Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

英文中文

The camera and readout for the Trinity Demonstrator and the EUSO-SPB2 Cherenkov telescope 三位一体演示器和 EUSO-SPB2 切伦科夫望远镜的照相机和读取器

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169999

Mahdi Bagheri , Srikar Gadamsetty , Eliza Gazda , Eleanor Judd , Evgeny Kuznetsov , A. Nepomuk Otte , Mathew Potts , Oscar Romero Matamala , Noah Shapera , Joshua Sorell , Svanik Tandon , Andrew Wang

We developed a modular silicon photomultiplier camera to detect Earth-skimming PeV to EeV tau neutrinos with the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique. We built two cameras, a 256-pixel camera for the Trinity Demonstrator located on Frisco Peak, Utah, and a 512-pixel camera for the Extreme Universe Observatory on a Super-Pressure Balloon II (EUSO-SPB2) Cherenkov Telescope. The front-end electronics are based on the Multipurpose Integrated Circuit (eMUSIC) Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), and the camera signals are sampled and digitized with the 100 MS/s and 12-bit ASIC for General Electronics for TPC (AGET) system. Both cameras are liquid-cooled. We detail the camera concept and the results from characterizing the SiPMs, bench testing, and calibrating the two cameras.

我们开发了一种模块化硅光电倍增管照相机，利用成像大气切伦科夫技术来探测掠地PeV到EeV的陶中微子。我们制造了两台照相机，一台用于犹他州弗里斯科峰的三位一体演示器（Trinity Demonstrator）的 256 像素照相机，另一台用于超压气球 II（EUSO-SPB2）上的极端宇宙观测站（Extreme Universe Observatory on a Super-Pressure Balloon II）的切伦科夫望远镜（Cherenkov Telescope）的 512 像素照相机。前端电子设备采用多用途集成电路 (eMUSIC) 专用集成电路 (ASIC)，照相机信号采用 100 MS/s 和 12 位 AGET 通用电子系统专用集成电路 (ASIC)进行采样和数字化。两台照相机都是液冷的。我们详细介绍了相机的概念以及 SiPM 的特性、台架测试和校准两台相机的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Simulating performance of microchannel plate photomultipliers in magnetic fields 模拟微通道板光电倍增管在磁场中的性能

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170038

E.J. Baldwin, J.S. Lapington, S.A. Leach

Photon counting detectors are utilised for applications in medical imaging, nuclear and particle physics where a strong magnetic field may be present, requiring a detector that can operate in these circumstances. We illustrate how a PMT can be simulated using a model generated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Studio Suite software. The model consists of a photocathode, an MCP structure including electrodes, resistive and secondary electron emitting dynode surfaces, and a readout anode, with appropriate potentials applied to the components of the model. Magnetic fields can be applied to the model with different directions and amplitudes. Using this simulation it is possible to produce the gain and timing characteristics of the PMT. We present simulation results from the modelled PMT, demonstrating electron multiplication performance and timing performance as a function of external magnetic field strength and direction.

光子计数探测器主要应用于医疗成像、核物理和粒子物理等领域，这些领域可能存在强磁场，因此要求探测器能够在这些情况下工作。我们使用计算机仿真技术 (CST) Studio Suite 软件生成的模型来说明如何模拟 PMT。该模型由一个光电阴极、一个 MCP 结构（包括电极、电阻和二次电子发射阳极表面）和一个读出阳极组成，并对模型的各个组件施加适当的电势。模型上可施加不同方向和振幅的磁场。通过这种模拟，可以得到 PMT 的增益和定时特性。我们展示了建模 PMT 的模拟结果，显示了电子倍增性能和定时性能与外部磁场强度和方向的函数关系。

引用次数: 0

Characterization results of MAPS digital prototypes for the ALICE ITS3 用于 ALICE ITS3 的 MAPS 数字原型的表征结果

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170032

Anna Villani, the ALICE Collaboration

The three innermost layers of the ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS2) will be replaced by a truly cylindrical tracker, the ITS3, to be ready for LHC Run 4 (2029–2032). The ITS3 will be composed of three layers, each made by two self-supporting, ultra-thin (

\leq 50 μ m

) flexible Monolithic Active Pixel silicon Sensors (MAPS) of large area (O(10 × 26 cm

^{2}

)). The final sensor will be realized using the 65 nm CMOS imaging process and stitching technology. Multiple small-scale test structures were included in the first production run (Multiple Layer Reticle 1 - MLR1) to validate the 65 nm CMOS imaging technology. First large-scale stitched MAPS were included in the second production run (Engineering Run 1 - ER1). The pixel cell performance has been qualified on the MLR1 Digital Pixel Test Structures (DPTS) in laboratory and with in-beam measurements. The large-area (1.4 × 25.9 cm

^{2}

) ER1 MOnolithic Stitched Sensor (MOSS) prototype has been used to prove the stitching principle and evaluate the detection efficiency and spatial resolution. This contribution will give an overview of the most recent results of the digital prototype tests.

ALICE 内部跟踪系统（ITS2）最里面的三层将被真正的圆柱形跟踪器 ITS3 取代，为大型强子对撞机运行 4（2029-2032 年）做好准备。ITS3 将由三层组成，每层由两个自支撑、超薄（≤50μm）、大面积（O(10 × 26 cm2)）柔性单片有源像素硅传感器（MAPS）构成。最终的传感器将采用 65 纳米 CMOS 成像工艺和拼接技术来实现。在首次生产运行（多层视网膜 1 - MLR1）中包含了多个小规模测试结构，以验证 65 纳米 CMOS 成像技术。在第二次生产运行（工程运行 1 - ER1）中首次采用了大规模拼接 MAPS。像素单元的性能已在实验室的 MLR1 数字像素测试结构（DPTS）上得到验证，并进行了光束内测量。大面积（1.4 × 25.9 cm2）ER1 MOnolithic Stitched 传感器（MOSS）原型已用于验证拼接原理，并评估探测效率和空间分辨率。本文将概述数字原型测试的最新结果。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative study of sub-sampling methods in X-ray speckle interferometry based phase contrast imaging using synchrotron radiation source 基于同步辐射源的 X 射线斑点干涉仪相衬成像中子取样方法的比较研究

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170042

Yogesh Kashyap , Ashish Agrawal , Mayank Shukla , Hongchang Wang , Kawal Sahwney

Near-field X-ray speckle interferometry is a technique for X-ray multi-modal imaging that does not require optics and is very simple to implement. It is capable of producing absorption, phase, and scatter contrast images by utilizing random scattering media like sandpaper. The generation of these images relies on the correlation of near-field speckles, with one pattern recorded in the absence of an object and another with an object present. Our study focuses on comparing and evaluating various sub-sampling methods used in a correlation-based approach in real space. Additionally, we have analyzed the potential benefits and strengths of these sub-sampling methods in the context of X-ray speckle imaging using synchrotron radiation based X-ray source, and shown that cosine and Gaussian approximations provided superior sub-pixel delay estimations.

近场 X 射线斑点干涉测量法是一种 X 射线多模态成像技术，它不需要光学设备，实施起来也非常简单。它能够利用砂纸等随机散射介质生成吸收、相位和散射对比图像。这些图像的生成依赖于近场斑点的相关性，在没有物体的情况下记录一种模式，在有物体的情况下记录另一种模式。我们的研究重点是比较和评估在真实空间中基于相关性的方法中使用的各种子取样方法。此外，我们还分析了这些子取样方法在使用同步辐射 X 射线源进行 X 射线斑点成像时的潜在优势和长处，结果表明余弦近似和高斯近似能提供更优越的子像素延迟估计。

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of beam instabilities in BEPCII BEPCII 中横梁不稳定性的实验研究

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170036

Jinliu Su , Yudong Liu , Zhi Liu , Di Yin , Huizhou Ma , Yanru Wei , Huiping Geng , Dechong Zhu , Ge Lei , Junhui Yue , Wan Zhang , Chenghui Yu , Cunyang Que

With the high current physical operations of the upgraded Beijing Electron–Positron Collider (BEPCII), thresholds on collision luminosity and beam current have been presented due to various factors such as collision background, noise, equipment stability under high power operation, and so on. One of the most serious influences on beam dynamics was beam instability which has been clearly exhibited. The comprehensive experimental investigation of beam instabilities in BEPCII is an indispensable part of beam physics research and can provide references for the upgrade project of BEPCII. Over the past two years, the experimental investigation of beam instabilities in BEPCII has been carried on with the single and multiple bunch filling in the storage ring. Various impedances, the sources of beam instabilities, including broadband and narrowband impedances in longitudinal and transverse planes are studied. The measured impedance values are compared with the initial design of BEPCII.

随着升级后的北京正负电子对撞机（BEPCII）的大电流物理运行，由于碰撞背景、噪声、大功率运行下的设备稳定性等各种因素，对撞光度和束流都出现了阈值。对光束动力学影响最大的因素之一是光束的不稳定性，这一点已经得到了清晰的展示。对 BEPCII 的光束不稳定性进行全面的实验研究是光束物理研究不可或缺的一部分，可以为 BEPCII 的升级项目提供参考。近两年来，BEPCII 在存储环中进行了单束和多束填充的束不稳定性实验研究。研究了作为光束不稳定性来源的各种阻抗，包括纵向和横向平面上的宽带和窄带阻抗。测量的阻抗值与 BEPCII 的初始设计进行了比较。

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引用次数: 0

Design and implementation of a sample environment for in situ moisture-dependent neutron dark-field imaging experiments 原位湿度中子暗场成像实验样品环境的设计与实施

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170024

Elisabetta Nocerino , Tamara Vonäsch , Markus Strobl , Anders Kaestner

We present the design and construction of a custom neutron-transparent sample environment for in situ moisture-dependent neutron dark-field imaging (NDFI) experiments for the imaging facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland. This simple setup, combined with a moisture generator, features a continuous flow system to ensure a constant homogeneous flow of humid air to manipulate the sample’s moisture conditions at room temperature. To facilitate neutron dark-field imaging measurements, the chamber has a slim design to maximize the sample-detector distance scanning range. The chamber can maintain static or dynamic relative humidity conditions, allowing for humidity cycles. Beyond moisture-dependent studies, the system’s versatility allows its utilization in any type of gas stream-dependent study. This technical note details the engineering considerations, construction process, and validation of this sample environment.

我们介绍了为瑞士维利根保罗-舍勒研究所（PSI）的成像设施设计和建造的定制中子透明样品环境，用于原位湿度依赖性中子暗场成像（NDFI）实验。这种简单的装置与湿气发生器相结合，具有一个连续流动系统，可确保湿空气的持续均匀流动，从而在室温下控制样品的湿度条件。为了方便中子暗场成像测量，该样品室采用了超薄设计，以最大限度地扩大样品-探测器距离扫描范围。样品室可以保持静态或动态相对湿度条件，允许湿度循环。除了与湿度有关的研究外，该系统的多功能性还可用于任何类型的与气流有关的研究。本技术说明详细介绍了该样品环境的工程考虑因素、建造过程和验证。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Positron accumulation in the GBAR experiment” [Nucl. Inst. Method. Phys. Res. A 1040 (2022) 167263] 对 "GBAR 实验中的正电子累积 "的更正[Nucl.Inst.Method.Phys.Res.A 1040 (2022) 167263]

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169998

P. Blumer , M. Charlton , M. Chung , P. Cladé , P. Comini , P. Crivelli , O. Dalkarov , P. Debu , L. Dodd , A. Douillet , S. Guellati , P.A. Hervieux , L. Hilico , A. Husson , P. Indelicato , G. Janka , S. Jonsell , J.P. Karr , B.H. Kim , E.S. Kim , C.J. Baker

引用次数: 0

Data analysis procedures to improve energy resolution in silicon detectors using GET electronics 利用 GET 电子技术提高硅探测器能量分辨率的数据分析程序

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170016

S. Fracassetti , J. Refsgaard , F. Endo , S. Ota , R. Raabe

This study primarily focuses on improving the energy resolution of Double-Sided Silicon Strip Detectors (DSSSD) through optimized data analysis procedures using General Electronics for Time Projection Chambers (GET). We introduce two edge identification algorithms that demonstrate comparable efficacy. These methods are subsequently integrated with various techniques for measuring pulse amplitude, including sample smoothing and pole-zero cancellation. Notably, sample smoothing significantly enhances performances, achieving a resolution of 0.33 % with DSSSD

α

calibration data. Additionally, we describe and apply the trapezoidal filter, examining its impact on resolution improvement and obtaining comparable results. The study also evaluates how internal GET parameters, specifically the sampling frequency and the shaping time of the Sallen-Key (SK) low-pass filter, affect signal resolution. Higher sampling frequencies and lower values of the SK filter were found to increase performance.

本研究主要侧重于通过使用时间投影室（GET）通用电子技术优化数据分析程序，提高双面硅带探测器（DSSSD）的能量分辨率。我们介绍了两种边缘识别算法，它们的功效相当。这些方法随后与测量脉冲幅度的各种技术相结合，包括采样平滑和极零消除。值得注意的是，采样平滑显著提高了性能，通过 DSSSD α 校准数据实现了 0.33 % 的分辨率。此外，我们还介绍并应用了梯形滤波器，检查了其对提高分辨率的影响，并获得了类似的结果。研究还评估了 GET 内部参数，特别是 Sallen-Key (SK) 低通滤波器的采样频率和整形时间对信号分辨率的影响。研究发现，较高的采样频率和较低的 SK 滤波器值可提高性能。

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引用次数: 0

The LHCb VELO detector: Design, operation and first results LHCb VELO 探测器：设计、运行和首批成果

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170028

David Friday, LHCb

The design, operation and first results from the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider Beauty) experiment Upgrade I VELO (VErtex LOcator) are presented. The Upgrade I VELO, first installed in 2022, is a crucial new detector for providing tracking during Runs III and IV of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The VELO, consisting of 52 modules, closes to within 5.1 mm of the beamline. Each VELO module is made up of 4 sensors with 3, 130 nm CMOS ASICs per sensor providing precise tracking (Alves et al., 2013). The modules have a novel bi-phase CO₂ cooling substrate for reducing the radiation length of the detector while providing cooling under vacuum down to

- 30 °

C. A new FPGA based SuperPixel clustering firmware reduces the data-rate by approximately 30% and is the first use of FPGA clustering in a collider experiment. During the VELO 2022–2024 commissioning period the SuperPixel performance has been validated, showing consistent rates between the packet rate and reconstructed clusters. The VELO material has been mapped confirming the safe re-installation of the RF (Radio Frequency) foil with respect to the VELO modules. Per-pixel equalisation across 41M channels has also been completed successfully reaching the design threshold of 1000

e^{-}

本文介绍了大型强子对撞机（LHCb）实验升级版 I VELO（VErtex LOcator）的设计、运行和首批成果。升级版 I VELO 于 2022 年首次安装，是大型强子对撞机运行 III 和 IV 期间提供跟踪的重要新探测器。VELO 由 52 个模块组成，与光束线的距离在 5.1 毫米以内。每个 VELO 模块由 4 个传感器组成，每个传感器由 3 个 130 nm CMOS ASIC 提供精确跟踪（Alves 等人，2013 年）。模块采用新型双相二氧化碳冷却基板，可减少探测器的辐射长度，同时提供低至-30°C的真空冷却。基于 FPGA 的新型超级像素聚类固件可将数据传输速率降低约 30%，这也是 FPGA 聚类技术在对撞机实验中的首次应用。在 VELO 2022-2024 年调试期间，超级像素的性能得到了验证，显示出数据包速率和重建簇之间的一致速率。对 VELO 材料进行了测绘，确认了 RF（射频）箔片与 VELO 模块之间的安全重新安装。41M 信道的每个像素均衡也已成功完成，达到了 1000 e- 的设计阈值。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization and stability tests of gas-tight RPC for muography application 用于亩图应用的气密型 RPC 的特性和稳定性测试

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170025

Vishal Kumar , Samip Basnet , Eduardo Cortina Gil , R.M.I.D. Gamage , Andrea Giammanco , Marwa Moussawi , Amrutha Samalan , Michael Tytgat , Raveendrababu Karnam

In this study, we investigate the performance of gas-tight Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) by applying various filters to measure their efficiency. We examine the noise behavior of the detectors under higher voltage configurations and report the corresponding reduction in filtered efficiency. These RPCs have been employed to create a muon flux map within the laboratory, providing a rough estimate about the material distribution around the experimental area.

在这项研究中，我们通过应用各种滤波器来测量气密电阻板室（RPC）的效率，从而研究其性能。我们检查了探测器在更高电压配置下的噪声行为，并报告了滤波效率的相应降低。这些 RPC 已被用来绘制实验室内的μ介子通量图，提供实验区周围物质分布的粗略估计。

引用次数: 0

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