A travelling wave resonant ring has been developed at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to test 325 MHz radio frequency (RF) power couplers for accelerator cavities. It mainly consists of half height rectangular waveguide components. The ring has been tested for output power of 30 kW with gain of 14.4 dB. Presently, RF characterization and high power testing has been completed without RF couplers. The design, RF simulations and characterization of the entire ring, along with the high power test results, are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Design and development of resonant ring test setup at 325 MHz for high power testing of RF couplers used in accelerator","authors":"Sonal Sharma, Mentes Jose, Gireesh Singh, Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A travelling wave resonant ring has been developed at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to test 325 MHz radio frequency (RF) power couplers for accelerator cavities. It mainly consists of half height rectangular waveguide components. The ring has been tested for output power of 30 kW with gain of 14.4 dB. Presently, RF characterization and high power testing has been completed without RF couplers. The design, RF simulations and characterization of the entire ring, along with the high power test results, are presented in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170015
Philipp Gaggl , Jürgen Burin , Andreas Gsponer , Simon-Emanuel Waid , Richard Thalmeier , Thomas Bergauer
4H silicon carbide (SiC) has several advantageous properties compared to silicon (Si) making it an appealing detector material, such as a larger charge carrier saturation velocity, bandgap, and thermal conductivity. While the current understanding of material and model parameters suffices to simulate unirradiated 4H-SiC using TCAD software, configurations accurately predicting performance degradation after high levels of irradiation due to induced traps and recombination centers do not exist. Despite increasing efforts to characterize the introduction and nature of such defects, published results are often contradictory. This work presents a bulk radiation damage model for TCAD simulation based on existing literature and optimized on measurement results of neutron-irradiated 4H-SiC pad diodes. Experimentally observed effects, such as flattening of the detector capacitance, loss of rectification properties, and degradation in charge collection efficiency, are reproduced. The EH center is suggested as a major lifetime killer in 4H-SiC, while the still controversial assumption of the EH deep-level being of donor type is reinforced.
{"title":"TCAD modeling of radiation-induced defects in 4H-SiC diodes","authors":"Philipp Gaggl , Jürgen Burin , Andreas Gsponer , Simon-Emanuel Waid , Richard Thalmeier , Thomas Bergauer","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4H silicon carbide (SiC) has several advantageous properties compared to silicon (Si) making it an appealing detector material, such as a larger charge carrier saturation velocity, bandgap, and thermal conductivity. While the current understanding of material and model parameters suffices to simulate unirradiated 4H-SiC using TCAD software, configurations accurately predicting performance degradation after high levels of irradiation due to induced traps and recombination centers do not exist. Despite increasing efforts to characterize the introduction and nature of such defects, published results are often contradictory. This work presents a bulk radiation damage model for TCAD simulation based on existing literature and optimized on measurement results of neutron-irradiated 4H-SiC pad diodes. Experimentally observed effects, such as flattening of the detector capacitance, loss of rectification properties, and degradation in charge collection efficiency, are reproduced. The EH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> center is suggested as a major lifetime killer in 4H-SiC, while the still controversial assumption of the EH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>6,7</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> deep-level being of donor type is reinforced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170015"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170014
G. Proto, ATLAS Muon Community
<div><div>The standard gas mixture for the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), composed of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>SF</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, allows the detector operation in avalanche mode, as required by the high-luminosity collider experiments. The gas density, the low current and the comfortable avalanche-streamer separation guarantee high detection efficiency, rate capability and slow detector aging. However, the mixture has a high Global Warming Potential (GWP <span><math><mi>∼</mi></math></span>1430), primarily due to the presence of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. The <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SF</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> are not recommended for industrial uses anymore, thus their availability will be increasingly difficult over time and the search for an alternative gas mixture is then of absolute priority within the RPC community. CERN is also driving efforts to reduce these gases, as they contribute significantly to the LHC greenhouse gas emissions. Within the ATLAS experiment, the search for an environment-friendly gas mixture involves both the legacy system and the new generation of RPC detectors for the HL-LHC [1]. The thin 1 mm gas gap of the latter requires a high-density in order to achieve high efficiency, due to the less active target available for the primary ionization. The mixture should also guarantee good timing performance and ensure the detector longevity compared with the standard one. In this paper, the results obtained on a RPC operated with alternative gas mixtures are shown, following two different approaches. The first study consists of the replacement of the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> with a mixture of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, which has a significantly lower Global
{"title":"Study of environment friendly gas mixtures for the Resistive Plate Chambers of the ATLAS phase-2 upgrade","authors":"G. Proto, ATLAS Muon Community","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The standard gas mixture for the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), composed of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>SF</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, allows the detector operation in avalanche mode, as required by the high-luminosity collider experiments. The gas density, the low current and the comfortable avalanche-streamer separation guarantee high detection efficiency, rate capability and slow detector aging. However, the mixture has a high Global Warming Potential (GWP <span><math><mi>∼</mi></math></span>1430), primarily due to the presence of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. The <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SF</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> are not recommended for industrial uses anymore, thus their availability will be increasingly difficult over time and the search for an alternative gas mixture is then of absolute priority within the RPC community. CERN is also driving efforts to reduce these gases, as they contribute significantly to the LHC greenhouse gas emissions. Within the ATLAS experiment, the search for an environment-friendly gas mixture involves both the legacy system and the new generation of RPC detectors for the HL-LHC [1]. The thin 1 mm gas gap of the latter requires a high-density in order to achieve high efficiency, due to the less active target available for the primary ionization. The mixture should also guarantee good timing performance and ensure the detector longevity compared with the standard one. In this paper, the results obtained on a RPC operated with alternative gas mixtures are shown, following two different approaches. The first study consists of the replacement of the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> with a mixture of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, which has a significantly lower Global","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170013
W. Xu, Y.H. Li, M. Luo, J.D. Liu, B.J. Ye, H.J. Zhang
Conventional positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectrometers, which employ the coincidence with two perpendicularly-positioned detectors, have a typical counting rate of 100–300 counts per second (cps). To increase the counting rate, according to the optimized structural parameters using Geant4 simulation, a 22Na positron source ( 1.665 MBq), a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), and digital waveform technology are utilized for the first time to a coincidence PAL spectrometer. After the optimization and verification of accuracy and stability, this spectrometer can achieve a time resolution of about 206 ps, and a record high effective counting rate of approximately 19 000 cps ( 11 000 cps/MBq), which is two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional PAL spectrometers. The significant shortening of measurement time for a single PAL spectrum enables us to observe sub-minute-scale evolution of microstructure during rapid physical and chemical processes in the future.
传统的正电子湮灭寿命（PAL）光谱仪采用γ-γ重合，有两个垂直放置的探测器，其典型计数率为每秒 100-300 计数（cps）。为了提高计数率，根据利用 Geant4 仿真优化的结构参数，首次将 22Na 正电子源（∼ 1.665 MBq）、硅光电倍增管（SiPM）和数字波形技术应用于 β+-γ 重合 PAL 光谱仪。经过对精确度和稳定性的优化和验证，该光谱仪的时间分辨率可达约 206 ps，有效计数率高达约 19 000 cps（约 11 000 cps/MBq），比传统 PAL 光谱仪高出两个数量级。单个 PAL 光谱的测量时间大大缩短，使我们能够在未来观测快速物理和化学过程中微观结构的亚微米尺度演变。
{"title":"Record high counting rate of positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer achieved by β+-γ coincidence","authors":"W. Xu, Y.H. Li, M. Luo, J.D. Liu, B.J. Ye, H.J. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectrometers, which employ the <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mtext>-</mtext><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> coincidence with two perpendicularly-positioned detectors, have a typical counting rate of 100–300 counts per second (cps). To increase the counting rate, according to the optimized structural parameters using Geant4 simulation, a <sup>22</sup>Na positron source (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 1.665 MBq), a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), and digital waveform technology are utilized for the first time to a <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mtext>-</mtext><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> coincidence PAL spectrometer. After the optimization and verification of accuracy and stability, this spectrometer can achieve a time resolution of about 206 ps, and a record high effective counting rate of approximately 19<!--> <!-->000 cps (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 11<!--> <!-->000 cps/MBq), which is two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional PAL spectrometers. The significant shortening of measurement time for a single PAL spectrum enables us to observe sub-minute-scale evolution of microstructure during rapid physical and chemical processes in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170006
V. Boccia , A. Alexandrov , T. Asada , G. De Lellis , N. D’Ambrosio , A. Lauria , T. Maggipinto , M.C. Montesi , S. My , V. Tioukov , G. Galati
The DAMON (Direct meAsureMent of target fragmentatiON) project aims to explore the use of Nano Imaging Trackers (NITs) for the first direct measurement of target fragmentation caused by proton beams in cancer treatment. NITs are fine-grained nuclear emulsion films that offer a spatial resolution at the nanometric scale. DAMON’s pilot test exposed a NIT-based detector to 211 MeV protons, paving the way for the first study of target fragmentation in direct kinematics. In this paper the preliminary results regarding the multiplicity of the fragments and their track lengths are reported.
{"title":"From dark matter searches to proton therapy: Measuring target fragmentation with nanometric nuclear emulsions","authors":"V. Boccia , A. Alexandrov , T. Asada , G. De Lellis , N. D’Ambrosio , A. Lauria , T. Maggipinto , M.C. Montesi , S. My , V. Tioukov , G. Galati","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The DAMON (Direct meAsureMent of target fragmentatiON) project aims to explore the use of Nano Imaging Trackers (NITs) for the first direct measurement of target fragmentation caused by proton beams in cancer treatment. NITs are fine-grained nuclear emulsion films that offer a spatial resolution at the nanometric scale. DAMON’s pilot test exposed a NIT-based detector to 211 MeV protons, paving the way for the first study of target fragmentation in direct kinematics. In this paper the preliminary results regarding the multiplicity of the fragments and their track lengths are reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170006"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170000
Ruixiong Han , Rui Ge , Pei Zhang , Xiangzhen Zhang , Tongxian Zhao , Liangrui Sun , Xinying Zhang , Minjing Sang , Xiaochen Yang , Rui Ye , Lin Guo , Qiang Ma , Tongming Huang , Jiehao Zhang , Changcheng Ma , Jianrong Zhou , Zhengze Chang , Yongcheng Jiang , Zhuo Zhang , Miaofu Xu , Shaopeng Li
The 166.6 MHz radio frequency (RF) system with five superconducting HOM damped cavities is adopted to accelerate the 200 mA electron beam in the storage ring of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). The 166.6 MHz cavity cryomodules have been designed, constructed and horizontal tested at IHEP since the beginning of 2019. The thermal performances of the cryomodule are analyzed by numerical simulations which take into account the main contributors to the static heat loads at various temperature levels. The experiment investigations including the cool down, operating with RF power and static heat load measurements of the cryomodule are performed in the liquid helium cryogenic system. The calculated static heat loads have been compared with the experimental measurements, and the results show that deviations between the calculated heat loads and available experimental measurements at 4.2 K temperature level are within a small range, which indicates that thermal simulations are accurate. The detailed operating parameters in the cryogenic environment are reported.
166.6兆赫射频系统具有五个超导HOM阻尼腔，用于加速高能光子源存储环中的200毫安电子束。自2019年初以来，166.6 MHz腔体低温模组已在IHEP完成设计、建造和水平测试。低温模组的热性能通过数值模拟进行分析，其中考虑到了不同温度水平下静态热负荷的主要成因。实验研究包括在液氦低温系统中对低温模块进行冷却、射频功率运行和静态热负荷测量。计算得出的静态热负荷与实验测量结果进行了比较，结果表明，在 4.2 K 温度水平下，计算得出的热负荷与现有实验测量结果之间的偏差很小，这表明热模拟是准确的。报告了低温环境下的详细运行参数。
{"title":"Thermal performance analysis and cryogenic experimental measurements of the 166.6 MHz cavity cryomodule for the High Energy Photon Source","authors":"Ruixiong Han , Rui Ge , Pei Zhang , Xiangzhen Zhang , Tongxian Zhao , Liangrui Sun , Xinying Zhang , Minjing Sang , Xiaochen Yang , Rui Ye , Lin Guo , Qiang Ma , Tongming Huang , Jiehao Zhang , Changcheng Ma , Jianrong Zhou , Zhengze Chang , Yongcheng Jiang , Zhuo Zhang , Miaofu Xu , Shaopeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 166.6 MHz radio frequency (RF) system with five superconducting HOM damped cavities is adopted to accelerate the 200 mA electron beam in the storage ring of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). The 166.6 MHz cavity cryomodules have been designed, constructed and horizontal tested at IHEP since the beginning of 2019. The thermal performances of the cryomodule are analyzed by numerical simulations which take into account the main contributors to the static heat loads at various temperature levels. The experiment investigations including the cool down, operating with RF power and static heat load measurements of the cryomodule are performed in the liquid helium cryogenic system. The calculated static heat loads have been compared with the experimental measurements, and the results show that deviations between the calculated heat loads and available experimental measurements at 4.2 K temperature level are within a small range, which indicates that thermal simulations are accurate. The detailed operating parameters in the cryogenic environment are reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170009
Viola Floris, ATLAS Collaboration
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadron calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment alternating layers of steel and plastic scintillators. The scintillators are read-out by wavelength shifting fibers coupled to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analog signals from PMTs are amplified, shaped, sampled, digitized and stored on detector until a trigger decision is received. Each stage of the signal production from scintillation light to the PMT signal reconstruction is monitored and calibrated. This contribution focuses on the TileCal calibration systems including a Cesium radioactive source, a laser and its upgrade for High Luminosity LHC, a charge injection system, and an integrator-based readout system. A summary of the latest calibration results during LHC Run 3 and a description of the new components of the laser system will be presented.
{"title":"Calibration system of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter and its upgrade for HL-LHC","authors":"Viola Floris, ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadron calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment alternating layers of steel and plastic scintillators. The scintillators are read-out by wavelength shifting fibers coupled to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analog signals from <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>10000</mn></mrow></math></span> PMTs are amplified, shaped, sampled, digitized and stored on detector until a trigger decision is received. Each stage of the signal production from scintillation light to the PMT signal reconstruction is monitored and calibrated. This contribution focuses on the TileCal calibration systems including a Cesium radioactive source, a laser and its upgrade for High Luminosity LHC, a charge injection system, and an integrator-based readout system. A summary of the latest calibration results during LHC Run 3 and a description of the new components of the laser system will be presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantum sensing is a rapidly expanding research field that finds one of its applications in fundamental physics, as the detection of light Dark Matter. Qubit-based superconducting devices have already been successfully applied in detecting few-GHz single photons via Quantum Non-Demolition measurements. The optimization and new design schemes of circuits embedding qubits will yield notable enhancements in sensitivity and suppression of dark count rates in experiments involving high-precision microwave photon detection, particularly in the search for Axions and Dark Photons. The Qub-It collaboration is developing a novel microwave photon detection scheme based on two qubits coupled to the same resonator, both in 2D and 3D formats.
{"title":"Novel two-qubit microwave photon detector for fundamental physics applications","authors":"Alessio Rettaroli , Leonardo Banchi , Hervè Atsè Corti , Alessandro D’Elia , Claudio Gatti , Andrea Giachero , Danilo Labranca , Roberto Moretti , Angelo Nucciotti , Alex Stephane Piedjou Komnang , Simone Tocci","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum sensing is a rapidly expanding research field that finds one of its applications in fundamental physics, as the detection of light Dark Matter. Qubit-based superconducting devices have already been successfully applied in detecting few-GHz single photons via Quantum Non-Demolition measurements. The optimization and new design schemes of circuits embedding qubits will yield notable enhancements in sensitivity and suppression of dark count rates in experiments involving high-precision microwave photon detection, particularly in the search for Axions and Dark Photons. The Qub-It collaboration is developing a novel microwave photon detection scheme based on two qubits coupled to the same resonator, both in 2D and 3D formats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170011
F. Pilo , G. Antonelli , C. Avanzini , G. Balestri , G. Bigongiari , R. Carosi , M. Ceccanti , A. Foresi , F. Frasconi , P. Maestro , M. Massa , A. Moggi , F. Morsani , G. Terreni
Extensive efforts at INFN Pisa have focused on optimizing a gas detector for low pressures down to 100 mbar. MICROMEGAS technology, with its tunable avalanche volume, is inherently suited for these conditions. However initial standard simulations predicted low gain at these pressures. An extensive test campaign with X-ray sources and refined simulations based on experimental results have provided a better understanding of the detector’s performance across different gas pressures.
比萨国际核研究所（INFN Pisa）一直致力于优化低压（低至 100 毫巴）气体检测器。MICROMEGAS 技术具有可调节的雪崩体积，本质上适合这些条件。然而，最初的标准模拟预测在这些压力下增益较低。利用 X 射线源进行的广泛测试活动以及根据实验结果进行的改进模拟，使我们对探测器在不同气体压力下的性能有了更好的了解。
{"title":"The operational principles of MICROMEGAS gas detectors at low pressure: A comprehensive exploration","authors":"F. Pilo , G. Antonelli , C. Avanzini , G. Balestri , G. Bigongiari , R. Carosi , M. Ceccanti , A. Foresi , F. Frasconi , P. Maestro , M. Massa , A. Moggi , F. Morsani , G. Terreni","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive efforts at INFN Pisa have focused on optimizing a gas detector for low pressures down to 100<!--> <!-->mbar. MICROMEGAS technology, with its tunable avalanche volume, is inherently suited for these conditions. However initial standard simulations predicted low gain at these pressures. An extensive test campaign with X-ray sources and refined simulations based on experimental results have provided a better understanding of the detector’s performance across different gas pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170011"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.170004
Claudia Brizzolari, DUNE Collaboration
The Photon Detection Systems of the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) of the DUNE Far Detector exploit the Horizontal and Vertical Drift technologies and are composed of 6000 and 672 photon detection units respectively, named X-Arapuca. The Photon Detection Systems will complement and improve the calorimetry and vertex reconstruction for beam events and the prompt light detection will enable the trigger for non-beam events, such as Supernova Neutrino Bursts. In the Horizontal Drift, the Photon Detection System is placed behind the anode planes of the LArTPC, while in the Vertical Drift it is located on the cathode, biased at 320 kV, thus requiring targeted solutions to power and read the X-Arapuca devices. The X-Arapuca is a photon trap with two light downshifting stages, where the light is conveyed to SiPMs with a large area Wavelength Shifting light guide. Its Photon Detection Efficiency, and consequently the Photon Detection Systems sensitivity to the DUNE physics reaches, is determined by the grade and coupling of its several components. The Photon Detection Systems of both Horizontal and Vertical Drift are presented and discussed in their individual features, with a focus on the photon collector components and on the performances achieved by the X-Arapuca units measured in laboratory and in the CERN facilities at the Neutrino Platform. Possible changes in the baseline X-Arapuca designs proposed to further enhance the Photon Detection Efficiency of both Horizontal and Vertical Drift are also discussed. The Horizontal and Vertical Drift scale 1:20 prototypes at the NP04 and NP02 CERN Neutrino Platform, instrumented with the baseline versions of the X-Arapuca, will be operated with Liquid Argon throughout 2024.
{"title":"Features and performances of the DUNE Far Detectors Photon Detection System","authors":"Claudia Brizzolari, DUNE Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2024.170004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Photon Detection Systems of the first two Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) of the DUNE Far Detector exploit the Horizontal and Vertical Drift technologies and are composed of 6000 and 672 photon detection units respectively, named X-Arapuca. The Photon Detection Systems will complement and improve the calorimetry and vertex reconstruction for beam events and the prompt light detection will enable the trigger for non-beam events, such as Supernova Neutrino Bursts. In the Horizontal Drift, the Photon Detection System is placed behind the anode planes of the LArTPC, while in the Vertical Drift it is located on the cathode, biased at 320 kV, thus requiring targeted solutions to power and read the X-Arapuca devices. The X-Arapuca is a photon trap with two light downshifting stages, where the light is conveyed to SiPMs with a large area Wavelength Shifting light guide. Its Photon Detection Efficiency, and consequently the Photon Detection Systems sensitivity to the DUNE physics reaches, is determined by the grade and coupling of its several components. The Photon Detection Systems of both Horizontal and Vertical Drift are presented and discussed in their individual features, with a focus on the photon collector components and on the performances achieved by the X-Arapuca units measured in laboratory and in the CERN facilities at the Neutrino Platform. Possible changes in the baseline X-Arapuca designs proposed to further enhance the Photon Detection Efficiency of both Horizontal and Vertical Drift are also discussed. The Horizontal and Vertical Drift scale 1:20 prototypes at the NP04 and NP02 CERN Neutrino Platform, instrumented with the baseline versions of the X-Arapuca, will be operated with Liquid Argon throughout 2024.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Article 170004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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