Age-related changes in water and nitrogen utilization of crop and understory vegetation in a hinoki cypress plantation forest were investigated from the age of 21 to 46 years in Kochi City, southern Japan. Nitrogen concentration in the leaf litter of hinoki cypress showed a decreasing trend with forest age. The leaf δ15N of hinoki cypress was related to a quadratic function and increased from the age of 21 to 26 years and then decreased to the age of 46 years. These results suggest that older hinoki cypress trees utilize soil nitrogen sources with lower δ15N values, and the competition for soil nitrogen with understory vegetation should be stronger. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of hinoki cypress decreased from the age of 21 to 30 years and then increased to the age of 46 years. In contrast, the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of hinoki cypress increased from the age of 21 to 36 years and then decreased to the age of 46 years. These findings suggest that hinoki cypress trees in the earlier time increased their iWUE by reducing stomatal opening. In the earlier time, the stomatal opening of understory vegetation increased due to higher soil water availability with decreasing stand density of crop trees. In the later time, the iWUE of hinoki cypress decreased due to lower photosynthetic capacity with nitrogen limitation. These results suggest that the increase in the iWUE of hinoki cypress in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels should be smaller in the later time because of stronger competition with understory vegetation for soil nitrogen resources.
{"title":"Age-Related Changes in Water and Nitrogen Utilization in Crop Trees and Understory Vegetation in a Hinoki Cypress Plantation Forest in Kochi City, Southern Japan","authors":"Y. Inagaki, K. Miyamoto, A. Sakai","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020017","url":null,"abstract":"Age-related changes in water and nitrogen utilization of crop and understory vegetation in a hinoki cypress plantation forest were investigated from the age of 21 to 46 years in Kochi City, southern Japan. Nitrogen concentration in the leaf litter of hinoki cypress showed a decreasing trend with forest age. The leaf δ15N of hinoki cypress was related to a quadratic function and increased from the age of 21 to 26 years and then decreased to the age of 46 years. These results suggest that older hinoki cypress trees utilize soil nitrogen sources with lower δ15N values, and the competition for soil nitrogen with understory vegetation should be stronger. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of hinoki cypress decreased from the age of 21 to 30 years and then increased to the age of 46 years. In contrast, the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of hinoki cypress increased from the age of 21 to 36 years and then decreased to the age of 46 years. These findings suggest that hinoki cypress trees in the earlier time increased their iWUE by reducing stomatal opening. In the earlier time, the stomatal opening of understory vegetation increased due to higher soil water availability with decreasing stand density of crop trees. In the later time, the iWUE of hinoki cypress decreased due to lower photosynthetic capacity with nitrogen limitation. These results suggest that the increase in the iWUE of hinoki cypress in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels should be smaller in the later time because of stronger competition with understory vegetation for soil nitrogen resources.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78047081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen (N) losses are a major environmental issue. Globally, crop N fertilizer applications are excessive, and N use efficiency (NUE) is low. N loss represents a significant economic loss to the farmer. NUE is difficult to quantify in real time because of the multiple chemical–biological–physical factors interacting. While there is much scientific understanding of N interactions in the plant–soil system, there is little formal expression of scientific knowledge in farm practice. The objective of this study was to clearly define the factors controlling NUE in wheat production, focusing on N inputs, flows, transformations, and outputs from the plant–soil system. A series of focus groups were conducted with professional agronomists and industry experts, and their technical information was considered alongside a structured literature review. To express this understanding, clear graphical representations are provided in the text. The analysis of the NUE processes revealed 16 management interventions which could be prioritized to increase farm nitrogen use efficiency. These management interventions were grouped into three categories—inputs, flow between pools, and outputs—and include management options through the range of application errors, fertilizer input choice, root development, pests and disease, soil structure, harvesting and storage errors, and soil resources of water, micronutrients, carbon, nitrogen, and pH. It was noted that technical solutions such as fertilizer formulation and managing organic matter require significant supply chain upgrades. It was also noted that farm-scale decision support would be best managed using a risk/probability-based recommender system rather than generic guidelines.
{"title":"Communicating Nitrogen Loss Mechanisms for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency Management, Focused on Global Wheat","authors":"R. Whetton, M. Harty, N. Holden","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020016","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) losses are a major environmental issue. Globally, crop N fertilizer applications are excessive, and N use efficiency (NUE) is low. N loss represents a significant economic loss to the farmer. NUE is difficult to quantify in real time because of the multiple chemical–biological–physical factors interacting. While there is much scientific understanding of N interactions in the plant–soil system, there is little formal expression of scientific knowledge in farm practice. The objective of this study was to clearly define the factors controlling NUE in wheat production, focusing on N inputs, flows, transformations, and outputs from the plant–soil system. A series of focus groups were conducted with professional agronomists and industry experts, and their technical information was considered alongside a structured literature review. To express this understanding, clear graphical representations are provided in the text. The analysis of the NUE processes revealed 16 management interventions which could be prioritized to increase farm nitrogen use efficiency. These management interventions were grouped into three categories—inputs, flow between pools, and outputs—and include management options through the range of application errors, fertilizer input choice, root development, pests and disease, soil structure, harvesting and storage errors, and soil resources of water, micronutrients, carbon, nitrogen, and pH. It was noted that technical solutions such as fertilizer formulation and managing organic matter require significant supply chain upgrades. It was also noted that farm-scale decision support would be best managed using a risk/probability-based recommender system rather than generic guidelines.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83865949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Morvan, Laure Beff, Yvon Lambert, B. Mary, P. Germain, B. Louis, N. Beaudoin
Improving the assessment and prediction of soil organic nitrogen (N) mineralization is essential: it contributes significantly to the N nutrition of crops and remains a major economic and environmental challenge. Consequently, a network of 137 fields was established in Brittany, France, to represent the wide diversity of soils and cultivation practices in this region. The experimental design was developed to measure net N mineralization for three consecutive years, in order to improve the accuracy of measuring it. Net N mineralization was quantified by the mineral N mass balance, which was estimated from March to October for a maize crop with no N fertilization. The effect of climate on mineralization was considered by calculating normalized time (ndays) and, then, calculating the N mineralization rate (Vn) as the ratio of the mineral N mass balance to normalized time. Strict screening of the experimental data, using agronomic and statistical criteria, resulted in the selection of a subset of 67 fields for data analysis. Mean Vn was relatively high (0.99 kg N ha−1 nday−1) over the period and varied greatly, from 0.62 to 1.46 kg N ha−1 nday−1 for the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. The upper soil layer (0–30 cm) was sampled to estimate its physical and chemical properties, particulate organic matter carbon and N fractions (POM-C and POM-N, respectively), soil microbial biomass (SMB), and extractable organic N (EON) determined in a phosphate borate extractant. The strongest correlations between Vn and these variables were observed with EON (r = 0.47), SMB (r = 0.45), POM-N (r = 0.43), and, to a lesser extent, the soil N stock (r = 0.31). Vn was also strongly correlated with a cropping system indicator (r = 0.39). A modeling approach, using generalized additive models, was used to identify and rank the variables with the greatest ability to predict net N mineralization.
改善土壤有机氮矿化的评估和预测是必要的，因为它对作物的氮营养有重要贡献，并且仍然是一个重大的经济和环境挑战。因此，在法国布列塔尼建立了一个由137个农田组成的网络，以代表该地区土壤和耕作方法的广泛多样性。为提高净氮矿化的测量精度，设计了连续3年测量净氮矿化的实验设计。利用矿质氮质量平衡估算了3 ~ 10月未施氮肥玉米作物的净氮矿化量。通过计算归一化时间(ndays)来考虑气候对矿化的影响，然后计算矿物N质量平衡与归一化时间之比的N矿化率(Vn)。使用农艺和统计标准对实验数据进行严格筛选，结果选择了67个领域的子集进行数据分析。在此期间，平均Vn相对较高(0.99 kg N ha−1 nday−1)，变化较大，第10百分位和第90百分位分别为0.62 ~ 1.46 kg N ha−1 nday−1。在土壤表层(0 ~ 30 cm)取样，评估其物理和化学性质，颗粒有机质碳和氮组分(分别为POM-C和POM-N)，土壤微生物生物量(SMB)和可提取有机氮(EON)，在磷酸盐硼酸盐萃取剂中测定。Vn与这些变量的相关性最强的是EON (r = 0.47)、SMB (r = 0.45)、POM-N (r = 0.43)，其次是土壤N储量(r = 0.31)。Vn与一种种植制度指标也有很强的相关性(r = 0.39)。采用广义加性模型的建模方法，对预测净氮矿化能力最强的变量进行了识别和排序。
{"title":"An Original Experimental Design to Quantify and Model Net Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in the Field","authors":"T. Morvan, Laure Beff, Yvon Lambert, B. Mary, P. Germain, B. Louis, N. Beaudoin","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020015","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the assessment and prediction of soil organic nitrogen (N) mineralization is essential: it contributes significantly to the N nutrition of crops and remains a major economic and environmental challenge. Consequently, a network of 137 fields was established in Brittany, France, to represent the wide diversity of soils and cultivation practices in this region. The experimental design was developed to measure net N mineralization for three consecutive years, in order to improve the accuracy of measuring it. Net N mineralization was quantified by the mineral N mass balance, which was estimated from March to October for a maize crop with no N fertilization. The effect of climate on mineralization was considered by calculating normalized time (ndays) and, then, calculating the N mineralization rate (Vn) as the ratio of the mineral N mass balance to normalized time. Strict screening of the experimental data, using agronomic and statistical criteria, resulted in the selection of a subset of 67 fields for data analysis. Mean Vn was relatively high (0.99 kg N ha−1 nday−1) over the period and varied greatly, from 0.62 to 1.46 kg N ha−1 nday−1 for the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. The upper soil layer (0–30 cm) was sampled to estimate its physical and chemical properties, particulate organic matter carbon and N fractions (POM-C and POM-N, respectively), soil microbial biomass (SMB), and extractable organic N (EON) determined in a phosphate borate extractant. The strongest correlations between Vn and these variables were observed with EON (r = 0.47), SMB (r = 0.45), POM-N (r = 0.43), and, to a lesser extent, the soil N stock (r = 0.31). Vn was also strongly correlated with a cropping system indicator (r = 0.39). A modeling approach, using generalized additive models, was used to identify and rank the variables with the greatest ability to predict net N mineralization.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75608019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keeping cover crops to reduce nitrogen leaching often conflicts with timing tillage operations before the soil becomes un-trafficable during winter, while leaving cover crops in the field until spring raises concerns over pre-emptive competition with the following crop. Therefore, farmers may resort to tilling their fields in autumn after letting cover crops remain in the fields for only a short period of time. We explore the effects of this practice in a laboratory lysimeter setting by analyzing the leaching of nitrate from intact topsoil cores. Cores were extracted from no-till (NT) plots and plots tilled in autumn (AuT), in areas kept bare (B) and with volunteer winter rye plant cover (V) after harvest. Nitrate breakthrough curves show that V significantly reduced N leaching by 61% relative to B in NT, but did not have a significant effect in AuT. Dissection of leached cores and undisturbed reference cores indicated a significant removal of mineral N from the soil during the lysimeter experiment for all treatments except V in NT. This indicates that volunteer cover removed a crucial amount of leachable N and suggests that tillage counteracted the effect of V in AuT, likely due to a combination of reduced uptake and re-mineralization of N in cover crop residue.
{"title":"Autumn Tillage Reduces the Effect of Plant Cover on Topsoil Nitrogen Leaching","authors":"Jorge F. Miranda-Vélez, I. Vogeler","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020014","url":null,"abstract":"Keeping cover crops to reduce nitrogen leaching often conflicts with timing tillage operations before the soil becomes un-trafficable during winter, while leaving cover crops in the field until spring raises concerns over pre-emptive competition with the following crop. Therefore, farmers may resort to tilling their fields in autumn after letting cover crops remain in the fields for only a short period of time. We explore the effects of this practice in a laboratory lysimeter setting by analyzing the leaching of nitrate from intact topsoil cores. Cores were extracted from no-till (NT) plots and plots tilled in autumn (AuT), in areas kept bare (B) and with volunteer winter rye plant cover (V) after harvest. Nitrate breakthrough curves show that V significantly reduced N leaching by 61% relative to B in NT, but did not have a significant effect in AuT. Dissection of leached cores and undisturbed reference cores indicated a significant removal of mineral N from the soil during the lysimeter experiment for all treatments except V in NT. This indicates that volunteer cover removed a crucial amount of leachable N and suggests that tillage counteracted the effect of V in AuT, likely due to a combination of reduced uptake and re-mineralization of N in cover crop residue.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79844929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Varga, J. Jović, M. Rastija, Antonela Markulj Kulundžić, V. Zebec, Z. Lončarić, D. Iljkić, M. Antunović
Sugar beet fertilization is a very complex agrotechnical measure for farmers. The main reason is that technological quality is equally important as sugar beet yield, but the increment of the root yield does not follow the root quality. Technological quality implies the concentration of sucrose in the root and the possibility of its extraction in the production of white table sugar. The great variability of agroecological factors that directly affect root yield and quality are possible good agrotechnics, primarily by minimizing fertilization. It should be considered that for sugar beet, the status of a single plant available nutrient in the soil is more important than the total amounts of nutrients in the soil. Soil analysis will show us the amount of free nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and the status of individual elements in the soil so that farmers can make a compensation plan. An estimate of the mineralizing ability of the soil, the N min, is very important in determining the amount of mineral nitrogen that the plant can absorb for high root yield and good technological quality. The amount of N needed by the sugar beet crop to be grown is an important factor, and it will always will be in the focus for the producers, especially from the aspect of trying to reduce the N input in agricultural production to preserve soils and their biodiversity but also to establish high yields and quality.
{"title":"Efficiency and Management of Nitrogen Fertilization in Sugar Beet as Spring Crop: A Review","authors":"I. Varga, J. Jović, M. Rastija, Antonela Markulj Kulundžić, V. Zebec, Z. Lončarić, D. Iljkić, M. Antunović","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020013","url":null,"abstract":"Sugar beet fertilization is a very complex agrotechnical measure for farmers. The main reason is that technological quality is equally important as sugar beet yield, but the increment of the root yield does not follow the root quality. Technological quality implies the concentration of sucrose in the root and the possibility of its extraction in the production of white table sugar. The great variability of agroecological factors that directly affect root yield and quality are possible good agrotechnics, primarily by minimizing fertilization. It should be considered that for sugar beet, the status of a single plant available nutrient in the soil is more important than the total amounts of nutrients in the soil. Soil analysis will show us the amount of free nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and the status of individual elements in the soil so that farmers can make a compensation plan. An estimate of the mineralizing ability of the soil, the N min, is very important in determining the amount of mineral nitrogen that the plant can absorb for high root yield and good technological quality. The amount of N needed by the sugar beet crop to be grown is an important factor, and it will always will be in the focus for the producers, especially from the aspect of trying to reduce the N input in agricultural production to preserve soils and their biodiversity but also to establish high yields and quality.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85072933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies have shown that nitrification inhibitor (NI) impairs the efficacy of urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), in reducing ammonia volatilization and urea hydrolysis rate. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of NI (specifically 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate) on the degradation of NBPT in six soils. Soils were amended with either NBPT (10 mg NBPT kg−1 soil) or NBPT plus NI (DI; 10 mg NBPT + 2.5 mg NI kg−1 soil), incubated at 21 °C, and destructively sampled eight times during a 14-day incubation period. The degradation of NBPT in soil was quantified by measuring NBPT concentration with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the degradation rate constant was modeled with an exponential decay function. The study showed that the persistence of NBPT in soil was not influenced by the presence of NI, as the NBPT degradation rate constant across soils was 0.5 d−1 with either NBPT or DI. In contrast, the degradation rate constant was significantly dependent on soils, with values ranging from 0.4 to 1.7 d−1. Soil pH was the most important variable affecting the persistence of NBPT in soils. The half-life of NBPT was 0.4 d in acidic soil and 1.3 to 2.1 d in neutral to alkaline soils. The faster degradation of NBPT in acidic soils may explain its reduced efficacy in such soils.
最近的研究表明，硝化抑制剂(NI)削弱了脲酶抑制剂N-(正丁基)硫磷三酰胺(NBPT)降低氨挥发和尿素水解率的效果。在实验室进行了一项研究，以评估NI(特别是3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)对六种土壤中NBPT降解的影响。土壤用NBPT (10 mg NBPT kg - 1土壤)或NBPT加NI (DI;10 mg NBPT + 2.5 mg NI kg - 1土壤)，在21°C下孵育，在14天的孵育期间破坏性取样8次。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定NBPT在土壤中的降解情况，并采用指数衰减函数建立降解速率常数模型。研究表明，NBPT在土壤中的持久性不受NI的影响，NBPT和DI在土壤中的降解速率常数均为0.5 d−1。相反，降解速率常数显著依赖于土壤，其值在0.4 ~ 1.7 d−1之间。土壤pH值是影响NBPT在土壤中持续存在的最重要变量。NBPT在酸性土壤中的半衰期为0.4 d，在中性至碱性土壤中的半衰期为1.3 ~ 2.1 d。NBPT在酸性土壤中的快速降解可以解释其在酸性土壤中的效果降低。
{"title":"Degradation of N-(n-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) with and without Nitrification Inhibitor in Soils","authors":"Ahmed A. Lasisi, O. Akinremi","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020012","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies have shown that nitrification inhibitor (NI) impairs the efficacy of urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), in reducing ammonia volatilization and urea hydrolysis rate. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of NI (specifically 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate) on the degradation of NBPT in six soils. Soils were amended with either NBPT (10 mg NBPT kg−1 soil) or NBPT plus NI (DI; 10 mg NBPT + 2.5 mg NI kg−1 soil), incubated at 21 °C, and destructively sampled eight times during a 14-day incubation period. The degradation of NBPT in soil was quantified by measuring NBPT concentration with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the degradation rate constant was modeled with an exponential decay function. The study showed that the persistence of NBPT in soil was not influenced by the presence of NI, as the NBPT degradation rate constant across soils was 0.5 d−1 with either NBPT or DI. In contrast, the degradation rate constant was significantly dependent on soils, with values ranging from 0.4 to 1.7 d−1. Soil pH was the most important variable affecting the persistence of NBPT in soils. The half-life of NBPT was 0.4 d in acidic soil and 1.3 to 2.1 d in neutral to alkaline soils. The faster degradation of NBPT in acidic soils may explain its reduced efficacy in such soils.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76629384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adoption of no-till management practices has increased in the United States over the last decade. In the state of North Dakota, approximately 5.7 million hectares of cropland is managed under no-till or conservation tillage management practices. Even though conservation tillage is known for building soil health, increasing soil organic matter, capturing soil moisture, and reducing wind and water erosion, it also presents a unique best management practice since an increased mass of crop residue remains on the soil surface. Producers are concerned about whether plant needs are being met by nitrogen fertilizer that is currently being applied based on current North Dakota recommendations for long-term no-till systems. A Forman clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Argiudolls) was used in this study, as it represented glacial till soils of the region. We examined whether N mineralization from surface-applied crop residue would result in similar or different results when compared to crop residue mixed into the soil. Soil freeze-thaw contribution to soil N mineralization was also evaluated. Six residue treatments with different C/N ratios including corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used. Five 10–14-week cycles with a three-week freeze period between each cycle at 0 ºC were evaluated for NO3-N production. Crop residues with a narrow C/N ratio contributed to greater instances of N mineralization during each incubation cycle, and the accumulation of crop residues with a wide C/N ratio over each incubation cycle following the first incubation did not offset the immobilization trends observed in the first incubation. A change in N mineralized in the untreated control soil during the last two incubation cycles may have been caused by freeze-thaw effects or a shift in microbial population due to a lack of fresh C inputs.
在过去的十年里，美国越来越多地采用免耕管理方法。在北达科他州，约有570万公顷农田采用免耕或保护性耕作管理方法。尽管保护性耕作以建立土壤健康、增加土壤有机质、捕获土壤水分和减少风蚀和水蚀而闻名，但它也是一种独特的最佳管理实践，因为增加的作物残留物仍留在土壤表面。生产商关心的是，目前使用的氮肥是否能满足植物的需求，这种氮肥是根据北达科他州目前长期免耕系统的建议施用的。本研究使用了福尔曼粘土壤土(细壤土，混合，超活性，冷钙土)，因为它代表了该地区的冰川土壤。我们研究了地表施用的作物残茬与混合在土壤中的作物残茬是否会产生相似或不同的结果。土壤冻融对土壤氮矿化的贡献也进行了评价。采用玉米(Zea mays L.)、大豆(Glycine max L.)、饲用萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、冬豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)、春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 6种不同碳氮比的秸秆处理。评估了5个10 - 14周的循环，每个循环之间有3周的冻结期，在0ºC下产生NO3-N。在每个孵育周期中，碳氮比较窄的作物残茬促成了更大的氮矿化，而在第一次孵育之后的每个孵育周期中，碳氮比较宽的作物残茬的积累并没有抵消第一次孵育中观察到的固定化趋势。在最后两个孵育周期中，未经处理的对照土壤中矿化氮的变化可能是由冻融效应或由于缺乏新鲜碳输入而引起的微生物种群的变化引起的。
{"title":"Simulated Cropping Season Effects on N Mineralization from Accumulated No-Till Crop Residues","authors":"Rashad S. Alghamdi, L. Cihacek, Q. Wen","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020011","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of no-till management practices has increased in the United States over the last decade. In the state of North Dakota, approximately 5.7 million hectares of cropland is managed under no-till or conservation tillage management practices. Even though conservation tillage is known for building soil health, increasing soil organic matter, capturing soil moisture, and reducing wind and water erosion, it also presents a unique best management practice since an increased mass of crop residue remains on the soil surface. Producers are concerned about whether plant needs are being met by nitrogen fertilizer that is currently being applied based on current North Dakota recommendations for long-term no-till systems. A Forman clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Argiudolls) was used in this study, as it represented glacial till soils of the region. We examined whether N mineralization from surface-applied crop residue would result in similar or different results when compared to crop residue mixed into the soil. Soil freeze-thaw contribution to soil N mineralization was also evaluated. Six residue treatments with different C/N ratios including corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used. Five 10–14-week cycles with a three-week freeze period between each cycle at 0 ºC were evaluated for NO3-N production. Crop residues with a narrow C/N ratio contributed to greater instances of N mineralization during each incubation cycle, and the accumulation of crop residues with a wide C/N ratio over each incubation cycle following the first incubation did not offset the immobilization trends observed in the first incubation. A change in N mineralized in the untreated control soil during the last two incubation cycles may have been caused by freeze-thaw effects or a shift in microbial population due to a lack of fresh C inputs.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75883423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hagedorn, E. Davidson, T. Fisher, R. Fox, Qiurui Zhu, A. Gustafson, E. Koontz, M. Castro, James W. Lewis
Drainage water management (DWM), also known as controlled drainage, is a best management practice (BMP) deployed on drainage ditches with demonstrated success at reducing dissolved nitrogen export from agricultural fields. By slowing discharge from agricultural ditches, subsequent anaerobic soil conditions provide an environment for nitrate to be reduced via denitrification. Despite this success, incomplete denitrification might increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and more reducing conditions might increase methanogenesis, resulting in increased methane (CH4) emissions. These two gases, N2O and CH4, are potent greenhouse gases (GHG) and N2O also depletes stratospheric ozone. This potential pollution swapping of nitrate reduction for GHG production could negatively impact the desirability of this BMP. We conducted three years of static chamber measurements of GHG emissions from the soil surface in farm plots with and without DWM in a corn–soybean rotation on the Delmarva Peninsula. We found that DWM raised the water table at the drainage ditch edge, but had no statistically significant effect on water-filled pore space in the field soil surface. Nor did we find a significant effect of DWM on GHG emissions. These findings are encouraging and suggest that, at least for this farm site, DWM can be used to remove nitrate without a significant tradeoff of increased GHG emissions.
{"title":"Effects of Drainage Water Management in a Corn–Soy Rotation on Soil N2O and CH4 Fluxes","authors":"J. Hagedorn, E. Davidson, T. Fisher, R. Fox, Qiurui Zhu, A. Gustafson, E. Koontz, M. Castro, James W. Lewis","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3010010","url":null,"abstract":"Drainage water management (DWM), also known as controlled drainage, is a best management practice (BMP) deployed on drainage ditches with demonstrated success at reducing dissolved nitrogen export from agricultural fields. By slowing discharge from agricultural ditches, subsequent anaerobic soil conditions provide an environment for nitrate to be reduced via denitrification. Despite this success, incomplete denitrification might increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and more reducing conditions might increase methanogenesis, resulting in increased methane (CH4) emissions. These two gases, N2O and CH4, are potent greenhouse gases (GHG) and N2O also depletes stratospheric ozone. This potential pollution swapping of nitrate reduction for GHG production could negatively impact the desirability of this BMP. We conducted three years of static chamber measurements of GHG emissions from the soil surface in farm plots with and without DWM in a corn–soybean rotation on the Delmarva Peninsula. We found that DWM raised the water table at the drainage ditch edge, but had no statistically significant effect on water-filled pore space in the field soil surface. Nor did we find a significant effect of DWM on GHG emissions. These findings are encouraging and suggest that, at least for this farm site, DWM can be used to remove nitrate without a significant tradeoff of increased GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"39 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91490149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban landscapes are not homogeneous, and small-scale variations in plant community or management inputs can give rise to a large range of environmental conditions. In this paper, we investigated the small-scale variability of soil nitrogen (N) properties in a single urban landscape that has distinctly different patches or types of cover. We specifically measured soil net N mineralization, nitrification, and exchangeable forms of inorganic N for patches with traditional turfgrass versus patches with common turfgrass alternatives such as ornamental grasses, groundcovers, and mulches. All soil N properties were variable among landscape patches, showing that soil N processing can vary on scales of a few meters. Notably, both mineralization and nitrification were the highest in a patch covered with perennial peanut, but exchangeable nitrate (NO3−) was low for the same soil, indicating that soils under perennial peanut may be producing high levels of inorganic N but that the produced N does not stay in the soil, possibly leaching to underlying groundwater. We recommend future studies on the mechanisms that drive the variable N properties seen under distinct urban landscape patches, with special emphasis on potential patterns in N losses for mixed-vegetation landscapes.
{"title":"Spatial Variability in Inorganic Soil Nitrogen Production in a Mixed-Vegetation Urban Landscape","authors":"Juma Bukomba, M. Lusk","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3010009","url":null,"abstract":"Urban landscapes are not homogeneous, and small-scale variations in plant community or management inputs can give rise to a large range of environmental conditions. In this paper, we investigated the small-scale variability of soil nitrogen (N) properties in a single urban landscape that has distinctly different patches or types of cover. We specifically measured soil net N mineralization, nitrification, and exchangeable forms of inorganic N for patches with traditional turfgrass versus patches with common turfgrass alternatives such as ornamental grasses, groundcovers, and mulches. All soil N properties were variable among landscape patches, showing that soil N processing can vary on scales of a few meters. Notably, both mineralization and nitrification were the highest in a patch covered with perennial peanut, but exchangeable nitrate (NO3−) was low for the same soil, indicating that soils under perennial peanut may be producing high levels of inorganic N but that the produced N does not stay in the soil, possibly leaching to underlying groundwater. We recommend future studies on the mechanisms that drive the variable N properties seen under distinct urban landscape patches, with special emphasis on potential patterns in N losses for mixed-vegetation landscapes.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73452558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen species present in the atmosphere, soil, and water play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Reactive nitrogen gases are key air quality indicators and are responsible for atmospheric ozone layer depletion. Soil nitrogen species are one of the primary macronutrients for plant growth. Species of nitrogen in water are essential indicators of water quality, and they play an important role in aquatic environment monitoring. Anthropogenic activities have highly impacted the natural balance of the nitrogen species. Therefore, it is critical to monitor nitrogen concentrations in different environments continuously. Various methods have been explored to measure the concentration of nitrogen species in the air, soil, and water. Here, we review the recent advancements in optical and electrochemical sensing methods for measuring nitrogen concentration in the air, soil, and water. We have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods and the future prospects. This will serve as a reference for researchers working with environment pollution and precision agriculture.
{"title":"Review on Detection Methods of Nitrogen Species in Air, Soil and Water","authors":"Md Faishal Yousuf, Md Shaad Mahmud","doi":"10.3390/nitrogen3010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3010008","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen species present in the atmosphere, soil, and water play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Reactive nitrogen gases are key air quality indicators and are responsible for atmospheric ozone layer depletion. Soil nitrogen species are one of the primary macronutrients for plant growth. Species of nitrogen in water are essential indicators of water quality, and they play an important role in aquatic environment monitoring. Anthropogenic activities have highly impacted the natural balance of the nitrogen species. Therefore, it is critical to monitor nitrogen concentrations in different environments continuously. Various methods have been explored to measure the concentration of nitrogen species in the air, soil, and water. Here, we review the recent advancements in optical and electrochemical sensing methods for measuring nitrogen concentration in the air, soil, and water. We have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods and the future prospects. This will serve as a reference for researchers working with environment pollution and precision agriculture.","PeriodicalId":19365,"journal":{"name":"Nitrogen","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87392798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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