Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170056
John W. Norbury
A Double-Differential FRaGmentation (DDFRG) model for neutron production from nucleus–nucleus collisions is developed for space radiation applications. DDFRG1 was a previous model developed for production of protons and light ions, and DDFRG2 was a model developed for pion production. A new model (DDFRG3) for neutron production is developed in the present work, and is based upon thermal production of neutrons from the projectile, the target and central fireball sources. The Lorentz-invariant double-differential cross sections are calculated in the various source frames, and are Lorentz transformed to the laboratory frame, resulting in a closed-form analytic formula involving no numerical integration, and which can be run very efficiently in radiation transport codes. The Lorentz-invariant double-differential cross section is then integrated over angle to give the single-differential energy spectral distribution. The DDFRG3 neutron model compares very well to an extensive experimental data set.
{"title":"DDFRG3: Double-Differential FRaGmentation model for Neutron production in high energy nuclear collisions","authors":"John W. Norbury","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Double-Differential FRaGmentation (DDFRG) model for neutron production from nucleus–nucleus collisions is developed for space radiation applications. DDFRG1 was a previous model developed for production of protons and light ions, and DDFRG2 was a model developed for pion production. A new model (DDFRG3) for neutron production is developed in the present work, and is based upon thermal production of neutrons from the projectile, the target and central fireball sources. The Lorentz-invariant double-differential cross sections are calculated in the various source frames, and are Lorentz transformed to the laboratory frame, resulting in a closed-form analytic formula involving no numerical integration, and which can be run very efficiently in radiation transport codes. The Lorentz-invariant double-differential cross section is then integrated over angle to give the single-differential energy spectral distribution. The DDFRG3 neutron model compares very well to an extensive experimental data set.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170056"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High granularity 3D calorimeters offer the potential to precisely reconstruct the 3D topology of electromagnetic and hadronic showers originating from isotropic sources. This distinctive capability creates the opportunity for applying reconstruction and analysis methods that could yield additional information compared to those based on the traditional layer-by-layer energy deposit analysis common in particle and astroparticle physics experiments utilizing calorimeters with layer segmentation. In this study, we present a strategy for analyzing the energy deposit in a crystal array calorimeter, utilizing the 3D parametrization of both longitudinal and transversal shapes of showers to implement likelihood tests on single events. While this analysis was developed using the High Energy cosmic Radiation Detector (HERD) calorimeter as a case study, its applicability may extend to any high granularity, homogeneous, isotropic calorimeter employed in particle physics experiments.
{"title":"Particle identification in high-granularity 3D calorimeters for space-borne applications","authors":"Claudio Brugnoni , Matteo Duranti , Valerio Formato , Luca Tabarroni , Valerio Vagelli","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High granularity 3D calorimeters offer the potential to precisely reconstruct the 3D topology of electromagnetic and hadronic showers originating from isotropic sources. This distinctive capability creates the opportunity for applying reconstruction and analysis methods that could yield additional information compared to those based on the traditional layer-by-layer energy deposit analysis common in particle and astroparticle physics experiments utilizing calorimeters with layer segmentation. In this study, we present a strategy for analyzing the energy deposit in a crystal array calorimeter, utilizing the 3D parametrization of both longitudinal and transversal shapes of showers to implement likelihood tests on single events. While this analysis was developed using the High Energy cosmic Radiation Detector (HERD) calorimeter as a case study, its applicability may extend to any high granularity, homogeneous, isotropic calorimeter employed in particle physics experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170066
C.M. Mollo, KM3NeT Collaboration
KM3NeT is a distributed, deep-sea, Cherenkov neutrino observatory under construction in the Mediterranean Sea with two detectors: ARCA, close to Italy, for neutrino astronomy, and ORCA, close to France, for studying the neutrino oscillations. Each detector is made of a large three-dimensional lattice of optical modules, connected and controlled from a remote shore-station. Each optical module is a submarine node of an extended ethernet network, comprising the onshore computing resources for the online collection and filtering of the acquired data. The data acquisition system follows the trigger-less streaming readout paradigm, with a modular and scalable design which allows the KM3NeT Collaboration to take data since the very first stages of installation. After the first phase of construction, we improved the connectivity of the optical modules, by adding new layers of data aggregation at the detector. This was achieved by means of White Rabbit switches with a readapted form-factor, fitting the KM3NeT underwater vessels. We refer to them as “Wet” White Rabbit switches, in relation to their “Dry” counterparts in the shore-stations. Wet and Dry White Rabbit switch-fabrics allow also the distribution of the timing to the optical modules with the required nanosecond accuracy, according to the standard White Rabbit protocol developed at CERN. In this work we review the evolution of the KM3NeT Detection Units, focusing on the recent changes in the architecture, manufacturing and testing processes.
{"title":"The new KM3NeT Detection Units","authors":"C.M. Mollo, KM3NeT Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>KM3NeT is a distributed, deep-sea, Cherenkov neutrino observatory under construction in the Mediterranean Sea with two detectors: ARCA, close to Italy, for neutrino astronomy, and ORCA, close to France, for studying the neutrino oscillations. Each detector is made of a large three-dimensional lattice of optical modules, connected and controlled from a remote shore-station. Each optical module is a submarine node of an extended ethernet network, comprising the onshore computing resources for the online collection and filtering of the acquired data. The data acquisition system follows the trigger-less streaming readout paradigm, with a modular and scalable design which allows the KM3NeT Collaboration to take data since the very first stages of installation. After the first phase of construction, we improved the connectivity of the optical modules, by adding new layers of data aggregation at the detector. This was achieved by means of White Rabbit switches with a readapted form-factor, fitting the KM3NeT underwater vessels. We refer to them as “Wet” White Rabbit switches, in relation to their “Dry” counterparts in the shore-stations. Wet and Dry White Rabbit switch-fabrics allow also the distribution of the timing to the optical modules with the required nanosecond accuracy, according to the standard White Rabbit protocol developed at CERN. In this work we review the evolution of the KM3NeT Detection Units, focusing on the recent changes in the architecture, manufacturing and testing processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170066"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170034
Gianluca Aglieri Rinella , Luca Aglietta , Matias Antonelli , Francesco Barile , Franco Benotto , Stefania Maria Beolè , Elena Botta , Giuseppe Eugenio Bruno , Francesca Carnesecchi , Domenico Colella , Angelo Colelli , Giacomo Contin , Giuseppe De Robertis , Floarea Dumitrache , Domenico Elia , Chiara Ferrero , Martin Fransen , Alex Kluge , Shyam Kumar , Corentin Lemoine , Andrea Turcato
In the context of the CERN EP R&D on monolithic sensors and the ALICE ITS3 upgrade, the Tower Partners Semiconductor Co (TPSCo) 65 nm process has been qualified for use in high energy physics, and adopted for the ALICE ITS3 upgrade. An Analog Pixel Test Structure (APTS) featuring fast per pixel operational-amplifier-based buffering for a small matrix of four by four pixels, with a sensor with a small collection electrode and a very non-uniform electric field, was designed to allow detailed characterization of the pixel performance in this technology. Several variants of this chip with different pixel designs have been characterized with a positive hadron beam. This result indicates that the APTS-OA prototype variants with the best performance achieve a time resolution of 63 ps with a detection efficiency exceeding 99% and a spatial resolution of 2 μm, highlighting the potential of TPSCo 65 nm CMOS imaging technology for high-energy physics and other fields requiring precise time measurement, high detection efficiency, and excellent spatial resolution.
在欧洲核子研究中心 (CERN) 有关单片式传感器的 EP R&D 和 ALICE ITS3 升级项目中，Tower Partners Semiconductor Co (TPSCo) 65 纳米工艺已通过高能物理应用认证，并被 ALICE ITS3 升级项目采用。模拟像素测试结构（APTS）的特点是为一个四乘四像素的小矩阵提供基于运算放大器的快速单位像素缓冲，并设计了一个具有小收集电极和非常不均匀电场的传感器，以便详细鉴定该技术的像素性能。在 120GeV/c 正强子束的作用下，对该芯片的几种不同像素设计的变体进行了表征。结果表明，性能最好的 APTS-OA 原型变体的时间分辨率达到了 63 ps，探测效率超过 99%，空间分辨率达到 2 μm，这凸显了 TPSCo 65 nm CMOS 成像技术在高能物理和其他需要精确时间测量、高探测效率和出色空间分辨率的领域的应用潜力。
{"title":"Time performance of Analog Pixel Test Structures with in-chip operational amplifier implemented in 65 nm CMOS imaging process","authors":"Gianluca Aglieri Rinella , Luca Aglietta , Matias Antonelli , Francesco Barile , Franco Benotto , Stefania Maria Beolè , Elena Botta , Giuseppe Eugenio Bruno , Francesca Carnesecchi , Domenico Colella , Angelo Colelli , Giacomo Contin , Giuseppe De Robertis , Floarea Dumitrache , Domenico Elia , Chiara Ferrero , Martin Fransen , Alex Kluge , Shyam Kumar , Corentin Lemoine , Andrea Turcato","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of the CERN EP R&D on monolithic sensors and the ALICE ITS3 upgrade, the Tower Partners Semiconductor Co (TPSCo) 65<!--> <!-->nm process has been qualified for use in high energy physics, and adopted for the ALICE ITS3 upgrade. An Analog Pixel Test Structure (APTS) featuring fast per pixel operational-amplifier-based buffering for a small matrix of four by four pixels, with a sensor with a small collection electrode and a very non-uniform electric field, was designed to allow detailed characterization of the pixel performance in this technology. Several variants of this chip with different pixel designs have been characterized with a <span><math><mrow><mn>120</mn><mtext>GeV</mtext><mo>/</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></math></span> positive hadron beam. This result indicates that the APTS-OA prototype variants with the best performance achieve a time resolution of 63<!--> <!-->ps with a detection efficiency exceeding 99% and a spatial resolution of 2<!--> <!-->μm, highlighting the potential of TPSCo 65 nm CMOS imaging technology for high-energy physics and other fields requiring precise time measurement, high detection efficiency, and excellent spatial resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170034"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170030
Martin Ansorge , Mitja Majerle , Jan Novák , Radek Běhal , Pavel Bém , Daniil Koliadko , Jaromír Mrázek , Jan Rataj , Eva Šimečková , Milan Štefánik , Jan Štursa , Zafar Yasin
The Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences operates multiple neutron sources that can produce neutrons with energies up to 33 MeV. Recently, a segmented collimator was constructed to facilitate research on collimated beams of fast neutrons. In front of the collimator, a new quasi-monoenergetic neutron source was built using accelerated protons interacting with a 2.5 mm thick beryllium target. The collimated beam provides a neutron flux of approximately 10 n/cm/s at the standard measurement position.
To determine the parameters of the collimated neutron beam, various measurement techniques were employed, including scintillator-based time-of-flight mode, proton recoil telescope, and activation detection through the (n,2-3n) reaction on a yttrium sample. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to model the neutron transport through the collimator, and the results were subsequently compared to the experimental data obtained.
{"title":"Collimated beams of fast neutrons at the NPI CAS","authors":"Martin Ansorge , Mitja Majerle , Jan Novák , Radek Běhal , Pavel Bém , Daniil Koliadko , Jaromír Mrázek , Jan Rataj , Eva Šimečková , Milan Štefánik , Jan Štursa , Zafar Yasin","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences operates multiple neutron sources that can produce neutrons with energies up to 33 MeV. Recently, a segmented collimator was constructed to facilitate research on collimated beams of fast neutrons. In front of the collimator, a new quasi-monoenergetic neutron source was built using accelerated protons interacting with a 2.5 mm thick beryllium target. The collimated beam provides a neutron flux of approximately 10<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> n/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>/s at the standard measurement position.</div><div>To determine the parameters of the collimated neutron beam, various measurement techniques were employed, including scintillator-based time-of-flight mode, proton recoil telescope, and activation detection through the (n,2-3n) reaction on a yttrium sample. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to model the neutron transport through the collimator, and the results were subsequently compared to the experimental data obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Article 170030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170057
Sayak Chatterjee
The MOLLER (Measurement Of Lepton Lepton Electroweak Reaction) experiment is aiming to measure the parity-violating asymmetry (A) in electron–electron (Møller) scattering with unprecedented precision. The flux of Møller scattered electrons from the liquid hydrogen target is measured using Cherenkov detectors and the longitudinal polarization of the incoming electron beam is rapidly flipped to extract the right-left fractional flux difference and thence A. The Cherenkov detector prototypes were tested at the MAMI accelerator facility in Mainz, Germany with an electron beam of energy 855 MeV.
A brief overview of the experimental goals, design and performance of the prototype detectors with the electron beam are presented in this article.
{"title":"Characterization of Cherenkov detectors for the MOLLER experiment","authors":"Sayak Chatterjee","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The MOLLER (Measurement Of Lepton Lepton Electroweak Reaction) experiment is aiming to measure the parity-violating asymmetry (A<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) in electron–electron (Møller) scattering with unprecedented precision. The flux of Møller scattered electrons from the liquid hydrogen target is measured using Cherenkov detectors and the longitudinal polarization of the incoming electron beam is rapidly flipped to extract the right-left fractional flux difference and thence A<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The Cherenkov detector prototypes were tested at the MAMI accelerator facility in Mainz, Germany with an electron beam of energy <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 855 MeV.</div><div>A brief overview of the experimental goals, design and performance of the prototype detectors with the electron beam are presented in this article.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170057"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170058
Xiuji Chen , Zipeng Liu , Si Chen , Xuan Huang , Duan Gu , Houjun Qian , Dong Wang , Haixiao Deng
In the past decade, the fourth-generation light source based on the combination of Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) and Free-Electron Laser (FEL) using superconducting linear accelerators has garnered significant attention. It holds immense potential, particularly in generating high-power Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) light sources. This article primarily focuses on the physical design of an injector for ERL-FEL, based on a Very High Frequency (VHF) electron gun with a charge of 100 pC. The beam energy is accelerated to 10 MeV using 3-cell superconducting cryomodule. The optimization of beam parameters is conducted through employment of BMad and ASTRA simulations, incorporating the concept of Merger optimization. The beam emittance is less than 0.6 mm mrad, and the peak current at the injector exit exceeds 18 A. We present a new method to evaluate the Longitudinal Space Charge (LSC) effects in merger sections, which can be readily applied in design work. Furthermore, we introduce a novel type of merger. The performance of this new merger is comparable to the previously known optimum, the zigzag merger, offering a potential alternative solution for injectors in ERLs.
{"title":"The design of high-brightness ERL-FEL injector based on VHF electron gun","authors":"Xiuji Chen , Zipeng Liu , Si Chen , Xuan Huang , Duan Gu , Houjun Qian , Dong Wang , Haixiao Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the past decade, the fourth-generation light source based on the combination of Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) and Free-Electron Laser (FEL) using superconducting linear accelerators has garnered significant attention. It holds immense potential, particularly in generating high-power Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) light sources. This article primarily focuses on the physical design of an injector for ERL-FEL, based on a Very High Frequency (VHF) electron gun with a charge of 100 pC. The beam energy is accelerated to 10 MeV using 3-cell superconducting cryomodule. The optimization of beam parameters is conducted through employment of BMad and ASTRA simulations, incorporating the concept of Merger optimization. The beam emittance is less than 0.6 mm mrad, and the peak current at the injector exit exceeds 18 A. We present a new method to evaluate the Longitudinal Space Charge (LSC) effects in merger sections, which can be readily applied in design work. Furthermore, we introduce a novel type of merger. The performance of this new merger is comparable to the previously known optimum, the zigzag merger, offering a potential alternative solution for injectors in ERLs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170058"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170043
Guillaume Robert-Demolaize , Angelika Drees , Henry Lovelace III , Al Marusic , François Méot , Steve Peggs , Matthieu Valette
The Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) in the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) (EIC collaboration, 2020; Montag et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022) must operate over a broad range of design circumferences. In 2018 preliminary beam studies on the circumference adjustment capabilities of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) (Accelerator Division, 2006) were performed by applying a small momentum offset to the circulating bunches without adjusting any bending magnets (Robert-Demolaize et al., 2019). The off-momentum linear optics were corrected back to on-momentum conditions. Applying a similarly small deviation to the dipole fields of a select set of bending magnets provides a large radial shift over much of the RHIC (or HSR) circumference while leaving the design trajectory unchanged in the insertion regions.
This paper presents the design of the different lattice configurations foreseen as the most viable options for the required HSR circumference changes, and highlights the modifications necessary for regular operations and to allow for testing these new settings in RHIC. Experimental results from 2021 and 2022 are reviewed and compared to model predictions obtained from both MAD-X and Bmad (MAD, 2002; Bmad, 2006). The implications of these results for HSR design are discussed.
{"title":"Large radial shift experiments in RHIC and their implications for EIC design","authors":"Guillaume Robert-Demolaize , Angelika Drees , Henry Lovelace III , Al Marusic , François Méot , Steve Peggs , Matthieu Valette","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) in the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) (EIC collaboration, 2020; Montag et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022) must operate over a broad range of design circumferences. In 2018 preliminary beam studies on the circumference adjustment capabilities of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) (Accelerator Division, 2006) were performed by applying a small momentum offset to the circulating bunches without adjusting any bending magnets (Robert-Demolaize et al., 2019). The off-momentum linear optics were corrected back to on-momentum conditions. Applying a similarly small deviation to the dipole fields of a select set of bending magnets provides a large radial shift over much of the RHIC (or HSR) circumference while leaving the design trajectory unchanged in the insertion regions.</div><div>This paper presents the design of the different lattice configurations foreseen as the most viable options for the required HSR circumference changes, and highlights the modifications necessary for regular operations and to allow for testing these new settings in RHIC. Experimental results from 2021 and 2022 are reviewed and compared to model predictions obtained from both MAD-X and Bmad (MAD, 2002; Bmad, 2006). The implications of these results for HSR design are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170043"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170073
Lei Ren , Yuncheng Han , Xiangdong Meng , Houjun He , Xiaoyu Wang , Tongzhou Zhan , Jie Yu
In this study, Ni/SiO2/4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices were fabricated, achieving high-energy resolution for alpha particle radiation detection. The SiO2/4H-SiC interface was treated with two different methods: i) annealing in N2 environment, ii) annealing in NO environment. Devices manufactured using the former method show lower dark currents than the latter. This difference is due to a decrease in trap density at the SiO2/4H-SiC interface caused by NO annealing, resulting in a higher barrier height for the device. The NO-30 exhibited a much higher energy resolution of 0.46%@5486 keV compared to 0.95%@5486 keV observed in N2-30, despite both devices exhibiting good energy linearity in response to alpha particles. The SiO2/4H-SiC interface trap density revealed a significant decrease after NO treatment, indicating NO treatment can effectively improve the electrical performance of 4H-SiC MOS devices. CCE analysis showed the NO-30 had a lower surface recombination field (13000 V/cm) compared to N2-30 (35000 V/cm), which improved the charge collection efficiency and energy resolution. This study provides a practical approach for enhancing the energy resolution of 4H-SiC MOS detectors.
本研究制作了 Ni/SiO2/4H-SiC 金属氧化物半导体 (MOS) 器件，实现了α粒子辐射探测的高能量分辨率。SiO2/4H-SiC 界面采用两种不同的方法进行处理：i) 在 N2 环境中退火；ii) 在 NO 环境中退火。使用前一种方法制造的器件比使用后一种方法制造的器件显示出更低的暗电流。这种差异是由于氮气退火导致二氧化硅/4H-碳化硅界面的陷阱密度降低，从而使器件的势垒高度升高。与 N2-30 中观察到的 0.95%@5486 keV 的能量分辨率相比，NO-30 的能量分辨率更高（0.46%@5486 keV），尽管这两种器件在响应α粒子时都表现出良好的能量线性。经过 NO 处理后，SiO2/4H-SiC 界面阱密度显著降低，这表明 NO 处理能有效改善 4H-SiC MOS 器件的电气性能。CCE分析表明，与N2-30（35000 V/cm）相比，NO-30的表面重组场（13000 V/cm）更低，从而提高了电荷收集效率和能量分辨率。这项研究为提高 4H-SiC MOS 探测器的能量分辨率提供了一种实用方法。
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Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170044
Shuaiyi Liu, Mingjie Feng, LHCb UP team
The LHCb Upstream Tracker is a silicon strip tracking detector that started operation in the Run 3 of the LHC. To meet the requirements imposed by high occupancy and data rate at the HL-LHC, a new Upstream Pixel (UP) tracker is proposed for LHCb Upgrade II based on CMOS pixel sensors. A preliminary detector layout is presented. The design of a sensor in a 55 nm high-voltage CMOS technology is introduced and further development is in process. Performance studies of UP with simulation are also ongoing.
大型强子对撞机b上游跟踪器是一种硅条跟踪探测器，在大型强子对撞机运行3阶段开始运行。为了满足大型强子对撞机的高占用率和高数据率的要求，为大型强子对撞机b升级版II提出了一种基于CMOS像素传感器的新型上游像素（UP）跟踪器。本文介绍了探测器的初步布局。介绍了采用 55 纳米高压 CMOS 技术的传感器设计，进一步的开发工作正在进行中。通过模拟对 UP 的性能研究也在进行之中。
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