Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170310
N. Akchurin, T. Peltola
<div><div>Position sensitive <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> silicon sensors will be utilized in the tracker and in the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The detrimental effect of the radiation-induced accumulation of positive net oxide charge on position resolution in <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> sensors has typically been countered by the application of isolation implants like <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop or <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-spray between <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-electrodes. In addition to the positively charged layer inside the oxide and close to the Si/SiO<sub>2</sub>-interface, surface damage introduced by ionizing radiation in SiO<sub>2</sub>-passivated silicon particle detectors includes the accumulation of trapped-oxide-charge and interface traps. A previous study of either n/<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> (mixed field)- or <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-irradiated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors showed evidence of substantially higher introduction rates of acceptor- and donor-type deep interface traps (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) in mixed-field environment. In this work, an inter-pad and -strip resistance (or resistivity (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>)) simulation study of <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> sensors with and without <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop isolation implants was conducted for both irradiation types. Higher levels of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> showed correlation to higher densities of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>, with the inter-pad isolation performance of the mixed-field irradiated sensors becoming independent of the presence of <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop implant between the <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-electrodes up to about 100 kGy. The low introduction rates of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-irradiated sensors resulted in high sensitivity of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> to the presence and peak doping of <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop above the lowest dose of about 7 kGy in the study. As a consequence of the advantageous influence of radiation-induced accumulation of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><m
{"title":"Modeling of surface-state induced inter-electrode isolation of n-on-p devices in mixed-field and γ-irradiation environments","authors":"N. Akchurin, T. Peltola","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Position sensitive <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> silicon sensors will be utilized in the tracker and in the High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The detrimental effect of the radiation-induced accumulation of positive net oxide charge on position resolution in <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> sensors has typically been countered by the application of isolation implants like <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop or <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-spray between <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-electrodes. In addition to the positively charged layer inside the oxide and close to the Si/SiO<sub>2</sub>-interface, surface damage introduced by ionizing radiation in SiO<sub>2</sub>-passivated silicon particle detectors includes the accumulation of trapped-oxide-charge and interface traps. A previous study of either n/<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> (mixed field)- or <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-irradiated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors showed evidence of substantially higher introduction rates of acceptor- and donor-type deep interface traps (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) in mixed-field environment. In this work, an inter-pad and -strip resistance (or resistivity (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>)) simulation study of <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-on-<span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span> sensors with and without <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop isolation implants was conducted for both irradiation types. Higher levels of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> showed correlation to higher densities of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>, with the inter-pad isolation performance of the mixed-field irradiated sensors becoming independent of the presence of <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop implant between the <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-electrodes up to about 100 kGy. The low introduction rates of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>it,acc/don</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-irradiated sensors resulted in high sensitivity of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>int</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> to the presence and peak doping of <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-stop above the lowest dose of about 7 kGy in the study. As a consequence of the advantageous influence of radiation-induced accumulation of deep <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><m","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170311
B.K. Chatterjee , R. Sarkar , P.K. Mondal
A Superheated Droplet Detector (SDD) is a ubiquitous detector consisting of a large collection of micron-sized droplets of superheated liquid held in a gel matrix. An energetic particle while passing through the superheated droplet can induce a sudden liquid-vapor phase transition, which is known to be associated with the emission of an acoustic signal. An earlier experiment indicated that the amplitude of the acoustic signal decreases with increasing ambient pressure indicating that bubble nucleation may become acoustically silent at some point. This study using R1216 (C3F6) based SDD reveals that, under certain condition the spontaneous and gamma-ray induced bubble nucleation, and subsequent vaporization of superheated droplet does indeed become acoustically silent, as they are no longer detected by acoustic transducers. Here a method of detecting such acoustically silent nucleation-events is presented. These acoustically silent bubble nucleation events have been detected using an optical detection system developed in our laboratory, by which the pressure pulse created by the sudden gel-displacement during bubble nucleation is detected. A tentative explanation of acoustically silent bubble nucleation is also presented here which roughly outlines the condition for a bubble nucleation to become acoustically silent.
{"title":"Observation of acoustically silent bubble-nucleation events in superheated drop detector","authors":"B.K. Chatterjee , R. Sarkar , P.K. Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Superheated Droplet Detector (SDD) is a ubiquitous detector consisting of a large collection of micron-sized droplets of superheated liquid held in a gel matrix. An energetic particle while passing through the superheated droplet can induce a sudden liquid-vapor phase transition, which is known to be associated with the emission of an acoustic signal. An earlier experiment indicated that the amplitude of the acoustic signal decreases with increasing ambient pressure indicating that bubble nucleation may become <em>acoustically silent</em> at some point. This study using R1216 (C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>6</sub>) based SDD reveals that, under certain condition the spontaneous and gamma-ray induced bubble nucleation, and subsequent vaporization of superheated droplet does indeed become acoustically silent<em>,</em> as they are no longer detected by acoustic transducers. Here a method of detecting such acoustically silent nucleation-events is presented. These acoustically silent bubble nucleation events have been detected using an optical detection system developed in our laboratory, by which the pressure <em>pulse</em> created by the sudden gel-displacement during bubble nucleation is detected. A tentative explanation of acoustically silent bubble nucleation is also presented here which roughly outlines the condition for a bubble nucleation to become acoustically silent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1073 ","pages":"Article 170311"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Gamma-ray Transients Monitor (GTM) on board the Formosat-8B (FS-8B) satellite is designed to detect and localize Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). By utilizing two identical detector units with four sensor modules each, which are composed of GAGG(Ce) scintillators coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and oriented in various directions, the all-sky coverage is achieved. The GRB saturation fluences of GTM in the 50 keV to 1 MeV range for Short GRBs (SGRBs) and Long GRBs (LGRBs) are estimated to be about and , respectively, based on simulations. To precisely interpret the GTM readout signal in terms of energy, several measurements with isotopes and gain calibration were conducted to calibrate the ADC-to-energy relation of all readout channels. With careful analyses for crosstalk and SiPM saturation effects in the data, the energy spectrum can be mapped with a good readout ADC-to-energy relation. An approximate 16% energy resolution is achieved at the 662 keV gamma-ray energy.
{"title":"On-ground energy calibration of the Gamma-ray Transients Monitor (GTM) of the Formosat-8B satellite","authors":"Chien-You Huang , Hsiang-Kuang Chang , Chih-Hsun Lin , Che-Chih Tsao , Chin-Ping Hu , Hao-Min Chang , Yan-Fu Chen , An-Hsuan Feng , Yi-Wen Huang , Tzu-Hsuan Lin , Yi-Ning Tsao , Chih-En Wu , Chun-Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gamma-ray Transients Monitor (GTM) on board the Formosat-8B (FS-8B) satellite is designed to detect and localize Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). By utilizing two identical detector units with four sensor modules each, which are composed of GAGG(Ce) scintillators coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and oriented in various directions, the all-sky coverage is achieved. The GRB saturation fluences of GTM in the 50 keV to 1 MeV range for Short GRBs (SGRBs) and Long GRBs (LGRBs) are estimated to be about <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mi>erg</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, respectively, based on simulations. To precisely interpret the GTM readout signal in terms of energy, several measurements with isotopes and gain calibration were conducted to calibrate the ADC-to-energy relation of all readout channels. With careful analyses for crosstalk and SiPM saturation effects in the data, the energy spectrum can be mapped with a good readout ADC-to-energy relation. An approximate 16% energy resolution is achieved at the 662 keV gamma-ray energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170290
Youhui Yun , Zhizhen Zhou , Baoguo An , Zhixing Gao , Ke Han , Jianglai Liu , Yuanzi Liang , Yang Liu , Yue Meng , Zhicheng Qian , Xiaofeng Shang , Lin Si , Ziyan Song , Hao Wang , Mingxin Wang , Shaobo Wang , Liangyu Wu , Weihao Wu , Yuan Wu , Binbin Yan , Xinning Zeng
Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are essential in xenon detectors like PandaX, LZ, and XENON experiments for dark matter searches and neutrino properties measurement. To minimize PMT-induced backgrounds, stringent requirements on PMT radioactivity are crucial. A novel 2-inch low-background R12699 PMT has been developed through a collaboration between the PandaX team and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. corporation. Radioactivity measurements conducted with a high-purity germanium detector show levels of approximately 0.08 mBq/PMT for 60Co and 0.06 mBq/PMT for the 238U late chain, achieving a 15-fold reduction compared to R11410 PMT used in PandaX-4T. The radon emanation rate is below 3.2 Bq/PMT (@90% confidence level), while the surface 210Po activity is less than 18.4 Bq/cm. The electrical performance of these PMTs at cryogenic temperature was evaluated. With an optimized readout base, the gain was enhanced by 30%, achieving an average gain of at -1000 V and -100 °C. The dark count rate averaged 2.5 Hz per channel. Compactness, low radioactivity, and robust electrical performance in the cryogenic temperature make the R12699 PMT ideal for next-generation liquid xenon detectors and other rare event searches.
{"title":"A novel low-background photomultiplier tube developed for xenon based detectors","authors":"Youhui Yun , Zhizhen Zhou , Baoguo An , Zhixing Gao , Ke Han , Jianglai Liu , Yuanzi Liang , Yang Liu , Yue Meng , Zhicheng Qian , Xiaofeng Shang , Lin Si , Ziyan Song , Hao Wang , Mingxin Wang , Shaobo Wang , Liangyu Wu , Weihao Wu , Yuan Wu , Binbin Yan , Xinning Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are essential in xenon detectors like PandaX, LZ, and XENON experiments for dark matter searches and neutrino properties measurement. To minimize PMT-induced backgrounds, stringent requirements on PMT radioactivity are crucial. A novel 2-inch low-background R12699 PMT has been developed through a collaboration between the PandaX team and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. corporation. Radioactivity measurements conducted with a high-purity germanium detector show levels of approximately 0.08 mBq/PMT for <sup>60</sup>Co and 0.06 mBq/PMT for the <sup>238</sup>U late chain, achieving a 15-fold reduction compared to R11410 PMT used in PandaX-4T. The radon emanation rate is below 3.2 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>Bq/PMT (@90% confidence level), while the surface <sup>210</sup>Po activity is less than 18.4 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>Bq/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. The electrical performance of these PMTs at cryogenic temperature was evaluated. With an optimized readout base, the gain was enhanced by 30%, achieving an average gain of <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>23</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> at -1000 V and -100 °C. The dark count rate averaged 2.5 Hz per channel. Compactness, low radioactivity, and robust electrical performance in the cryogenic temperature make the R12699 PMT ideal for next-generation liquid xenon detectors and other rare event searches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1073 ","pages":"Article 170290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170324
Yuquan Chen , Wei You , Jiaqi Lu , Yujin Tong , Luncai Zhou , Beimin Wu , Enming Mei , Wentian Feng , Xianjin Ou , Wei Wu , Qinggao Yao , Peng Yang , Yuhong Yu , Zhiyu Sun
The CSR External-target Experiment (CEE) is a large-scale spectrometer under construction at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) for studying the phase structure of nuclear matter at high baryon density and the equation of states of nuclear matter at supra-saturation densities. One of the key components is a large acceptance dipole magnet with a central field of 5000 Gauss and the homogeneity of 5% within a 1 m long, 1.2 m wide, and 0.9 m high aperture. Detectors will be installed within this aperture. An innovative design for the superconducting detector magnet that goes beyond the conventional approach is proposed. The magnet is designed as a coil-dominant type, with conductors discretized on a racetrack-shaped cross-section to generate the necessary fields. A warm iron yoke is used to enhance the central field and minimize the stray field. The magnet has overall dimensions of 3.4 m in length, 2.7 m in height, and 4.3 m in width. The coils will be wound using a 19-strand rope cable comprised of 12 NbTi superconducting wires and 7 copper wires. The ratio of copper to superconductor of the cable is 6.9. The keel supports serve as the primary structural support for the coils to withstand the electromagnetic force. The superconducting coils will be indirectly cooled by liquid helium within three external helium vessels. To ensure reliable protection of the magnet during a quench, an active protection method combined with a quench-back effect is employed. This paper presents a detailed design of the magnetic field, structure, quench protection, and cryostat for the spectrometer magnet.
{"title":"Design of a large-scale superconducting dipole magnet for the CEE spectrometer","authors":"Yuquan Chen , Wei You , Jiaqi Lu , Yujin Tong , Luncai Zhou , Beimin Wu , Enming Mei , Wentian Feng , Xianjin Ou , Wei Wu , Qinggao Yao , Peng Yang , Yuhong Yu , Zhiyu Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CSR External-target Experiment (CEE) is a large-scale spectrometer under construction at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) for studying the phase structure of nuclear matter at high baryon density and the equation of states of nuclear matter at supra-saturation densities. One of the key components is a large acceptance dipole magnet with a central field of 5000 Gauss and the homogeneity of 5% within a 1 m long, 1.2 m wide, and 0.9 m high aperture. Detectors will be installed within this aperture. An innovative design for the superconducting detector magnet that goes beyond the conventional approach is proposed. The magnet is designed as a coil-dominant type, with conductors discretized on a racetrack-shaped cross-section to generate the necessary fields. A warm iron yoke is used to enhance the central field and minimize the stray field. The magnet has overall dimensions of 3.4 m in length, 2.7 m in height, and 4.3 m in width. The coils will be wound using a 19-strand rope cable comprised of 12 NbTi superconducting wires and 7 copper wires. The ratio of copper to superconductor of the cable is 6.9. The keel supports serve as the primary structural support for the coils to withstand the electromagnetic force. The superconducting coils will be indirectly cooled by liquid helium within three external helium vessels. To ensure reliable protection of the magnet during a quench, an active protection method combined with a quench-back effect is employed. This paper presents a detailed design of the magnetic field, structure, quench protection, and cryostat for the spectrometer magnet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-16DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170334
Maolin Xiong , Liangquan Ge , Liquan Ge , Guoqiang Zeng , Qingxian Zhang , Yi Gu , Peng Yu , Zhipeng Deng , Shengliang Guo
With the development of power and non-power-related nuclear technologies, measurements of radioactivity levels in natural water have become an important part of environmental radioactivity monitoring. To improve the ability to monitor radioactivity levels in water and provide rapid warning for nuclear accidents, an online water radioactivity measurement system has been developed. The system is a gamma-ray detector array composed of three 45 mm × 50 mm CeBr3 crystals coupled each to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The detection efficiency and the minimum measurement time of the system were determined by numerical simulation, and 241Am automatic spectrum stabilization technology was established to eliminate peak drift during long-term monitoring. The minimum detectable activity concentration (MDAC) of the system for the common artificial radionuclides 131I, 60Co, 137Cs, 192Ir and 152Eu can reduce to 0.0161 Bq/L, 0.0149 Bq/L, 0.0142 Bq/L, 0.0458 Bq/L and 0.1067 Bq/L, respectively, for 12 h measurement time, within which the peak drift is less than ±1 channel. The measurement accuracy of the system was verified by a low-background gas-flow proportional counter, and the results show that the online measurement and laboratory analysis are found to be in very good agreement within uncertainties. The system was evaluated through the continuous measurement of the Qingyi River in Sichuan Province, the measurement results show that radionuclides in the Qingyi River included 40K, 214Bi, 208Tl, 214Pb, 224Ra and 226Ra, which ranged from 0.0024 to 0.21 Bq/L, and the gross α/β− activity concentration remains around 0.0145 Bq/L and 0.22 Bq/L, respectively.
{"title":"Online measurement system for natural water radioactivity with array CeBr3 detector","authors":"Maolin Xiong , Liangquan Ge , Liquan Ge , Guoqiang Zeng , Qingxian Zhang , Yi Gu , Peng Yu , Zhipeng Deng , Shengliang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the development of power and non-power-related nuclear technologies, measurements of radioactivity levels in natural water have become an important part of environmental radioactivity monitoring. To improve the ability to monitor radioactivity levels in water and provide rapid warning for nuclear accidents, an online water radioactivity measurement system has been developed. The system is a gamma-ray detector array composed of three 45 mm × 50 mm CeBr<sub>3</sub> crystals coupled each to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The detection efficiency and the minimum measurement time of the system were determined by numerical simulation, and <sup>241</sup>Am automatic spectrum stabilization technology was established to eliminate peak drift during long-term monitoring. The minimum detectable activity concentration (MDAC) of the system for the common artificial radionuclides <sup>131</sup>I, <sup>60</sup>Co, <sup>137</sup>Cs, <sup>192</sup>Ir and <sup>152</sup>Eu can reduce to 0.0161 Bq/L, 0.0149 Bq/L, 0.0142 Bq/L, 0.0458 Bq/L and 0.1067 Bq/L, respectively, for 12 h measurement time, within which the peak drift is less than ±1 channel. The measurement accuracy of the system was verified by a low-background gas-flow proportional counter, and the results show that the online measurement and laboratory analysis are found to be in very good agreement within uncertainties. The system was evaluated through the continuous measurement of the Qingyi River in Sichuan Province, the measurement results show that radionuclides in the Qingyi River included <sup>40</sup>K, <sup>214</sup>Bi, <sup>208</sup>Tl, <sup>214</sup>Pb, <sup>224</sup>Ra and <sup>226</sup>Ra, which ranged from 0.0024 to 0.21 Bq/L, and the gross α/β<sup>−</sup> activity concentration remains around 0.0145 Bq/L and 0.22 Bq/L, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277
R. Negrello , L. Bandiera , N. Canale , P. Fedeli , V. Guidi , V.V. Haurylavets , A. Mazzolari , G. Paternò , M. Romagnoni , V.V. Tikhomirov , A. Sytov
We present a novel python tool for the analysis of Geant4 simulations that enhances our understanding of coherent phenomena occurring during the interaction of charged particles with crystal planes. This tool compares the total energy of particles with the potential energy inside crystal channels, enabling a complete examination of coherent effects. By tracking the particle trajectory and classifying the dynamics at each simulation step, it provides deeper insights into how different phenomena contribute to both radiation and particle deflection. This tool can be used to improve crystal-based extraction methods and the development of gamma-ray sources using crystals.
{"title":"A novel tool for advanced analysis of Geant4 simulations of charged particles interactions in oriented crystals","authors":"R. Negrello , L. Bandiera , N. Canale , P. Fedeli , V. Guidi , V.V. Haurylavets , A. Mazzolari , G. Paternò , M. Romagnoni , V.V. Tikhomirov , A. Sytov","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel python tool for the analysis of Geant4 simulations that enhances our understanding of coherent phenomena occurring during the interaction of charged particles with crystal planes. This tool compares the total energy of particles with the potential energy inside crystal channels, enabling a complete examination of coherent effects. By tracking the particle trajectory and classifying the dynamics at each simulation step, it provides deeper insights into how different phenomena contribute to both radiation and particle deflection. This tool can be used to improve crystal-based extraction methods and the development of gamma-ray sources using crystals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309
E. Navarrete Ramos , J. Duarte-Campderros , M. Fernández , G. Gómez , J. González , S. Hidalgo , R. Jaramillo , P. Martínez Ruiz del Árbol , M. Moll , C. Quintana , A.K. Sikdar , I. Vila , J. Villegas
In this radiation tolerance study, Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) with a carbon-enriched broad and shallow multiplication layer were examined in comparison to identical non-carbonated LGADs. Manufactured at IMB-CNM, the sensors underwent neutron irradiation at the TRIGA reactor in Ljubljana, reaching a fluence of 1.5 × 10 15neqcm−2. The results revealed a smaller deactivation of boron and improved resistance to radiation in carbonated LGADs. The study demonstrated the potential benefits of carbon enrichment in mitigating radiation damage effects, particularly the acceptor removal mechanism, reducing the acceptor removal constant by more than a factor of two. Additionally, time resolution and collected charge degradation due to irradiation were observed, with carbonated samples exhibiting better radiation tolerance. A noise analysis focused on baseline noise and spurious pulses showed the presence of thermal-generated dark counts attributed to a too narrow distance between the gain layer end and the p-stop implant at the periphery of the pad for the characterized LGAD design; however, without significant impact of operation performance.
{"title":"Impact of neutron irradiation on LGADs with a carbon-enriched shallow multiplication layer: Degradation of timing performance and gain","authors":"E. Navarrete Ramos , J. Duarte-Campderros , M. Fernández , G. Gómez , J. González , S. Hidalgo , R. Jaramillo , P. Martínez Ruiz del Árbol , M. Moll , C. Quintana , A.K. Sikdar , I. Vila , J. Villegas","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this radiation tolerance study, Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) with a carbon-enriched broad and shallow multiplication layer were examined in comparison to identical non-carbonated LGADs. Manufactured at IMB-CNM, the sensors underwent neutron irradiation at the TRIGA reactor in Ljubljana, reaching a fluence of 1.5<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->10 <sup>15</sup>n<sub>eq</sub>cm<sup>−2</sup>. The results revealed a smaller deactivation of boron and improved resistance to radiation in carbonated LGADs. The study demonstrated the potential benefits of carbon enrichment in mitigating radiation damage effects, particularly the acceptor removal mechanism, reducing the acceptor removal constant by more than a factor of two. Additionally, time resolution and collected charge degradation due to irradiation were observed, with carbonated samples exhibiting better radiation tolerance. A noise analysis focused on baseline noise and spurious pulses showed the presence of thermal-generated dark counts attributed to a too narrow distance between the gain layer end and the p-stop implant at the periphery of the pad for the characterized LGAD design; however, without significant impact of operation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AQUA beamline of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility is a SASE free-electron laser designed to operate in the water window, in the 3-4 nm wavelength range. The electron beam driving this source is accelerated up to about 1-1.2 GeV by an X-band normal conducting linear accelerator, followed by a plasma wakefield acceleration stage. The main radiator consists of an array of ten APPLE-X permanent magnet undulator modules, each 2 m long and with a period length of 18 mm. Tolerance analyses against resistive wall wakefields and injection misalignments at undulator entrance are performed, and the related effects on the laser yield performance are evaluated and discussed.
{"title":"FEL performance and tolerance studies of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB beamline AQUA","authors":"Federico Nguyen , Luca Giannessi , Michele Opromolla , Alberto Petralia","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The AQUA beamline of the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility is a SASE free-electron laser designed to operate in the water window, in the 3-4 nm wavelength range. The electron beam driving this source is accelerated up to about 1-1.2 GeV by an X-band normal conducting linear accelerator, followed by a plasma wakefield acceleration stage. The main radiator consists of an array of ten APPLE-X permanent magnet undulator modules, each 2 m long and with a period length of 18 mm. Tolerance analyses against resistive wall wakefields and injection misalignments at undulator entrance are performed, and the related effects on the laser yield performance are evaluated and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308
Dhananjaya Sahoo , Madhu , A.Y. Deo , Yashraj , U.S. Ghosh , Indu Bala , R.P. Singh , Prince Raj Yadav , Mohit Kumar , A. Jhingan , Mamta Jain
The present study primarily reports on the complete characterization of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators coupled to fast Hamamatsu R2083 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The energy characteristics of the detector, such as linearity response, energy resolution, and intrinsic efficiency, are thoroughly investigated using standard radioactive sources (137Cs, 60Co, and 152Eu). The experimentally measured energy spectra and the intrinsic efficiency are compared with the GEANT4 simulations, indicating an overall good agreement between the measured and simulated results. In addition, the timing characteristics of the detectors are studied with a 60Co source. The time resolution is optimized by varying the PMT bias voltages and Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) delays. The best time resolution for an individual LaBr3(Ce) scintillator coupled to R2083 PMT is measured to be 243(2) ps for 1173–1332 keV -ray energies. The measured time resolution is compared with the best values reported for different sizes of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators coupled to various PMTs.
{"title":"Characterization of 2′′×2′′ LaBr3(Ce) scintillators for fast-timing spectroscopy","authors":"Dhananjaya Sahoo , Madhu , A.Y. Deo , Yashraj , U.S. Ghosh , Indu Bala , R.P. Singh , Prince Raj Yadav , Mohit Kumar , A. Jhingan , Mamta Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study primarily reports on the complete characterization of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillators coupled to fast Hamamatsu R2083 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The energy characteristics of the detector, such as linearity response, energy resolution, and intrinsic efficiency, are thoroughly investigated using standard radioactive sources (<sup>137</sup>Cs, <sup>60</sup>Co, and <sup>152</sup>Eu). The experimentally measured energy spectra and the intrinsic efficiency are compared with the GEANT4 simulations, indicating an overall good agreement between the measured and simulated results. In addition, the timing characteristics of the detectors are studied with a <sup>60</sup>Co source. The time resolution is optimized by varying the PMT bias voltages and Constant Fraction Discriminator (CFD) delays. The best time resolution for an individual LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillator coupled to R2083 PMT is measured to be 243(2) ps for 1173–1332 keV <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-ray energies. The measured time resolution is compared with the best values reported for different sizes of LaBr<sub>3</sub>(Ce) scintillators coupled to various PMTs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Article 170308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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