Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171324
Aristeidis Mamaras , Jean-Baptiste Lallement , Alessandra Lombardi , Francesco di Lorenzo , Christophe Machado , Cristiano Mastrostefano , Pierre Moyret , Michael O'Neil , Benoit Riffaud , Dimitrios Sampsonidis , Frantisek Sanda , Edgar Sargsyan , Julien Thiboud , Callum Tetrault
A novel compact extraction system has been developed at CERN to optimize high-current linacs for medical and industrial use. Replacing the traditional LEBT with a 2 cm-long electrode-based design, it enables efficient proton extraction and acceleration to 45 keV. Tested at the Linac4 test stand, both experimental and simulation results confirm its ability to match to the RFQ acceptance with improved beam quality and reduced footprint, offering a viable solution for next-generation compact linacs.
{"title":"Design and validation of a compact extraction and matching system for high current applications","authors":"Aristeidis Mamaras , Jean-Baptiste Lallement , Alessandra Lombardi , Francesco di Lorenzo , Christophe Machado , Cristiano Mastrostefano , Pierre Moyret , Michael O'Neil , Benoit Riffaud , Dimitrios Sampsonidis , Frantisek Sanda , Edgar Sargsyan , Julien Thiboud , Callum Tetrault","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel compact extraction system has been developed at CERN to optimize high-current linacs for medical and industrial use. Replacing the traditional LEBT with a 2 cm-long electrode-based design, it enables efficient proton extraction and acceleration to 45 keV. Tested at the Linac4 test stand, both experimental and simulation results confirm its ability to match to the RFQ acceptance with improved beam quality and reduced footprint, offering a viable solution for next-generation compact linacs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171328
C. Sarmiento-Cano , H. Asorey , M. Audelo , A.C. Fauth , D. Cazar-Ramírez , A.M. Gulisano , J.A. López-Rodríguez , R. Mayo-García , J. Molina , L. Otiniano , J.R. Sacahui , G. Secchia-González , I. Sidelnik , L.A. Núñez
The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a collaborative initiative that deploys a network of low-cost, autonomous Water Cherenkov Detectors across Latin America and Spain. Initially focused on detecting gamma-ray bursts at high-altitude sites, LAGO has evolved into a multidisciplinary forum for astroparticle physics, space weather studies, and environmental monitoring. Its detectors operate from sea level to over 4300 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) in diverse geomagnetic and atmospheric conditions. The ARTI-MEIGA simulation framework is a key development that models the entire cosmic-ray interaction chain, enabling site-specific simulations to be integrated into FAIR-compliant workflows. LAGO also plays a significant role in regional education and training through partnerships with ERASMUS+ projects, positioning itself as a hub for research capacity building. New contributions emerging from the collaboration include volcano muography, neutron hydrometry for precision agriculture, and space weather monitoring in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly. LAGO demonstrates how Cherenkov-based detection and open science can drive scientific discovery and practical innovation.
{"title":"From a network to a networking: The evolution of the Latin American Giant Observatory","authors":"C. Sarmiento-Cano , H. Asorey , M. Audelo , A.C. Fauth , D. Cazar-Ramírez , A.M. Gulisano , J.A. López-Rodríguez , R. Mayo-García , J. Molina , L. Otiniano , J.R. Sacahui , G. Secchia-González , I. Sidelnik , L.A. Núñez","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a collaborative initiative that deploys a network of low-cost, autonomous Water Cherenkov Detectors across Latin America and Spain. Initially focused on detecting gamma-ray bursts at high-altitude sites, LAGO has evolved into a multidisciplinary forum for astroparticle physics, space weather studies, and environmental monitoring. Its detectors operate from sea level to over 4300 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) in diverse geomagnetic and atmospheric conditions. The ARTI-MEIGA simulation framework is a key development that models the entire cosmic-ray interaction chain, enabling site-specific simulations to be integrated into FAIR-compliant workflows. LAGO also plays a significant role in regional education and training through partnerships with ERASMUS+ projects, positioning itself as a hub for research capacity building. New contributions emerging from the collaboration include volcano muography, neutron hydrometry for precision agriculture, and space weather monitoring in the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly. LAGO demonstrates how Cherenkov-based detection and open science can drive scientific discovery and practical innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171339
H.S. Marks , M. Khorosh
Experimental observation is reported of passive, self-organised mode-locking in a high-power free-electron maser (FEM) oscillator operating near 103 GHz, using a ∼1.36 MeV, 1.15 A energy-recovered electron beam. Macropulses of 10 μs duration were recorded in which mode-locking is established from the onset of measurable radiation and persists throughout the pulse. Power-detector and heterodyne measurements show a regular train of kW-level spikes with a spacing of 10.4 ns, consistent with the cavity free spectral range. A modal analysis of the intermediate-frequency signal reveals strong phase coherence across more than sixteen longitudinal modes. A distinct sideband appears with a spacing that remains stable to within 0.2 MHz even though the carrier frequency drifts by several megahertz between pulses due to variations in beam energy. This behaviour contradicts the power-dependent scaling expected from synchrotron-driven FEL sidebands and instead indicates a cavity-anchored coupling mechanism. The results demonstrate that robust passive mode-locking can arise naturally in mm-wave FEM oscillators without external modulation.
{"title":"Experimental observation of self-organised mode-locked emission in a W-band free-electron maser","authors":"H.S. Marks , M. Khorosh","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental observation is reported of passive, self-organised mode-locking in a high-power free-electron maser (FEM) oscillator operating near 103 GHz, using a ∼1.36 MeV, 1.15 A energy-recovered electron beam. Macropulses of 10 μs duration were recorded in which mode-locking is established from the onset of measurable radiation and persists throughout the pulse. Power-detector and heterodyne measurements show a regular train of kW-level spikes with a spacing of 10.4 ns, consistent with the cavity free spectral range. A modal analysis of the intermediate-frequency signal reveals strong phase coherence across more than sixteen longitudinal modes. A distinct sideband appears with a spacing that remains stable to within 0.2 MHz even though the carrier frequency drifts by several megahertz between pulses due to variations in beam energy. This behaviour contradicts the power-dependent scaling expected from synchrotron-driven FEL sidebands and instead indicates a cavity-anchored coupling mechanism. The results demonstrate that robust passive mode-locking can arise naturally in mm-wave FEM oscillators without external modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171339"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171338
W.F. Rogers , A.N. Kuchera , T. Awal , T. Baumann , C. Capuano , D. Chrisman , M. Devlin , D. Flores Madrid , J. Glaze , O. Guarinello , P. Gueye , J. Hallett , B. Hassan , K.J. Kelly , O. Lucas , A. Maki , S. Mosby , A. Munroe , T. Redpath , A. Robinson , S. Winner
Plastic scintillator detectors are widely used in nuclear physics experiments and applications. The interpretation of the data often relies on simulation to understand the performance of the detectors and to assist with the analysis of decay energies and widths of neutron-rich nuclei. A neutron scattering experiment was conducted at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) to study neutrons scattering from H and C nuclei in plastic scintillators for neutrons with energy 20 to 400 MeV. The detector array consisted of a single detector bar serving as target, and a 45° ramp of detectors 2 m downstream. Results for three interaction observables, including scintillation light detected, kinetic energy distribution following the first scatter, and scattering angle, were compared with predictions from two Geant4-based simulation packages, referred to here as G4-Physics and MENATE_R. Agreement between simulation and data was best for events consisting of a single hit, and poorer for events consisting of two hits.
{"title":"Testing interaction simulations with 20–400 MeV neutron scattering data from plastic scintillators","authors":"W.F. Rogers , A.N. Kuchera , T. Awal , T. Baumann , C. Capuano , D. Chrisman , M. Devlin , D. Flores Madrid , J. Glaze , O. Guarinello , P. Gueye , J. Hallett , B. Hassan , K.J. Kelly , O. Lucas , A. Maki , S. Mosby , A. Munroe , T. Redpath , A. Robinson , S. Winner","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic scintillator detectors are widely used in nuclear physics experiments and applications. The interpretation of the data often relies on simulation to understand the performance of the detectors and to assist with the analysis of decay energies and widths of neutron-rich nuclei. A neutron scattering experiment was conducted at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) to study neutrons scattering from H and C nuclei in plastic scintillators for neutrons with energy 20 to 400 MeV. The detector array consisted of a single detector bar serving as target, and a 45° ramp of detectors 2 m downstream. Results for three interaction observables, including scintillation light detected, kinetic energy distribution following the first scatter, and scattering angle, were compared with predictions from two Geant4-based simulation packages, referred to here as G4-Physics and MENATE_R. Agreement between simulation and data was best for events consisting of a single hit, and poorer for events consisting of two hits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171336
Nicholas Macsai , August Mendelsohn , David Harrison , Russell Mammei , Michael Gericke , Leah Broussard , Erick Smith , Grant Riley , Glenn Randall , Mark Makela
We report on the conversion of the Manitoba II mass spectrometer into a versatile low-energy proton beam facility. This infrastructure is adaptable to any detector-under-test (DUT), and has proven itself effective with the characterization of silicon detectors used in subatomic beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) searches, namely the Nab experiment. A pencil beam of mono-energetic protons can be produced in a range from 25 keV to 35 keV, achieving a beam current of 1 10-18 A.
Electrostatic steering plates were constructed to direct the Gaussian-profile proton beam over a 117 mm diameter area-of-interest with full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) ranging from 0.6 mm to 1.26 mm. This work discusses the modifications and subsequent tests to confirm the beam specifications met the demands of the aforementioned detectors.
{"title":"A novel, steerable, low-energy proton source for detector characterization","authors":"Nicholas Macsai , August Mendelsohn , David Harrison , Russell Mammei , Michael Gericke , Leah Broussard , Erick Smith , Grant Riley , Glenn Randall , Mark Makela","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report on the conversion of the Manitoba II mass spectrometer into a versatile low-energy proton beam facility. This infrastructure is adaptable to any detector-under-test (DUT), and has proven itself effective with the characterization of silicon detectors used in subatomic beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) searches, namely the Nab experiment. A pencil beam of mono-energetic protons can be produced in a range from 25<!--> <!-->keV to 35<!--> <!-->keV, achieving a beam current of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10<sup>-18</sup> <!-->A.</div><div>Electrostatic steering plates were constructed to direct the Gaussian-profile proton beam over a 117<!--> <!-->mm diameter area-of-interest with full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) ranging from 0.6<!--> <!-->mm to 1.26<!--> <!-->mm. This work discusses the modifications and subsequent tests to confirm the beam specifications met the demands of the aforementioned detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171332
Field R. Rogers , Sean N. Pike , Samer Alnussirat , Robin Anthony-Petersen , Steven E. Boggs , Felix Hagemann , Sophia E. Haight , Alyson Joens , Carolyn Kierans , Alexander Lowell , Brent Mochizuki , Albert Y. Shih , Clio Sleator , John A. Tomsick , Andreas Zoglauer
Double-sided strip high-purity germanium detectors with three-dimensional position reconstruction capability have been developed over three decades, with space-based applications in high-energy astrophysics and heliophysics. Position resolution in three dimensions is key to reconstruction of Compton scattering events, including for the upcoming Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) satellite mission. Two-dimensional position reconstruction is enabled by segmentation of the two detector faces into orthogonal strip contacts, enabling a pixelized analysis. The depth of an interaction cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from the charge collection time difference between the two faces of the detector. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the depth calibration of a detector with the COSI satellite geometry read out using an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for the COSI mission. In this work, we map collection time difference to depth using the Julia-based simulation package SolidStateDetectors.jl and validate it with comparison to the timing distributions observed in data. We also use simulations and data to demonstrate the depth resolution on a per-pixel basis, with of pixels having (FWHM) resolution at and (FWHM) resolution at .
{"title":"Depth calibration of double-sided strip germanium detectors for the compton spectrometer and imager satellite","authors":"Field R. Rogers , Sean N. Pike , Samer Alnussirat , Robin Anthony-Petersen , Steven E. Boggs , Felix Hagemann , Sophia E. Haight , Alyson Joens , Carolyn Kierans , Alexander Lowell , Brent Mochizuki , Albert Y. Shih , Clio Sleator , John A. Tomsick , Andreas Zoglauer","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Double-sided strip high-purity germanium detectors with three-dimensional position reconstruction capability have been developed over three decades, with space-based applications in high-energy astrophysics and heliophysics. Position resolution in three dimensions is key to reconstruction of Compton scattering events, including for the upcoming Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) satellite mission. Two-dimensional position reconstruction is enabled by segmentation of the two detector faces into orthogonal strip contacts, enabling a pixelized analysis. The depth of an interaction cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from the charge collection time difference between the two faces of the detector. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the depth calibration of a detector with the COSI satellite geometry read out using an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed for the COSI mission. In this work, we map collection time difference to depth using the Julia-based simulation package <span>SolidStateDetectors.jl</span> and validate it with comparison to the timing distributions observed in data. We also use simulations and data to demonstrate the depth resolution on a per-pixel basis, with <span><math><mrow><mo>></mo><mn>90</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> of pixels having <span><math><mrow><mo><</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math></span> (FWHM) resolution at <span><math><mrow><mn>59</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>keV</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mo><</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math></span> (FWHM) resolution at <span><math><mrow><mn>122</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>keV</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171323
W. Hamdi , J. Crafts , H. Huang , Z. Huang , M. Kerver , M. Mathison , C. Ploen , A. Singh , T. Song , Y.P. Zhang , D. Adhikari , A. Ahmed , H. Albataineh , K. Aniol , A. Asaturyan , C. Ayerbe Gayoso , P. Bosted , E. Brash , A. Camsonne , J. Caylor , X. Zheng
The Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) is an advanced calorimeter designed to measure neutral electromagnetic particles with high precision in energy, time, and position, under conditions of high luminosity and significant background. Integrated into the experimental setup of Hall C at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, the NPS plays a critical role in studies of nucleon structure through exclusive and semi-inclusive reaction channels. This paper presents an assessment of the detector’s performance characteristics, specifically its energy and timing resolution, derived from elastic electron–proton scattering data. We report an energy resolution between 1.2% and 1.3% in the 4.5–7.3 GeV range, and an intrinsic timing resolution better than 200 ps for energies above 500 MeV. These results serve as a reference for current and future precision measurements in hadronic physics.
{"title":"Intrinsic energy and time resolution of the Jefferson Lab Hall C Neutral Particle Spectrometer","authors":"W. Hamdi , J. Crafts , H. Huang , Z. Huang , M. Kerver , M. Mathison , C. Ploen , A. Singh , T. Song , Y.P. Zhang , D. Adhikari , A. Ahmed , H. Albataineh , K. Aniol , A. Asaturyan , C. Ayerbe Gayoso , P. Bosted , E. Brash , A. Camsonne , J. Caylor , X. Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) is an advanced calorimeter designed to measure neutral electromagnetic particles with high precision in energy, time, and position, under conditions of high luminosity and significant background. Integrated into the experimental setup of Hall C at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, the NPS plays a critical role in studies of nucleon structure through exclusive and semi-inclusive reaction channels. This paper presents an assessment of the detector’s performance characteristics, specifically its energy and timing resolution, derived from elastic electron–proton scattering data. We report an energy resolution between 1.2% and 1.3% in the 4.5–7.3 GeV range, and an intrinsic timing resolution better than 200 ps for energies above 500 MeV. These results serve as a reference for current and future precision measurements in hadronic physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171330
D. Mollica , A. D’Aì , C. Bigongiari , F. Pintore
The data analysis of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) requires large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of air showers and the detailed simulation of telescope optics and Cherenkov camera. Within the simulation of the telescope response, optical ray-tracing and camera electronics simulation are the most time-consuming steps. Fortunately, these tasks involve many independent calculations (photon propagation and pixel response) that can be run concurrently. This makes them ideal candidates for acceleration using Graphics Processing Units, which have become widespread in both High Performance Computing systems and consumer hardware over the past decade due to their high parallel processing power and energy efficiency.
We have developed , a Python simulation framework, using CUDA to parallelize these specific tasks. is designed as a user-friendly and adaptable set of tools to support IACT performance evaluation, instrument design and data analysis. We have validated the framework capabilities by simulating the ASTRI dual-mirror optical system and its SiPM-based camera, confirming its effectiveness even in its early development stage. Although it has been designed for IACT simulations, a key feature of is the separation between the optical ray-tracing and the camera electronics simulation. This modularity allows users to simulate the pixel response independently, using photon propagation results generated by external software (such as Geant4).
{"title":"iactsim: A CUDA-accelerated simulation framework for IACTs","authors":"D. Mollica , A. D’Aì , C. Bigongiari , F. Pintore","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The data analysis of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) requires large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of air showers and the detailed simulation of telescope optics and Cherenkov camera. Within the simulation of the telescope response, optical ray-tracing and camera electronics simulation are the most time-consuming steps. Fortunately, these tasks involve many independent calculations (photon propagation and pixel response) that can be run concurrently. This makes them ideal candidates for acceleration using Graphics Processing Units, which have become widespread in both High Performance Computing systems and consumer hardware over the past decade due to their high parallel processing power and energy efficiency.</div><div>We have developed <figure><img></figure> , a Python simulation framework, using CUDA to parallelize these specific tasks. <figure><img></figure> is designed as a user-friendly and adaptable set of tools to support IACT performance evaluation, instrument design and data analysis. We have validated the framework capabilities by simulating the ASTRI dual-mirror optical system and its SiPM-based camera, confirming its effectiveness even in its early development stage. Although it has been designed for IACT simulations, a key feature of <figure><img></figure> is the separation between the optical ray-tracing and the camera electronics simulation. This modularity allows users to simulate the pixel response independently, using photon propagation results generated by external software (such as <span>Geant4</span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171321
Shikui Cheng , Qiubin Tang , Qiulei Yang , Yipo Zhang , Jie Zhang , Shuai Guan , Hongbing Xu
The runaway electron (RE) diagnostic system in the HL-3 tokamak has been equipped with a Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr(Ce)) detector and a full digital data acquisition system, ensuring that this system can achieve high energy resolution and spectral temporal resolution. During the HL-3 plasma discharges with pulsed gas injection, the hard X-ray (HXR) diagnostic signals exhibit rapid response characteristics. In the auxiliary heating experiments with electron cyclotron resonance wave, low hybrid wave or neutral beam injection, the population of runaway electrons can be significantly enhanced. Moreover, it has been observed that the fluctuation of unstable modes with frequencies between 100–400 kHz are positively correlated with the intensity of HXR radiation. The enhancement of REs loss induced by the growth of the unstable modes may provide a potential method to mitigate plasma disruptions and inhibit the formation of runaway current plateaus.
{"title":"Initial results of hard X-ray spectroscopy by LaBr3 (Ce) detector for runaway electron study at the HL-3 tokamak","authors":"Shikui Cheng , Qiubin Tang , Qiulei Yang , Yipo Zhang , Jie Zhang , Shuai Guan , Hongbing Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The runaway electron (RE) diagnostic system in the HL-3 tokamak has been equipped with a Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>(Ce)) detector and a full digital data acquisition system, ensuring that this system can achieve high energy resolution and spectral temporal resolution. During the HL-3 plasma discharges with pulsed gas injection, the hard X-ray (HXR) diagnostic signals exhibit rapid response characteristics. In the auxiliary heating experiments with electron cyclotron resonance wave, low hybrid wave or neutral beam injection, the population of runaway electrons can be significantly enhanced. Moreover, it has been observed that the fluctuation of unstable modes with frequencies between 100–400 kHz are positively correlated with the intensity of HXR radiation. The enhancement of REs loss induced by the growth of the unstable modes may provide a potential method to mitigate plasma disruptions and inhibit the formation of runaway current plateaus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171326
Qing Qin , Qiang He , Shichang Zhang , Kaihong Fang , Meiying Zhu , Yao Wu , Jianxiong Shao
Accurate timing of the trigger signal is critical in coincidence measurements and other applications that require precise acquisition of signal timing information. We designed a bipolar filter suitable for fast signals by discretizing the double-exponential nuclear pulse into impulses. This process synthesizes two bilateral symmetric arbitrary triangular pulses, which are then delayed, subtracted, and finally passed through a moving-average filter to produce the output. This work uses MATLAB to simulate the filter algorithm, investigating the shaping results of nuclear signals under both noiseless and noisy conditions. In the experiment, our designed filter successfully achieves zero-crossing timing detection for fast pulses and enables the separation of pile-up pulses. Compared to the conventional RC-CR-CR filter, the bipolar restoration exhibits a fluctuation at the baseline that is reduced by approximately a factor of 5–6. These results demonstrate the filter's excellent pile-up rejection and baseline stabilization capabilities, conferring it strong potential for application in high-count-rate conditions.
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