Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170040
N. Atanov , V. Baranov , E. Benedetti , C. Bloise , L. Borrel , S. Ceravolo , F. Cervelli , F. Colao , M. Cordelli , G. Corradi , Yu.I. Davydov , S. Di Falco , E. Diociaiuti , S. Donati , B. Echenard , P. Fedeli , C. Ferrari , A. Gioiosa , S. Giovannella , V. Giusti , R.Y. Zhu
The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm, downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline, satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 90 krad and a neutron fluence of ), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level ( Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 674 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 674 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system.
{"title":"Design and assembly status overview of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures","authors":"N. Atanov , V. Baranov , E. Benedetti , C. Bloise , L. Borrel , S. Ceravolo , F. Cervelli , F. Colao , M. Cordelli , G. Corradi , Yu.I. Davydov , S. Di Falco , E. Diociaiuti , S. Donati , B. Echenard , P. Fedeli , C. Ferrari , A. Gioiosa , S. Giovannella , V. Giusti , R.Y. Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm, downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline, satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 90 krad and a neutron fluence of <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></msup><mi>n</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>c</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>@</mi><mn>1</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow></math></span>), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (<span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 674 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 674 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170064
Olli E. Setälä , Toni P. Pasanen , Jennifer Ott , Igors Krainukovs , Juha Heinonen , Ville Vähänissi , Hele Savin
The front surface of semiconductor particle detectors typically contains undepleted recombination active regions that the impinging particles pass through before reaching the sensitive area of the device. These so-called dead layers pose a fundamental limitation for achievable energy resolutions and are unavoidable in externally doped pn-junction detectors. Here, we fabricate a silicon particle detector using an alternative method for charge collection that extends the sensitive region to the front surface of the device and minimizes the dead layer. The junction is realized by inducing an electric field at the surface of the detector using a charged thin film. Such an approach has previously been implemented in photodiodes, which have demonstrated effective collection of charge carriers from the very surface of the devices. Our detector displays low leakage currents and recombination, which allow efficient charge collection throughout the device, as demonstrated by excellent internal quantum efficiency of the device. The detector is further characterized using detection of alpha particles as a case example. We achieve 20 keV energy resolutions that are, already without extensive device optimization, on the same level with commercial externally doped silicon particle detectors. Notably, the design shows promise for detection of shallow penetrating charged particles, which is very sensitive to dead layers.
{"title":"Elimination of dead layer in silicon particle detectors via induced electric field based charge collection","authors":"Olli E. Setälä , Toni P. Pasanen , Jennifer Ott , Igors Krainukovs , Juha Heinonen , Ville Vähänissi , Hele Savin","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The front surface of semiconductor particle detectors typically contains undepleted recombination active regions that the impinging particles pass through before reaching the sensitive area of the device. These so-called dead layers pose a fundamental limitation for achievable energy resolutions and are unavoidable in externally doped pn-junction detectors. Here, we fabricate a silicon particle detector using an alternative method for charge collection that extends the sensitive region to the front surface of the device and minimizes the dead layer. The junction is realized by inducing an electric field at the surface of the detector using a charged thin film. Such an approach has previously been implemented in photodiodes, which have demonstrated effective collection of charge carriers from the very surface of the devices. Our detector displays low leakage currents and recombination, which allow efficient charge collection throughout the device, as demonstrated by excellent internal quantum efficiency of the device. The detector is further characterized using detection of alpha particles as a case example. We achieve 20 keV energy resolutions that are, already without extensive device optimization, on the same level with commercial externally doped silicon particle detectors. Notably, the design shows promise for detection of shallow penetrating charged particles, which is very sensitive to dead layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170070
Jonghyeok Lee, Hyunwoo Lim, Hunwoo Lee, Duhee Jeon, Hyosung Cho
Single grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging (SG-DFXI) is a single-exposure, non-interferometric technique used to obtain dark-field images using a microfocus X-ray source and a common X-ray grid. It requires minimal exposure and minimal system setup for potential medical and industrial applications. However, dark-field images are often distorted by the image artifacts caused by spectral overlap of adjacent harmonic peaks in the Fourier spectrum when an X-ray grid is used. This can degrade the SG-DFXI quality. In this study, we designed a new type of rectangular window function that was applied asymmetrically to the first-order harmonic peak to extract its corresponding harmonic image, avoiding spectral-overlap artifacts and improving image resolution. An experiment was conducted on test samples of a cookie (attached to a piece of wooden chopstick) and a resolution pattern using a tabletop setup to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed asymmetric window function. Our experimental results indicate that the asymmetric window function effectively eliminated spectral-overlap artifacts and improved the spatial resolution of dark-field images. The contrast-to-noise ratio of the dark-field image obtained using the asymmetric window function with a partial Fourier factor of PF = 0.55 was approximately 12.0, which represents a 4.3-fold improvement over the image using the symmetric window function, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed window function.
基于单网格的暗场 X 射线成像（SG-DFXI）是一种单次曝光、非干涉测量技术，用于使用微聚焦 X 射线源和普通 X 射线网格获取暗场图像。它只需最少的曝光和最少的系统设置，具有潜在的医疗和工业应用价值。然而，在使用 X 射线栅格时，傅立叶频谱中相邻谐波峰的光谱重叠会导致暗视野图像失真。这会降低 SG-DFXI 的质量。在本研究中，我们设计了一种新型矩形窗函数，该函数不对称地应用于一阶谐波峰，以提取其相应的谐波图像，从而避免了光谱重叠伪影，提高了图像分辨率。为了证明所提出的非对称窗口函数的有效性，我们使用桌面装置对饼干（附在一根木筷子上）和分辨率图案的测试样本进行了实验。实验结果表明，非对称窗口函数有效消除了光谱重叠伪影，提高了暗视野图像的空间分辨率。使用部分傅里叶因子为 PF = 0.55 的非对称窗函数获得的暗视野图像的对比噪声比约为 12.0，比使用对称窗函数的图像提高了 4.3 倍，这证明了所提出的窗函数的功效。
{"title":"Design of an asymmetric window function in single grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging for ensuring improved image quality","authors":"Jonghyeok Lee, Hyunwoo Lim, Hunwoo Lee, Duhee Jeon, Hyosung Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging (SG-DFXI) is a single-exposure, non-interferometric technique used to obtain dark-field images using a microfocus X-ray source and a common X-ray grid. It requires minimal exposure and minimal system setup for potential medical and industrial applications. However, dark-field images are often distorted by the image artifacts caused by spectral overlap of adjacent harmonic peaks in the Fourier spectrum when an X-ray grid is used. This can degrade the SG-DFXI quality. In this study, we designed a new type of rectangular window function that was applied asymmetrically to the first-order harmonic peak to extract its corresponding harmonic image, avoiding spectral-overlap artifacts and improving image resolution. An experiment was conducted on test samples of a cookie (attached to a piece of wooden chopstick) and a resolution pattern using a tabletop setup to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed asymmetric window function. Our experimental results indicate that the asymmetric window function effectively eliminated spectral-overlap artifacts and improved the spatial resolution of dark-field images. The contrast-to-noise ratio of the dark-field image obtained using the asymmetric window function with a partial Fourier factor of PF = 0.55 was approximately 12.0, which represents a 4.3-fold improvement over the image using the symmetric window function, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed window function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170055
Dawei Si , Sheng Xiao , Yuhao Qin , Junhuai Xu , Baiting Tian , Boyuan Zhang , Dong Guo , Zhi Qin , Xiaobao Wei , Yibo Hao , Zengxiang Wang , Tianren Zhuo , Yuansheng Yang , Xianglun Wei , Herun Yang , Peng Ma , Limin Duan , Kang Wang , Fangfang Duan , Junbing Ma , Zhigang Xiao
The emission of neutrons from heavy ion reactions is an important observable for studying the asymmetric nuclear equation of state and the reaction dynamics. A 20-unit neutron array has been developed and mounted on the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments (CSHINE) to measure the neutron spectra, neutron–neutron and neutron–proton correlation functions. Each unit consists of a 15 15 15 cm plastic scintillator coupled to a mm photomultiplier. The Geant4 simulation with optical process is performed to investigate the time resolution and the neutron detection efficiency. The inherent time resolution of 212 ps is obtained by cosmic ray coincidence test. The n- discrimination and time-of-flight performance are given by 252Cf radioactive source test and beam test. The neutron energy spectra have been obtained in the angular range in the beam experiment of 124Sn + 124Sn at 25 MeV/u with CSHINE.
{"title":"The neutron array of the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments in Fermi energy region","authors":"Dawei Si , Sheng Xiao , Yuhao Qin , Junhuai Xu , Baiting Tian , Boyuan Zhang , Dong Guo , Zhi Qin , Xiaobao Wei , Yibo Hao , Zengxiang Wang , Tianren Zhuo , Yuansheng Yang , Xianglun Wei , Herun Yang , Peng Ma , Limin Duan , Kang Wang , Fangfang Duan , Junbing Ma , Zhigang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emission of neutrons from heavy ion reactions is an important observable for studying the asymmetric nuclear equation of state and the reaction dynamics. A 20-unit neutron array has been developed and mounted on the compact spectrometer for heavy ion experiments (CSHINE) to measure the neutron spectra, neutron–neutron and neutron–proton correlation functions. Each unit consists of a 15 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 15 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 15 cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> plastic scintillator coupled to a <span><math><mrow><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>52</mn></mrow></math></span> mm photomultiplier. The Geant4 simulation with optical process is performed to investigate the time resolution and the neutron detection efficiency. The inherent time resolution of 212 ps is obtained by cosmic ray coincidence test. The n-<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> discrimination and time-of-flight performance are given by <sup>252</sup>Cf radioactive source test and beam test. The neutron energy spectra have been obtained in the angular range <span><math><mrow><mn>30</mn><mo>°</mo><mo>≤</mo><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>lab</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>51</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> in the beam experiment of <sup>124</sup>Sn + <sup>124</sup>Sn at 25 MeV/u with CSHINE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170055"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170039
Dawid Pietruch, on behalf of the LUXE ECAL-p group
Highly granular calorimeters play a crucial role in the precision QED measurement, one of the most important parts of the calorimeter being the sensor. In 2022, two samples of silicon pad sensors and two samples of GaAs sensors were tested in a 5 GeV electron beam at DESY. A technological prototype has been developed to demonstrate the performance of the ECAL sensors. For the readout, a very low-power ASIC called FLAME was used. The raw data is pre-processed and deconvoluted using FPGAs. This article describes the results of the test beam measurements, together with a study of the edge effect and homogeneity of the sensor response.
{"title":"Test-beam measurements of instrumented sensor planes for a highly compact and granular electromagnetic calorimeter","authors":"Dawid Pietruch, on behalf of the LUXE ECAL-p group","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly granular calorimeters play a crucial role in the precision QED measurement, one of the most important parts of the calorimeter being the sensor. In 2022, two samples of silicon pad sensors and two samples of GaAs sensors were tested in a 5 GeV electron beam at DESY. A technological prototype has been developed to demonstrate the performance of the ECAL sensors. For the readout, a very low-power ASIC called FLAME was used. The raw data is pre-processed and deconvoluted using FPGAs. This article describes the results of the test beam measurements, together with a study of the edge effect and homogeneity of the sensor response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170039"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170059
Longhui Li , Tao Luo , Yupeng Xu , Jian Wang , Xiaoqing Cong , Huilin He , Xiaojing Liu , Hongwei Liu , Huan Zhang , Jiaqi Zhu , Mingzhao Ouyang , Yuegang Fu
The Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) represents a next-generation flagship satellite for X-ray astronomy. A critical component of eXTP is the Large Area Detector (LAD), which consists of 40 modules, each equipped with a set of 4 × 4 microchannel plate (MCP) collimators. The optical characteristics of the MCP are essential for the observational capabilities of the eXTP-LAD. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the point-to-point soft X-ray test equipment. The measurements of the point spread function (PSF) of the collimators reveal discrepancies when compared to theoretical predictions. Specifically, the full width at half maximums (FWHM) and angular resolution are larger than expected, primarily due to the channel errors. The simulation results are consistent with the measured results and demonstrate that channel errors and inner wall roughness significantly impact the optical performance of collimators.
增强型 X 射线定时和测极飞行任务（eXTP）是下一代 X 射线天文学旗舰卫星。eXTP 的一个重要组成部分是大面积探测器（LAD），它由 40 个模块组成，每个模块配备一套 4 × 4 微通道板（MCP）准直器。MCP 的光学特性对 eXTP-LAD 的观测能力至关重要。在本研究中，我们将详细介绍点对点软 X 射线测试设备。准直器的点扩散函数（PSF）测量结果显示，与理论预测结果存在差异。具体来说，半最大值全宽（FWHM）和角度分辨率比预期的要大，这主要是由于通道误差造成的。模拟结果与测量结果一致，证明了通道误差和内壁粗糙度对准直器光学性能的重大影响。
{"title":"Investigation of the optical performance of microchannel plate (MCP) collimators for the eXTP-LAD telescope","authors":"Longhui Li , Tao Luo , Yupeng Xu , Jian Wang , Xiaoqing Cong , Huilin He , Xiaojing Liu , Hongwei Liu , Huan Zhang , Jiaqi Zhu , Mingzhao Ouyang , Yuegang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission (eXTP) represents a next-generation flagship satellite for X-ray astronomy. A critical component of eXTP is the Large Area Detector (LAD), which consists of 40 modules, each equipped with a set of 4 × 4 microchannel plate (MCP) collimators. The optical characteristics of the MCP are essential for the observational capabilities of the eXTP-LAD. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the point-to-point soft X-ray test equipment. The measurements of the point spread function (PSF) of the collimators reveal discrepancies when compared to theoretical predictions. Specifically, the full width at half maximums (FWHM) and angular resolution are larger than expected, primarily due to the channel errors. The simulation results are consistent with the measured results and demonstrate that channel errors and inner wall roughness significantly impact the optical performance of collimators<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170059"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170045
Y. Unno , E. Bach , J. Dandoy , V. Fadeyev , C. Fleta , C. Jessiman , J. Keller , C.T. Klein , T. Koffas , E. Staats , M. Ullan
The ATLAS18 strip sensors of the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade (ITk) are in production since 2021. Along with the large-format n-in-p strip sensor in the center of 6-inch wafer, test structures including Metal–Oxide–Silicon (MOS) capacitors are laid out in the open space for monitoring the performance of the strip sensor and its fabrication process. One of the MOS capacitors is with a p-implantation in the surface of silicon to access the p-stop doping for isolating the n strips, the MOS-p capacitor. The capacitance measurement of the standard MOS capacitor as a function of gate voltage (C–V) shows characteristic behavior in the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regimes, from which one can deduce the amount of the interface charge. The MOS-p capacitor shows the C–V characteristics modulated by the properties of the p-layer. With over 50% of the full production complement delivered, we have observed consistent characteristics in the MOS-p capacitors. Rarely and currently only in three incidents, we have observed anomalous behaviors which implied lower density of p-layer. To study the cause, we have simulated the MOS-p capacitor with a TCAD device simulator. The normal characteristic curve is reproduced successfully with p-density and interface charge within the expected ranges, including a feature caused by a geometrical offset. The anomalous C–V characteristics cannot be explained simply by low p-density, but instead explained with the p-layer density near the specification which goes to zero at the surface. The loss of density could have been introduced with an n-type surface contamination or some other effect such as “dopant segregation”. These simulations have helped to take final acceptance decisions for the batches in production.
ATLAS 内跟踪器升级版（ITk）的 ATLAS18 带状传感器自 2021 年起投入生产。除了位于 6 英寸晶圆中心的大型 n+-in-p 带状传感器外，还在空地上布置了包括金属氧化物硅（MOS）电容器在内的测试结构，用于监测带状传感器的性能及其制造工艺。其中一个 MOS 电容器是在硅表面植入 p，以获得 p 停止掺杂，从而隔离 n+ 带，即 MOS-p 电容器。标准 MOS 电容器的电容测量值与栅极电压（C-V）呈函数关系，显示出积聚、耗尽和反转状态下的特征行为，从中可以推断出界面电荷量。MOS-p 电容器显示出受 p 层特性调制的 C-V 特性。我们观察到，MOS-p 电容器的特性始终如一。目前，我们仅在三起事件中观察到异常行为，这意味着 p 层密度较低。为了研究原因，我们使用 TCAD 器件模拟器模拟了 MOS-p 电容器。正常特性曲线得以成功再现，p 层密度和界面电荷均在预期范围内，其中包括一个由几何偏移引起的特征。反常的 C-V 特性不能简单地用低 p 密度来解释，而要用接近规格的 p 层密度来解释，因为该密度在表面归零。这种密度损失可能是由于 n 型表面污染或 "掺杂偏析 "等其他效应造成的。这些模拟有助于对生产中的批次做出最终验收决定。
{"title":"Analysis of MOS capacitor with p layer with TCAD simulation","authors":"Y. Unno , E. Bach , J. Dandoy , V. Fadeyev , C. Fleta , C. Jessiman , J. Keller , C.T. Klein , T. Koffas , E. Staats , M. Ullan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ATLAS18 strip sensors of the ATLAS inner tracker upgrade (ITk) are in production since 2021. Along with the large-format n<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-in-p strip sensor in the center of 6-inch wafer, test structures including Metal–Oxide–Silicon (MOS) capacitors are laid out in the open space for monitoring the performance of the strip sensor and its fabrication process. One of the MOS capacitors is with a p-implantation in the surface of silicon to access the p-stop doping for isolating the n<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> strips, the MOS-p capacitor. The capacitance measurement of the standard MOS capacitor as a function of gate voltage (C–V) shows characteristic behavior in the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regimes, from which one can deduce the amount of the interface charge. The MOS-p capacitor shows the C–V characteristics modulated by the properties of the p-layer. With over 50% of the full production complement delivered, we have observed consistent characteristics in the MOS-p capacitors. Rarely and currently only in three incidents, we have observed anomalous behaviors which implied lower density of p-layer. To study the cause, we have simulated the MOS-p capacitor with a TCAD device simulator. The normal characteristic curve is reproduced successfully with p-density and interface charge within the expected ranges, including a feature caused by a geometrical offset. The anomalous C–V characteristics cannot be explained simply by low p-density, but instead explained with the p-layer density near the specification which goes to zero at the surface. The loss of density could have been introduced with an n-type surface contamination or some other effect such as “dopant segregation”. These simulations have helped to take final acceptance decisions for the batches in production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170067
S. Pommé, K. Pelczar
A simplified theoretical model is developed to predict counting statistics for a stationary Poisson process passing through a spectrometer with pulse-pileup rejection. The model is applicable to digital counters used for spectrometry as well as set-ups utilising analogue electronics for pulse shaping and pileup rejection. In comparison with an existing model for a perfect pileup rejector, the new model addresses the common imperfection of having a finite time resolution of the fast channel, allowing quasi-coincident signals to pass through the pile-up rejector. From the Laplace transform of a simplified interval-density distribution, approximate expressions are derived for the throughput factor and the variance of the number of counted events. The results are compared with computer simulations of a cascade of extending dead time and subsequent pileup rejection. In addition, a rigorous throughput factor is derived from probabilistic reasoning, as well as an effective throughput factor for singular and coincident events.
{"title":"A simplified approach to counting statistics with an imperfect pileup rejector","authors":"S. Pommé, K. Pelczar","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simplified theoretical model is developed to predict counting statistics for a stationary Poisson process passing through a spectrometer with pulse-pileup rejection. The model is applicable to digital counters used for spectrometry as well as set-ups utilising analogue electronics for pulse shaping and pileup rejection. In comparison with an existing model for a perfect pileup rejector, the new model addresses the common imperfection of having a finite time resolution of the fast channel, allowing quasi-coincident signals to pass through the pile-up rejector. From the Laplace transform of a simplified interval-density distribution, approximate expressions are derived for the throughput factor and the variance of the number of counted events. The results are compared with computer simulations of a cascade of extending dead time and subsequent pileup rejection. In addition, a rigorous throughput factor is derived from probabilistic reasoning, as well as an effective throughput factor for singular and coincident events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170007
Fabian Hügging , Marlon Barbero , Pierre Barrilon , Christian Bespin , Patrick Breugnon , Ivan Caicedo , Yavuz Degerli , Jochen Dingfelder , Tomasz Hemperek , Toko Hirono , Hans Krüger , Konstantinos Moustakas , Patrick Pangaud , Heinz Pernegger , Petra Riedler , Piotr Rymaszewski , Lars Schall , Philippe Schwemling , Walter Snoeys , Tianyang Wang , Sinuo Zhang
The integration of readout electronics and sensors into a single entity of silicon in monolithic pixel detectors lowers the material budget while simplifying the production procedure compared to the conventional hybrid pixel detector concept. The increasing availability of high-resistivity substrates and high-voltage capabilities in commercial CMOS processes facilitates the application of depleted monolithic active pixel sensors (DMAPS) in modern particle physics experiments. TJ-Monopix2 and LF-Monopix2 chips are the most recent large-scale prototype DMAPS in their respective development line originally designed for the ATLAS Inner Tracker outer layer environment. In this contribution, the latest laboratory characterizations and beam test results of both DMAPS are presented with a special emphasis on performance after irradiation to high fluences.
{"title":"Recent results and perspectives of the Monopix Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS)","authors":"Fabian Hügging , Marlon Barbero , Pierre Barrilon , Christian Bespin , Patrick Breugnon , Ivan Caicedo , Yavuz Degerli , Jochen Dingfelder , Tomasz Hemperek , Toko Hirono , Hans Krüger , Konstantinos Moustakas , Patrick Pangaud , Heinz Pernegger , Petra Riedler , Piotr Rymaszewski , Lars Schall , Philippe Schwemling , Walter Snoeys , Tianyang Wang , Sinuo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of readout electronics and sensors into a single entity of silicon in monolithic pixel detectors lowers the material budget while simplifying the production procedure compared to the conventional hybrid pixel detector concept. The increasing availability of high-resistivity substrates and high-voltage capabilities in commercial CMOS processes facilitates the application of depleted monolithic active pixel sensors (DMAPS) in modern particle physics experiments. TJ-Monopix2 and LF-Monopix2 chips are the most recent large-scale prototype DMAPS in their respective development line originally designed for the ATLAS Inner Tracker outer layer environment. In this contribution, the latest laboratory characterizations and beam test results of both DMAPS are presented with a special emphasis on performance after irradiation to high fluences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170033
Kunyu Liang , Zhiyong Zhang , Jianbei Liu , Ming Shao , Yi Zhou
Gaseous photomultiplier tubes sensitive to visible light and based on micro-pattern gaseous detectors have been widely investigated due to their wide range of potential applications. This study presents a novel triple micro-mesh gaseous structure (TMM) specifically designed for this purpose, featuring ultralow ion backflow (IBF). Prototypes of the TMM were manufactured and characterized with both an X-ray source and an ultraviolet laser, and the results demonstrated an unprecedented IBF ratio of 3 × 10−5 at gas gains exceeding 1 × 105, indicating a promising capability of TMMs for visible light detection.
{"title":"TMM: Triple Micro-Mesh gaseous structure with ultralow ion backflow for gaseous photon detectors","authors":"Kunyu Liang , Zhiyong Zhang , Jianbei Liu , Ming Shao , Yi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gaseous photomultiplier tubes sensitive to visible light and based on micro-pattern gaseous detectors have been widely investigated due to their wide range of potential applications. This study presents a novel triple micro-mesh gaseous structure (TMM) specifically designed for this purpose, featuring ultralow ion backflow (IBF). Prototypes of the TMM were manufactured and characterized with both an X-ray source and an ultraviolet laser, and the results demonstrated an unprecedented IBF ratio of 3 × 10<sup>−5</sup> at gas gains exceeding 1 × 10<sup>5</sup>, indicating a promising capability of TMMs for visible light detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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