Charge-exchange measurements of a14C+ beam in the 50–150 keV energy range are of current interest in the context of recent developments in Positive Ion Mass Spectrometry (PIMS). In PIMS, a high-pressure gas cell containing isobutane gas is used to efficiently produce 14C− ions. Because charge exchange is an atomic process, we used 12C instead of 14C in our study with N2 gas under single‐atom collision conditions. In our experiment, we calibrated the proposed detection setup for PIMS. We also extracted C− and C0 cross sections. The results indicate the validity of the designed parameters of the CUPAC-NE CEC. The measurements were performed using 50 keV 12C+ ions delivered by the 10 GHz Nanogan ECR ion source at LEIBF of IUAC, New Delhi. To facilitate these measurements, a newly developed compact Faraday Cup was added to the existing Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM) detector downstream of the Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA).
{"title":"Measurements of 12C0,1- ions through charge-exchange reactions in gas cells at IUAC: A step towards the proposed PIMS facility by the CUPAC-NE collaboration (D2)","authors":"Nabajyoti Pandit , A. Barthakur , Rasna Baruah , Dimpal Saikia , Bhargab Boruah , Monuj Gogoi , J.J. Das , C.P. Safvan , C.P. Veena , Aditya Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Charge-exchange measurements of a<sup>14</sup>C<sup>+</sup> beam in the 50–150 keV energy range are of current interest in the context of recent developments in Positive Ion Mass Spectrometry (PIMS). In PIMS, a high-pressure gas cell containing isobutane gas is used to efficiently produce <sup>14</sup>C<sup>−</sup> ions. Because charge exchange is an atomic process, we used <sup>12</sup>C instead of <sup>14</sup>C in our study with N<sub>2</sub> gas under single‐atom collision conditions. In our experiment, we calibrated the proposed detection setup for PIMS. We also extracted C<sup>−</sup> and C<sup>0</sup> cross sections. The results indicate the validity of the designed parameters of the CUPAC-NE CEC. The measurements were performed using 50 keV <sup>12</sup>C<sup>+</sup> ions delivered by the 10 GHz Nanogan ECR ion source at LEIBF of IUAC, New Delhi. To facilitate these measurements, a newly developed compact Faraday Cup was added to the existing Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM) detector downstream of the Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171302
Xudong Zhang , Wenjun Chen , Xiaodong Zhang , Xiaoqiang Gong , Zhiguo Cui , Yongwei Gao , Guozhen Sun , Shaoming Wang , Jiandong Yuan
A high-precision alignment reference network is indispensable for accurately positioning accelerator components. In pursuit of charged particles adhering to correct beam trajectory, components distributed over large areas warrant a positioning accuracy comparable to that in small working areas. Laser trackers are ubiquitous for measuring the networks thanks to their exceptional precision. For large-scale accelerators, multi-station measurements are entailed to guarantee holistic coverage of all reference points. Spatial Analyzer (SA) software hinges on its Unified Spatial Metrology Network (USMN) function for synchronous measurement processing, merging all reference points into one coordinate system. This study puts forth an optimization method based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm, aimed to minimize the weighted sum of squared adjustments by virtue of a Cartesian coordinate system. For the sake of method validation, an experimental reference network was scrutinized and optimized via the method presented in this article. The experiment demonstrated that this approach is capable of refining measurements from a number of laser trackers. Furthermore, the alignment reference points at the Cooler Storage Ring (CSR) External-target Experiment (CEE) terminal were measured and integrated. As manifested by the experiment, the total Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) derived by SA exceeded that obtained with the proposed method. Additionally, the alignment reference network for the HIAF (High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility) BRing (Booster Ring) was optimized separately relying on the SA and the proposed method. The results confirmed that the latter produced a smaller RMSE value.
{"title":"Precision optimization of accelerator reference point alignment","authors":"Xudong Zhang , Wenjun Chen , Xiaodong Zhang , Xiaoqiang Gong , Zhiguo Cui , Yongwei Gao , Guozhen Sun , Shaoming Wang , Jiandong Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-precision alignment reference network is indispensable for accurately positioning accelerator components. In pursuit of charged particles adhering to correct beam trajectory, components distributed over large areas warrant a positioning accuracy comparable to that in small working areas. Laser trackers are ubiquitous for measuring the networks thanks to their exceptional precision. For large-scale accelerators, multi-station measurements are entailed to guarantee holistic coverage of all reference points. Spatial Analyzer (SA) software hinges on its Unified Spatial Metrology Network (USMN) function for synchronous measurement processing, merging all reference points into one coordinate system. This study puts forth an optimization method based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm, aimed to minimize the weighted sum of squared adjustments by virtue of a Cartesian coordinate system. For the sake of method validation, an experimental reference network was scrutinized and optimized via the method presented in this article. The experiment demonstrated that this approach is capable of refining measurements from a number of laser trackers. Furthermore, the alignment reference points at the Cooler Storage Ring (CSR) External-target Experiment (CEE) terminal were measured and integrated. As manifested by the experiment, the total Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) derived by SA exceeded that obtained with the proposed method. Additionally, the alignment reference network for the HIAF (High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility) BRing (Booster Ring) was optimized separately relying on the SA and the proposed method. The results confirmed that the latter produced a smaller RMSE value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171298
B. Kreider , I. Cox , R. Grzywacz , J.M. Allmond , A. Augustyn , N. Braukman , P. Brionnet , A. Esmaylzadeh , J. Fischer , N. Fukuda , G. Garcia De Lorenzo , S. Go , S. Hanai , D. Hoskins , N. Imai , T.T. King , N. Kitamura , K. Kolos , A. Korgul , C. Mazzocchi , R. Yokoyama
In recent experiments, inorganic scintillators have been used to study the decays of exotic nuclei, providing an alternative to silicon detectors and enabling measurements that were previously impossible. However, proper use of these materials requires us to understand and quantify the scintillation process, specifically in response to very heavy nuclei. In this work, we show a simplified method based on the models of Birks (1951) and Meyer and Murray (1962) to parametrize the light output of inorganic scintillators in response to beams of energetic heavy ions over a broad range of energies. We test the accuracy of our parametrization approach by calculating light output and quenching factors for various ions and comparing them with experimental data from Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce), a common inorganic scintillator. The Meyer–Murray model suggests that, for sufficiently heavy ions at high energies, the majority of the light output is associated with the creation of delta electrons, which are induced by the passage of the beam through the material. These delta electrons dramatically impact the response of detection systems when subject to ions with velocities typical of beams in modern fragmentation facilities. To illustrate this, we also present a qualitative estimate of the effects of delta rays on overall light output using the Birks–Meyer–Murray parametrization. The approach presented herein will serve as a basic framework for further, more rigorous studies of scintillator response to heavy ions. This work is a crucial first step in planning future experiments where energetic exotic nuclei are interacting with scintillator detectors.
{"title":"A method for estimating light quenching in inorganic scintillator detectors for radioactive ion beam experiments","authors":"B. Kreider , I. Cox , R. Grzywacz , J.M. Allmond , A. Augustyn , N. Braukman , P. Brionnet , A. Esmaylzadeh , J. Fischer , N. Fukuda , G. Garcia De Lorenzo , S. Go , S. Hanai , D. Hoskins , N. Imai , T.T. King , N. Kitamura , K. Kolos , A. Korgul , C. Mazzocchi , R. Yokoyama","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent experiments, inorganic scintillators have been used to study the decays of exotic nuclei, providing an alternative to silicon detectors and enabling measurements that were previously impossible. However, proper use of these materials requires us to understand and quantify the scintillation process, specifically in response to very heavy nuclei. In this work, we show a simplified method based on the models of Birks (1951) and Meyer and Murray (1962) to parametrize the light output of inorganic scintillators in response to beams of energetic heavy ions over a broad range of energies. We test the accuracy of our parametrization approach by calculating light output and quenching factors for various ions and comparing them with experimental data from Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce), a common inorganic scintillator. The Meyer–Murray model suggests that, for sufficiently heavy ions at high energies, the majority of the light output is associated with the creation of delta electrons, which are induced by the passage of the beam through the material. These delta electrons dramatically impact the response of detection systems when subject to ions with velocities typical of beams in modern fragmentation facilities. To illustrate this, we also present a qualitative estimate of the effects of delta rays on overall light output using the Birks–Meyer–Murray parametrization. The approach presented herein will serve as a basic framework for further, more rigorous studies of scintillator response to heavy ions. This work is a crucial first step in planning future experiments where energetic exotic nuclei are interacting with scintillator detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171294
Huiliang Hou , Yuefeng Huang , Hongzhong Ying , Lei He , Jiaxin Li , Zhimin Dai
When the detection area increases and the number of SiPMs grows, accurate event localization becomes increasingly critical. This paper proposes a new event localization method for large-area silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array readout, overcoming the limitations of conventional pulse localization approaches, which rely on amplitude ratios between pulses. Due to the resistor network, signals from SiPMs at different locations undergo distortions. We proposed a simplified model, a tri-exponential model to explain these distortions and leveraged it to design a pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) algorithm that extracts 12 position-dependent features from each signal. These features are then classified using a machine learning approach to generate a model capable of accurately determining the interaction position. The new method achieves over 95% accuracy in identifying interaction positions within an 8 × 8 detector array.
{"title":"Multi-parameter digital waveform feature extraction method for event position localization","authors":"Huiliang Hou , Yuefeng Huang , Hongzhong Ying , Lei He , Jiaxin Li , Zhimin Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When the detection area increases and the number of SiPMs grows, accurate event localization becomes increasingly critical. This paper proposes a new event localization method for large-area silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array readout, overcoming the limitations of conventional pulse localization approaches, which rely on amplitude ratios between pulses. Due to the resistor network, signals from SiPMs at different locations undergo distortions. We proposed a simplified model, a tri-exponential model to explain these distortions and leveraged it to design a pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) algorithm that extracts 12 position-dependent features from each signal. These features are then classified using a machine learning approach to generate a model capable of accurately determining the interaction position. The new method achieves over 95% accuracy in identifying interaction positions within an 8 × 8 detector array.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171292
Linyan Rong , Zhencheng Mu , Hexin Wang , Yongchuan Xiao , Huafu Ouyang , Shinian Fu , Lin Wang , Peng Zhu , Maliang Wan , Bo Wang , Zhexin Xie , Hui Zhang , Kai Guo , Zixian Liu , Liangxing Lun
The boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) clinical facility, developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is based on an accelerator system that includes an ion source, a low-energy beam transport line, a radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, and three high-energy beam transport lines. The RF system supplies RF power to the RFQ cavity, enabling proton beam acceleration to an energy of 2.787 MeV. It incorporates two 150 kW solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) units, a low-level radio-frequency (LLRF) control system, and a high-power RF transmission line, featuring a compact architecture and highly reliable operation. This paper describes the design, development, commissioning, and operational performance of the BNCT_02# RF system.
{"title":"Design and experiment of the RF system for BNCT facility","authors":"Linyan Rong , Zhencheng Mu , Hexin Wang , Yongchuan Xiao , Huafu Ouyang , Shinian Fu , Lin Wang , Peng Zhu , Maliang Wan , Bo Wang , Zhexin Xie , Hui Zhang , Kai Guo , Zixian Liu , Liangxing Lun","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) clinical facility, developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is based on an accelerator system that includes an ion source, a low-energy beam transport line, a radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, and three high-energy beam transport lines. The RF system supplies RF power to the RFQ cavity, enabling proton beam acceleration to an energy of 2.787 MeV. It incorporates two 150 kW solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) units, a low-level radio-frequency (LLRF) control system, and a high-power RF transmission line, featuring a compact architecture and highly reliable operation. This paper describes the design, development, commissioning, and operational performance of the BNCT_02# RF system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171296
Huaiyong Bai, Hang Li, Lisheng Yang, Hengrui Zhang, Ji Wen, Chengguo Pang, Binyuan Xia, Ming Su, Fan Gao, Chenguang Li, Xiaodong Wang
Fast neutron imaging is a powerful measurement technique, particularly suitable for large-sized samples containing both light and heavy materials. However, it is severely affected by background events, leading to compromised image quality. To achieve substantially improved results, a novel fast neutron imaging detector is proposed, which mainly consists of crisscrossed wavelength-shifting fibers, the composite mixture of YAP(Ce) scintillation powder and polypropylene powder, and SiPM arrays. The detector offers several advantages including excellent spatial resolution, a large sensitive area, and high detection efficiency. Furthermore, another key merit lies in its temporal response, which is expected to be no more than 1 ns. This enables the application of time-of-flight technology for identifying directly transmitted neutron events, thereby effectively suppressing the corresponding background events.
{"title":"Design of a novel fast neutron imaging detector with excellent spatial resolution, fast temporal response, large sensitive area, and high detection efficiency","authors":"Huaiyong Bai, Hang Li, Lisheng Yang, Hengrui Zhang, Ji Wen, Chengguo Pang, Binyuan Xia, Ming Su, Fan Gao, Chenguang Li, Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast neutron imaging is a powerful measurement technique, particularly suitable for large-sized samples containing both light and heavy materials. However, it is severely affected by background events, leading to compromised image quality. To achieve substantially improved results, a novel fast neutron imaging detector is proposed, which mainly consists of crisscrossed wavelength-shifting fibers, the composite mixture of YAP(Ce) scintillation powder and polypropylene powder, and SiPM arrays. The detector offers several advantages including excellent spatial resolution, a large sensitive area, and high detection efficiency. Furthermore, another key merit lies in its temporal response, which is expected to be no more than 1 ns. This enables the application of time-of-flight technology for identifying directly transmitted neutron events, thereby effectively suppressing the corresponding background events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171277
Shimin Jiang , Shengjin Liu , Zhijun Lu , Xingguang Liu , Xiao Li , Renjun Yang
This paper addresses the issue in C-band photocathode radio frequency (RF) guns where the presence of significant multipole field components in the accelerating field, restricts the improvement of beam quality. A strategy of optimizing the multipole field components in the RF structure is adopted to alleviate this problem, and a detailed analysis is conducted on the matching performance of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and coaxial waveguide couplers respectively. Simulation results show that after rotating the two pick-ups by 30°, the influences of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and couplers at the beam position can cancel each other out, thereby minimizing the impact of the multipole field components on the beam at the target position. This optimized scheme has been applied to the final gun design. After analyzing the effects of the solenoid and correction coils on the beam, the transverse emittance difference caused by the multipole field components at the target position is reduced to below 0.01 mm mrad. These research results provide a new method for the optimization of multipole field components in RF guns.
本文研究了c波段光电阴极射频炮中加速场中存在显著的多极场分量，制约了束流质量提高的问题。采用优化射频结构中多极场分量的策略来缓解这一问题，并分别对拾音器和同轴波导耦合器产生的多极场分量的匹配性能进行了详细分析。仿真结果表明，将两个拾取器旋转30°后，拾取器和耦合器在光束位置产生的多极场分量的影响可以相互抵消，从而使目标位置的多极场分量对光束的影响最小化。该优化方案已应用于火炮的最终设计。通过分析电磁线圈和校正线圈对波束的影响，将目标位置多极场分量引起的横向发射度差减小到0.01 mm mrad以下。这些研究结果为射频炮中多极场元件的优化设计提供了一种新的方法。
{"title":"Analysis of multipole field reduction in C-band photocathode RF gun","authors":"Shimin Jiang , Shengjin Liu , Zhijun Lu , Xingguang Liu , Xiao Li , Renjun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the issue in C-band photocathode radio frequency (RF) guns where the presence of significant multipole field components in the accelerating field, restricts the improvement of beam quality. A strategy of optimizing the multipole field components in the RF structure is adopted to alleviate this problem, and a detailed analysis is conducted on the matching performance of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and coaxial waveguide couplers respectively. Simulation results show that after rotating the two pick-ups by 30°, the influences of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and couplers at the beam position can cancel each other out, thereby minimizing the impact of the multipole field components on the beam at the target position. This optimized scheme has been applied to the final gun design. After analyzing the effects of the solenoid and correction coils on the beam, the transverse emittance difference caused by the multipole field components at the target position is reduced to below 0.01 mm mrad. These research results provide a new method for the optimization of multipole field components in RF guns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171281
R. Mondal Saha , K. Banerjee , N. Gayathri , Saif Ahmad Khan , S. Dalal , R. Shil , P. Pant , S.R. Singh , T. Bar , K.S. Golda
Lithium, being an alkali metal, is highly susceptible to oxidation, making the target preparation particularly challenging. To overcome this limitation, various lithium compounds-lithium carbonate (LiCO), lithium fluoride (LiF), and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (HLiO) were employed for target fabrication using sedimentation and vapour deposition technique. The stability of these compound-based targets was compared with that of metallic lithium target by evaluating their longevity upon exposure to the atmosphere. Morphological and elemental analyses were performed on the fabricated targets and the raw powder materials to examine structural changes and purity variations during fabrication. These targets were subsequently irradiated with proton beams to study the resulting neutron energy spectra. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to estimate the spatial and energy distributions of proton beams transmitted through the different targets. The results indicate that lithium compounds with higher densities lead to greater energy and spatial broadening of the transmitted beams. Analysis also indicates a critical density of 2.2 g/cm, beyond which further increases in spatial and energy spread become minimal.
{"title":"Challenges and methods in fabricating solid lithium-compound targets","authors":"R. Mondal Saha , K. Banerjee , N. Gayathri , Saif Ahmad Khan , S. Dalal , R. Shil , P. Pant , S.R. Singh , T. Bar , K.S. Golda","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium, being an alkali metal, is highly susceptible to oxidation, making the target preparation particularly challenging. To overcome this limitation, various lithium compounds-lithium carbonate (Li<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), lithium fluoride (LiF), and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>LiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) were employed for target fabrication using sedimentation and vapour deposition technique. The stability of these compound-based targets was compared with that of metallic lithium target by evaluating their longevity upon exposure to the atmosphere. Morphological and elemental analyses were performed on the fabricated targets and the raw powder materials to examine structural changes and purity variations during fabrication. These targets were subsequently irradiated with proton beams to study the resulting neutron energy spectra. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to estimate the spatial and energy distributions of proton beams transmitted through the different targets. The results indicate that lithium compounds with higher densities lead to greater energy and spatial broadening of the transmitted beams. Analysis also indicates a critical density of <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span>2.2 g/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, beyond which further increases in spatial and energy spread become minimal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171295
B. Davids , N.E. Esker , J. Jaeyoung , Y.K. Kim , K. Pak , M. Williams
The mean transmission efficiency of the EMMA recoil mass spectrometer at TRIUMF has been measured with 6 different angular apertures at 17 kinetic energy/charge deviations with respect to the central, reference trajectory. Measurements performed using a 148Gd source installed at the target position of the spectrometer are compared to ion-optical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. The transmission efficiency as a function of angle and kinetic energy/charge is described empirically using piecewise Gaussian functions whose parameters are fit to the data.
{"title":"Transmission efficiency of the recoil mass spectrometer EMMA at TRIUMF","authors":"B. Davids , N.E. Esker , J. Jaeyoung , Y.K. Kim , K. Pak , M. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mean transmission efficiency of the EMMA recoil mass spectrometer at TRIUMF has been measured with 6 different angular apertures at 17 kinetic energy/charge deviations with respect to the central, reference trajectory. Measurements performed using a <sup>148</sup>Gd <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> source installed at the target position of the spectrometer are compared to ion-optical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. The transmission efficiency as a function of angle and kinetic energy/charge is described empirically using piecewise Gaussian functions whose parameters are fit to the data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2026.171279
Simon Spannagel , Stephan Lachnit , Hanno Perrey , Justus Braach , Lene Kristian Bryngemark , Erika Garutti , Adrian Herkert , Finn King , Christoph Krieger , David Leppla-Weber , Linus Ros , Sara Ruiz Daza , Murtaza Safdari , Luis G. Sarmiento , Annika Vauth , Håkan Wennlöf
The operation of instruments and detectors in laboratory or beamline environments presents a complex challenge, requiring stable operation of multiple concurrent devices, often controlled by separate hardware and software solutions. These environments frequently undergo modifications, such as the inclusion of different auxiliary devices depending on the experiment or facility, adding further complexity. The successful management of such dynamic configurations demands a flexible and robust system capable of controlling data acquisition, monitoring experimental setups, enabling seamless reconfiguration, and integrating new devices with limited effort.
This paper presents Constellation, a flexible and network-distributed control and data acquisition software framework tailored to laboratory and beamline environments, that addresses the limitations of existing solutions. The framework is designed with a focus on extensibility, providing a streamlined interface for instrument integration. It supports efficient system setup via network discovery mechanisms, promotes stability through autonomous operational features, and provides comprehensive documentation and supporting tools for operators and application developers such as controllers and logging interfaces.
At the core of the architectural design is the autonomy of the individual components, called satellites, which can make independent decisions about their operation and communicate these decisions to other components. This paper introduces the design principles and framework architecture of Constellation, presents the available graphical user interfaces, shares insights from initial successful deployments, and provides an outlook on future developments and applications.
{"title":"Constellation: The autonomous control and data acquisition system for dynamic experimental setups","authors":"Simon Spannagel , Stephan Lachnit , Hanno Perrey , Justus Braach , Lene Kristian Bryngemark , Erika Garutti , Adrian Herkert , Finn King , Christoph Krieger , David Leppla-Weber , Linus Ros , Sara Ruiz Daza , Murtaza Safdari , Luis G. Sarmiento , Annika Vauth , Håkan Wennlöf","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operation of instruments and detectors in laboratory or beamline environments presents a complex challenge, requiring stable operation of multiple concurrent devices, often controlled by separate hardware and software solutions. These environments frequently undergo modifications, such as the inclusion of different auxiliary devices depending on the experiment or facility, adding further complexity. The successful management of such dynamic configurations demands a flexible and robust system capable of controlling data acquisition, monitoring experimental setups, enabling seamless reconfiguration, and integrating new devices with limited effort.</div><div>This paper presents Constellation, a flexible and network-distributed control and data acquisition software framework tailored to laboratory and beamline environments, that addresses the limitations of existing solutions. The framework is designed with a focus on extensibility, providing a streamlined interface for instrument integration. It supports efficient system setup via network discovery mechanisms, promotes stability through autonomous operational features, and provides comprehensive documentation and supporting tools for operators and application developers such as controllers and logging interfaces.</div><div>At the core of the architectural design is the autonomy of the individual components, called <em>satellites</em>, which can make independent decisions about their operation and communicate these decisions to other components. This paper introduces the design principles and framework architecture of Constellation, presents the available graphical user interfaces, shares insights from initial successful deployments, and provides an outlook on future developments and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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