with sensitive volume only 0.7 mL, and it can be installed in-line and provide the real-time tritium concentration for the tritium processing. The response time of PTD is around 4.8 s when it is used as the detector of micro Gas Chromatography (micro-GC) in isotope separation system for fusion fuel system. Furthermore, the sensitivity of PTD is estimated to be as low as 3.2 ppm in the experiments. Characterized by a compact design, fast response time and high sensitivity, the PTD is able to be directly integrated within tritium fuel systems to facilitate the achievement of process control, tritium accountancy and radiation protection in fusion research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interaction of a 255 MeV electron beam with a system of three fan-oriented half-wavelength Si crystal was studied through the simulation. The angular beam profiles in each crystal of the system were calculated and the channeling radiation spectra in forward direction were investigated.
{"title":"Radiation from electrons channeled in the system of fan-oriented half-wavelength crystals","authors":"O.V. Bogdanov , V.F. Grichshenko , G.I. Gordienko , D. Ismailov , T.A. Tukhfatullin","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction of a 255 MeV electron beam with a system of three fan-oriented half-wavelength Si crystal was studied through the simulation. The angular beam profiles in each crystal of the system were calculated and the channeling radiation spectra in forward direction were investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170287
Loic Amoudry , Maksim Kravchenko , Robert Berry , Nathan Burger , Amirari Diego , Jonathan Edelen , Marcos Ruelas , Ronald Agustsson , Gerard Andonian , Yung-Chuan Chen , Dmitriy Gavryushkin , Tara Hodgetts , Alex Murokh
In the context of building a compact Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray source, an Yb:YAG laser was used to generate both the electron emission from a photocathode and act as the interaction laser on a 100 MeV inverse Compton scattering experiment. The laser generates 25 mJ pulses at 1030 nm, 1.5 ps long, up to 120 Hz. 10 % of the energy is sent into a Fourth Harmonic Generation (FHG) module where frequency doubling happens twice. Up to 200 μJ of adjustable UV laser can be exploited and sent towards the photocathode. The rest of the energy, 90 % of the initial IR beam, is propagated to the interaction region. The goal is to match a 1 mm beam diameter (flat-top, 1/e2) on the photocathode and 40 μm (1/e2) at the interaction region with high stability. To reach it, significant effort was put into optimization using state of the art laser propagation software and various tools like low aberrations lenses, truncated Gaussian beam, vacuum transport, relay of images, and closed loop stabilization system. In the end, this project pairs strong optical and mechanical constraints. A significant part of it was built and commissioned, showing exciting results. We will describe the whole laser system together with the various steps to reach the accelerator's needs, and the current achievements.
{"title":"Commissioning of a photocathode and interaction laser system at RadiaBeam compact inverse Compton light source","authors":"Loic Amoudry , Maksim Kravchenko , Robert Berry , Nathan Burger , Amirari Diego , Jonathan Edelen , Marcos Ruelas , Ronald Agustsson , Gerard Andonian , Yung-Chuan Chen , Dmitriy Gavryushkin , Tara Hodgetts , Alex Murokh","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of building a compact Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray source, an Yb:YAG laser was used to generate both the electron emission from a photocathode and act as the interaction laser on a 100 MeV inverse Compton scattering experiment. The laser generates 25 mJ pulses at 1030 nm, 1.5 ps long, up to 120 Hz. 10 % of the energy is sent into a Fourth Harmonic Generation (FHG) module where frequency doubling happens twice. Up to 200 μJ of adjustable UV laser can be exploited and sent towards the photocathode. The rest of the energy, 90 % of the initial IR beam, is propagated to the interaction region. The goal is to match a 1 mm beam diameter (flat-top, 1/e<sup>2</sup>) on the photocathode and 40 μm (1/e<sup>2</sup>) at the interaction region with high stability. To reach it, significant effort was put into optimization using state of the art laser propagation software and various tools like low aberrations lenses, truncated Gaussian beam, vacuum transport, relay of images, and closed loop stabilization system. In the end, this project pairs strong optical and mechanical constraints. A significant part of it was built and commissioned, showing exciting results. We will describe the whole laser system together with the various steps to reach the accelerator's needs, and the current achievements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170292
Nathan M. Cook , Dan T. Abell , Morgan Henderson , Ilya Pogorelov , Calcifer Phillips , Philippe Piot
Structure-based wakefield accelerators (SWFA) promise orders of magnitude improvements in accelerating gradient over conventional approaches and have been identified as a candidate technology for future applications ranging from compact free electron lasers to multi-TeV lepton colliders. However, achieving the desired beam energy and quality can require meter-scale structures with tight tolerances, introducing new constraints on structure and beam characteristics to minimize emittance growth and combat transverse instabilities. High fidelity and self-consistent simulations of high brightness beams over these lengths necessitate enormous computational resources, making parametric studies of novel structures or instability-mitigation schemes unfeasible with standard practices. We present a technique for decomposing high dimensional wakefield systems into a set of lower dimensional components, capable of accurately reconstructing the structure response in a fraction of the time. We discuss the approach and implementation of this technique using Green’s Functions for common structure geometries. We demonstrate the potential for significant reduction in computation times and memory footprint using such representations, with extensions to higher dimensions.
{"title":"Efficient modeling of structure-based wakefield accelerators via separated representations","authors":"Nathan M. Cook , Dan T. Abell , Morgan Henderson , Ilya Pogorelov , Calcifer Phillips , Philippe Piot","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structure-based wakefield accelerators (SWFA) promise orders of magnitude improvements in accelerating gradient over conventional approaches and have been identified as a candidate technology for future applications ranging from compact free electron lasers to multi-TeV lepton colliders. However, achieving the desired beam energy and quality can require meter-scale structures with tight tolerances, introducing new constraints on structure and beam characteristics to minimize emittance growth and combat transverse instabilities. High fidelity and self-consistent simulations of high brightness beams over these lengths necessitate enormous computational resources, making parametric studies of novel structures or instability-mitigation schemes unfeasible with standard practices. We present a technique for decomposing high dimensional wakefield systems into a set of lower dimensional components, capable of accurately reconstructing the structure response in a fraction of the time. We discuss the approach and implementation of this technique using Green’s Functions for common structure geometries. We demonstrate the potential for significant reduction in computation times and memory footprint using such representations, with extensions to higher dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170323
Kuinian Li , Yonglin Wei , Hulin Liu , Ping Chen , Luanxuan He , Riguang Chen , Xinnan Zhao , Dingjun Zhou , Jinshou Tian , Shengli Wu
The MCP-PMT is a single-photon sensitive detector with a time resolution of tens of picoseconds. Utilizing ALD technology to fabricate nanofilms on the inner surfaces of microchannel plates significantly prolongs the lifetime of the MCP-PMT, enabling it to achieve an integrated anode charge exceeding 10 C/cm2. However, for the long-lifetime MCP-PMTs using ALD technology, high counting rate saturation can lead to recovery time extending over several hours. This study presents experimental research on the saturation recovery behavior of MCP-PMTs fabricated with varying ALD layer thicknesses. The results suggest that the saturation recovery behavior is influenced by factors such as ALD layer thickness, MCP gain, saturation degree, and saturation duration. Specifically, a thicker ALD layer, deeper saturation, and longer saturation duration are associated with longer recovery time. When the output charge is constant, increasing the MCP gain has been demonstrated to decrease the recovery time from saturation. This paper clarifies the experimental findings by analyzing charge accumulation on the oxide film layer. The composition of the secondary electron emission layer on the microchannel plate's inner wall determines the polarity of the charges accumulating on its surface, which in turn dictates the saturation recovery behavior.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of saturation recovery behavior in MCP-PMT","authors":"Kuinian Li , Yonglin Wei , Hulin Liu , Ping Chen , Luanxuan He , Riguang Chen , Xinnan Zhao , Dingjun Zhou , Jinshou Tian , Shengli Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The MCP-PMT is a single-photon sensitive detector with a time resolution of tens of picoseconds. Utilizing ALD technology to fabricate nanofilms on the inner surfaces of microchannel plates significantly prolongs the lifetime of the MCP-PMT, enabling it to achieve an integrated anode charge exceeding 10 C/cm<sup>2</sup>. However, for the long-lifetime MCP-PMTs using ALD technology, high counting rate saturation can lead to recovery time extending over several hours. This study presents experimental research on the saturation recovery behavior of MCP-PMTs fabricated with varying ALD layer thicknesses. The results suggest that the saturation recovery behavior is influenced by factors such as ALD layer thickness, MCP gain, saturation degree, and saturation duration. Specifically, a thicker ALD layer, deeper saturation, and longer saturation duration are associated with longer recovery time. When the output charge is constant, increasing the MCP gain has been demonstrated to decrease the recovery time from saturation. This paper clarifies the experimental findings by analyzing charge accumulation on the oxide film layer. The composition of the secondary electron emission layer on the microchannel plate's inner wall determines the polarity of the charges accumulating on its surface, which in turn dictates the saturation recovery behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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