Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00552-w
Yen-Ting Chen, Zi-Xiang Wen, Chen-Fu Lin, Ming-Hsien Li, Peter Chen
Lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals have been demonstrated to be promising materials for direct X-ray detectors with remarkable performance. However, their application for 2D X-ray imaging is hindered by their time-consuming preparation and limited crystal size. In this paper, a thick Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film fabricated via facile spray coating at a low processing temperature, which increases the area of the photoactive film, reduces the processing time, decreases the energy budget and the production cost, and enhances the production yield due to high material utilization, has great potential for commercial applications. Careful control of the processing temperature and intervals during spray coating results in a dense and thick perovskite film with well-stacked perovskite domains. The compact perovskite film enhances the charge transport capability of the Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film and reduces the dark current density of the X-ray detector. The resultant X-ray detector, prepared through a two-step spray coating process, exhibited a sensitivity of 127.23 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 7.4 μGyair s−1. In addition, the device delivers long-term stability with a consistent photoresponse when exposed to consecutive X-ray pulse irradiation. A two-step spray coating process (first step: 20 cycles of spray coating at 110 °C with 40 s intervals; second step: 180 cycles of spray coating at 130 °C with 20 s intervals) was employed to a produce large-area, compact, and thick Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film for the application of direct X-ray detectors. The fabricated device achieved a large active area of 150 mm2, a sensitivity of 127.23 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, a detection limit of 7.4 μGyairs−1, and durability after long-term X-ray pulse irradiation.
无铅 Cs3Bi2I9 单晶已被证明是性能卓越的直接 X 射线探测器的理想材料。然而，它们在二维 X 射线成像中的应用却因制备耗时和晶体尺寸有限而受到阻碍。本文在低加工温度下通过简便的喷涂方法制备了厚的 Cs3Bi2I9 包晶石薄膜，增加了光活性薄膜的面积，缩短了加工时间，降低了能源预算和生产成本，并因材料利用率高而提高了产量，具有巨大的商业应用潜力。在喷涂过程中，对加工温度和间隔时间的精心控制可获得致密厚实、包晶畴堆积良好的包晶薄膜。致密的包晶薄膜增强了 Cs3Bi2I9 包晶薄膜的电荷传输能力，降低了 X 射线探测器的暗电流密度。通过两步喷涂工艺制备的 X 射线探测器的灵敏度为 127.23 μC Gyair-1 cm-2，探测极限为 7.4 μGyair s-1。此外，该装置在连续接受 X 射线脉冲照射时具有长期稳定性和一致的光响应。
{"title":"Inorganic Cs3Bi2I9 lead-free halide perovskite film for large-area X-ray detector via low-cost ambient spray coating","authors":"Yen-Ting Chen, Zi-Xiang Wen, Chen-Fu Lin, Ming-Hsien Li, Peter Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00552-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00552-w","url":null,"abstract":"Lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals have been demonstrated to be promising materials for direct X-ray detectors with remarkable performance. However, their application for 2D X-ray imaging is hindered by their time-consuming preparation and limited crystal size. In this paper, a thick Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film fabricated via facile spray coating at a low processing temperature, which increases the area of the photoactive film, reduces the processing time, decreases the energy budget and the production cost, and enhances the production yield due to high material utilization, has great potential for commercial applications. Careful control of the processing temperature and intervals during spray coating results in a dense and thick perovskite film with well-stacked perovskite domains. The compact perovskite film enhances the charge transport capability of the Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film and reduces the dark current density of the X-ray detector. The resultant X-ray detector, prepared through a two-step spray coating process, exhibited a sensitivity of 127.23 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 7.4 μGyair s−1. In addition, the device delivers long-term stability with a consistent photoresponse when exposed to consecutive X-ray pulse irradiation. A two-step spray coating process (first step: 20 cycles of spray coating at 110 °C with 40 s intervals; second step: 180 cycles of spray coating at 130 °C with 20 s intervals) was employed to a produce large-area, compact, and thick Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite film for the application of direct X-ray detectors. The fabricated device achieved a large active area of 150 mm2, a sensitivity of 127.23 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, a detection limit of 7.4 μGyairs−1, and durability after long-term X-ray pulse irradiation.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00552-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00551-x
Hiroki Ago, Pablo Solís-Fernández
Research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has made tremendous progress reflecting their unique properties and promising applications. In this perspective, we review the novel concept of “2.5-dimensional (2.5D) materials”, which represent new opportunities to extend the field of materials science beyond 2D materials. This concept consists of controlling van der Waals interactions and using interlayer nanospaces to synthesize new materials and explore their intriguing properties. It also includes combination with other dimensional materials, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) architectures of 2D materials, and practical applications in our 3D everyday life. We discuss recent research based on this concept and provide future perspectives. Although atomically thin 2D materials have attracted great interest from their unique properties and promising applications, the integration of multiple 2D materials or their modifications are more exciting because they offer opportunities to explore new frontier of materials science. This perspective illustrates the new concept of “2.5-dimensional (2.5D) materials”, which symbolically represents the great potential offered by different routes to extend the realm of 2D materials. Some examples of 2.5D materials are reviewed, such as multicomponent heterostructures, intercalation, combination with other dimensional materials, functionalization, and application to 3D devices. In this perspective, we present the recent progress of this 2.5D materials research and future outlook.
{"title":"Science and applications of 2.5D materials: development, opportunities and challenges","authors":"Hiroki Ago, Pablo Solís-Fernández","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00551-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00551-x","url":null,"abstract":"Research on two-dimensional (2D) materials has made tremendous progress reflecting their unique properties and promising applications. In this perspective, we review the novel concept of “2.5-dimensional (2.5D) materials”, which represent new opportunities to extend the field of materials science beyond 2D materials. This concept consists of controlling van der Waals interactions and using interlayer nanospaces to synthesize new materials and explore their intriguing properties. It also includes combination with other dimensional materials, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) architectures of 2D materials, and practical applications in our 3D everyday life. We discuss recent research based on this concept and provide future perspectives. Although atomically thin 2D materials have attracted great interest from their unique properties and promising applications, the integration of multiple 2D materials or their modifications are more exciting because they offer opportunities to explore new frontier of materials science. This perspective illustrates the new concept of “2.5-dimensional (2.5D) materials”, which symbolically represents the great potential offered by different routes to extend the realm of 2D materials. Some examples of 2.5D materials are reviewed, such as multicomponent heterostructures, intercalation, combination with other dimensional materials, functionalization, and application to 3D devices. In this perspective, we present the recent progress of this 2.5D materials research and future outlook.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00551-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00553-9
Tatsuhiro Horii, Kai Yamashita, Marimo Ito, Kei Okada, Toshinori Fujie
Herein, we report on conductive ultrathin films (nanosheets) with the characteristics of stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. The films are fabricated by combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets). An increase in the number of SWCNT coatings increases both the thicknesses and densities of the SWCNT bundles. The SBS nanosheets coated with three layers of SWCNTs (i.e., SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets) show comparable sheet resistance to the SBS nanosheets coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) (PEDOT:PSS) containing 5 wt.% butylene glycol (i.e., PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets). In addition, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets exhibit significantly reduced elastic moduli and increased elongations at break compared to the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets. Furthermore, the calculated water vapor transmission ratio of the 210-nm-thick SBS nanosheets (268,172 g m−2 (2 h)−1) is greater than that of the filter paper (6345 g m−2 (2 h)−1). The SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets attached to model skin show high tolerances to bending and artificial sweat at different pH values (i.e., the electrical resistance changes ~1.1 times). Finally, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheet is applied to detect the surface electromyogram from the forearm of a subject. This nanosheet displays a signal-to-noise ratio similar to that of the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheet. We report on conductive ultrathin films (referred to as “nanosheets”) with stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. By combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) continuous nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets), the conductive nanosheet shows a high tolerance to bending on a model skin sheet and a high permeability to humidity. Finally, we demonstrate that the conductive nanosheet can detect the surface electromyogram signals from a subject’s forearm.
在此，我们报告了具有拉伸性和水蒸气渗透性的导电超薄薄膜（纳米片），可用于皮肤适形生物电极。这种薄膜是通过将单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）和聚（苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯）纳米片（即 SWCNT-SBS 纳米片）的导电纤维网络结合在一起制成的。随着 SWCNT 涂层数量的增加，SWCNT 束的厚度和密度也随之增加。涂覆了三层 SWCNT 的 SBS 纳米片（即 SWCNT 3rd-SBS 纳米片）与涂覆了含有 5 wt.% 丁二醇的掺杂聚（4-苯乙烯磺酸）的聚（3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩）（PEDOT:PSS）的 SBS 纳米片（即 PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS 纳米片）具有相当的薄层电阻。此外，与 PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS 纳米片相比，SWCNT 3rd-SBS 纳米片的弹性模量显著降低，断裂伸长率显著增加。此外，计算得出的 210 纳米厚 SBS 纳米片的水蒸气透过率（268172 g m-2 (2 h)-1）高于滤纸（6345 g m-2 (2 h)-1）。附着在模型皮肤上的 SWCNT 第 3 代-SBS 纳米片对不同 pH 值下的弯曲和人工汗液表现出很高的耐受性（即电阻变化~1.1 倍）。最后，将 SWCNT 3rd-SBS 纳米片用于检测受试者前臂的表面肌电图。这种纳米片显示出与 PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS 纳米片相似的信噪比。
{"title":"Ultrathin skin-conformable electrodes with high water vapor permeability and stretchability characteristics composed of single-walled carbon nanotube networks assembled on elastomeric films","authors":"Tatsuhiro Horii, Kai Yamashita, Marimo Ito, Kei Okada, Toshinori Fujie","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00553-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00553-9","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, we report on conductive ultrathin films (nanosheets) with the characteristics of stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. The films are fabricated by combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets). An increase in the number of SWCNT coatings increases both the thicknesses and densities of the SWCNT bundles. The SBS nanosheets coated with three layers of SWCNTs (i.e., SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets) show comparable sheet resistance to the SBS nanosheets coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) (PEDOT:PSS) containing 5 wt.% butylene glycol (i.e., PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets). In addition, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets exhibit significantly reduced elastic moduli and increased elongations at break compared to the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheets. Furthermore, the calculated water vapor transmission ratio of the 210-nm-thick SBS nanosheets (268,172 g m−2 (2 h)−1) is greater than that of the filter paper (6345 g m−2 (2 h)−1). The SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheets attached to model skin show high tolerances to bending and artificial sweat at different pH values (i.e., the electrical resistance changes ~1.1 times). Finally, the SWCNT 3rd-SBS nanosheet is applied to detect the surface electromyogram from the forearm of a subject. This nanosheet displays a signal-to-noise ratio similar to that of the PEDOT:PSS/BG5-SBS nanosheet. We report on conductive ultrathin films (referred to as “nanosheets”) with stretchability and water vapor permeability for skin-conformable bioelectrodes. By combining conductive fibrous networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes and poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) continuous nanosheets (i.e., SWCNT-SBS nanosheets), the conductive nanosheet shows a high tolerance to bending on a model skin sheet and a high permeability to humidity. Finally, we demonstrate that the conductive nanosheet can detect the surface electromyogram signals from a subject’s forearm.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00553-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocular diseases can cause vision problems or even blindness if they are not detected early. Some ocular diseases generate irregular physical changes in the eye; therefore, reliable diagnostic technology for continuous monitoring of the eye is an unmet clinical need. In this study, a pulsed laser (Nd:YAG) was used to create optical nanostructures on a hydrogel-based commercial contact lens. Simulations were used to determine the spacing of the nanostructures, which were then produced and tested on the lens in ambient humidity and fully hydrated environments. The nanostructures produced a 4° diffraction angle difference in response to the environmental changes. Vision obstruction was considered while designing the nanostructure features on the lens. The curved nanostructures exhibited a series of visible rainbow colors with an average range of 8° under normal room light. A spherical surface was also used to simulate the human eye, and application of a force (curvature change) caused the nanostructure spacing to change, influencing the visible color of the contact lenses. A smartphone camera application was used to measure the progress of ocular diseases by analyzing the RGB color values of the visible color. The nanostructures were also responsive to K+ ion variations in artificial tear fluids, with a 12 mmol L−1 sensitivity, which may allow the detection of ocular ionic strength changes. A pulsed laser created optical nanostructures (holograms) on hydrogel-based soft contact lenses. The nanostructures produced varying diffraction patterns in response to the environmental changes. Vision obstruction was considered while designing the nanostructure features on the lens surface. A change in curvature of the contact lens caused the nanostructure spacing to change, influencing the visible color of the hologram. A smartphone camera application was used to monitor the diffraction colors by analyzing the RGB color values.
{"title":"Monitoring ocular disease via optical nanostructures potentially applicable to corneal contact lens products","authors":"Bader AlQattan, Mohamed Elsherif, Fahad Alam, Haider Butt","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00550-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00550-y","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular diseases can cause vision problems or even blindness if they are not detected early. Some ocular diseases generate irregular physical changes in the eye; therefore, reliable diagnostic technology for continuous monitoring of the eye is an unmet clinical need. In this study, a pulsed laser (Nd:YAG) was used to create optical nanostructures on a hydrogel-based commercial contact lens. Simulations were used to determine the spacing of the nanostructures, which were then produced and tested on the lens in ambient humidity and fully hydrated environments. The nanostructures produced a 4° diffraction angle difference in response to the environmental changes. Vision obstruction was considered while designing the nanostructure features on the lens. The curved nanostructures exhibited a series of visible rainbow colors with an average range of 8° under normal room light. A spherical surface was also used to simulate the human eye, and application of a force (curvature change) caused the nanostructure spacing to change, influencing the visible color of the contact lenses. A smartphone camera application was used to measure the progress of ocular diseases by analyzing the RGB color values of the visible color. The nanostructures were also responsive to K+ ion variations in artificial tear fluids, with a 12 mmol L−1 sensitivity, which may allow the detection of ocular ionic strength changes. A pulsed laser created optical nanostructures (holograms) on hydrogel-based soft contact lenses. The nanostructures produced varying diffraction patterns in response to the environmental changes. Vision obstruction was considered while designing the nanostructure features on the lens surface. A change in curvature of the contact lens caused the nanostructure spacing to change, influencing the visible color of the hologram. A smartphone camera application was used to monitor the diffraction colors by analyzing the RGB color values.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00550-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141341662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The terahertz (THz) spectral zone is one of the most exciting but least explored domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. To extend the applicability of THz waves, the present objective is to develop an efficient, compact, durable, and low-cost THz emitter source. A spintronic THz emitter consisting of a ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic bilayer heterostructure is a promising innovation that can provide an alternative solution/replacement for conventional THz emitters. To further develop these spin-based THz emitters, we demonstrate an efficient and strong THz emission from a single layer of Co2MnGa with a large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) influenced by its Weyl semimetallic nature. Strong correlations among the THz emission, AHE, and chemical ordering of the full Heusler crystal structures for Co2MnGa are shown. Based on proper structural and chemical design, the topological nature of this material facilitates systematic optimization. Our initial findings provide a new design concept for the topological influences on spin-based THz emitters, and these emitters are expected to facilitate the further development of the intriguing Weyl physics. Our investigation delves into the pulse-laser-induced emission of THz waves from a single layer of Co2MnGa thin film, emphasizing its notable anomalous Hall effect (AHE) stemming from its Weyl semimetallic characteristics. We establish robust correlations between THz emission, AHE, and the chemical structure of Co2MnGa thin films. Significantly, Co2MnGa films exhibit much larger THz emission compared to conventional CoFeB films. These findings introduce an innovative approach to designing spin-based THz emitters and promise to deepen our understanding of Weyl physics.
{"title":"Topologically influenced terahertz emission in Co2MnGa with a large anomalous Hall effect","authors":"Ruma Mandal, Ren Momma, Kazuaki Ishibashi, Satoshi Iihama, Kazuya Suzuki, Shigemi Mizukami","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00545-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00545-9","url":null,"abstract":"The terahertz (THz) spectral zone is one of the most exciting but least explored domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. To extend the applicability of THz waves, the present objective is to develop an efficient, compact, durable, and low-cost THz emitter source. A spintronic THz emitter consisting of a ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic bilayer heterostructure is a promising innovation that can provide an alternative solution/replacement for conventional THz emitters. To further develop these spin-based THz emitters, we demonstrate an efficient and strong THz emission from a single layer of Co2MnGa with a large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) influenced by its Weyl semimetallic nature. Strong correlations among the THz emission, AHE, and chemical ordering of the full Heusler crystal structures for Co2MnGa are shown. Based on proper structural and chemical design, the topological nature of this material facilitates systematic optimization. Our initial findings provide a new design concept for the topological influences on spin-based THz emitters, and these emitters are expected to facilitate the further development of the intriguing Weyl physics. Our investigation delves into the pulse-laser-induced emission of THz waves from a single layer of Co2MnGa thin film, emphasizing its notable anomalous Hall effect (AHE) stemming from its Weyl semimetallic characteristics. We establish robust correlations between THz emission, AHE, and the chemical structure of Co2MnGa thin films. Significantly, Co2MnGa films exhibit much larger THz emission compared to conventional CoFeB films. These findings introduce an innovative approach to designing spin-based THz emitters and promise to deepen our understanding of Weyl physics.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00545-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00549-5
Akiyasu Yamamoto, Shinnosuke Tokuta, Akimitsu Ishii, Akinori Yamanaka, Yusuke Shimada, Mark D. Ainslie
Iron-based high-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors have good potential to serve as materials in next-generation superstrength quasipermanent magnets owing to their distinctive topological and superconducting properties. However, their unconventional high-Tc superconductivity paradoxically associates with anisotropic pairing and short coherence lengths, causing challenges by inhibiting supercurrent transport at grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials. In this study, we employ machine learning to manipulate intricate polycrystalline microstructures through a process design that integrates researcher- and data-driven approaches via tailored software. Our approach results in a bulk Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 permanent magnet with a magnetic field that is 2.7 times stronger than that previously reported. Additionally, we demonstrate magnetic field stability exceeding 0.1 ppm/h for a practical 1.5 T permanent magnet, which is a vital aspect of medical magnetic resonance imaging. Nanostructural analysis reveals contrasting outcomes from data- and researcher-driven processes, showing that high-density defects and bipolarized grain boundary spacing distributions are primary contributors to the magnet’s exceptional strength and stability. Iron-based superconductors are promising for uses like quantum computing and superstrong magnets. However, improving their superconducting properties is challenging. This study aimed to improve these properties in a specific superconductor, K-doped Ba122, using Bayesian optimization. The researchers made samples under different conditions and measured their superconducting properties to refine the process. Two large disk-shaped samples were made using the best processing conditions found from data-driven and researcher-driven methods. The superconducting properties of these samples, and their ability to act as magnets, were tested at low temperatures. The results showed significant improvements, proving the optimization process’s effectiveness and resulting in an iron-based superconducting magnet with unprecedented strength. The study concludes that machine learning, especially Bayesian optimization, can significantly advance high-performance superconducting materials development. This could lead to more efficient and powerful superconducting magnets for various uses. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the authors. The world’s strongest iron-based superconducting magnet has been manufactured. Machine learning using Bayesian optimization was employed to improve the superconducting properties of potassium-doped barium iron arsenide (Ba,K)Fe2As2. Two large disk-shaped samples were fabricated using common industrial processing techniques under the best conditions deduced from data- and researcher-driven methods. After magnetizing the samples, they could retain a magnetic field of 2.83 T as a quasi-permanent magnet, around 2.7 times the previous record, with decay r
{"title":"Superstrength permanent magnets with iron-based superconductors by data- and researcher-driven process design","authors":"Akiyasu Yamamoto, Shinnosuke Tokuta, Akimitsu Ishii, Akinori Yamanaka, Yusuke Shimada, Mark D. Ainslie","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00549-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00549-5","url":null,"abstract":"Iron-based high-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors have good potential to serve as materials in next-generation superstrength quasipermanent magnets owing to their distinctive topological and superconducting properties. However, their unconventional high-Tc superconductivity paradoxically associates with anisotropic pairing and short coherence lengths, causing challenges by inhibiting supercurrent transport at grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials. In this study, we employ machine learning to manipulate intricate polycrystalline microstructures through a process design that integrates researcher- and data-driven approaches via tailored software. Our approach results in a bulk Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 permanent magnet with a magnetic field that is 2.7 times stronger than that previously reported. Additionally, we demonstrate magnetic field stability exceeding 0.1 ppm/h for a practical 1.5 T permanent magnet, which is a vital aspect of medical magnetic resonance imaging. Nanostructural analysis reveals contrasting outcomes from data- and researcher-driven processes, showing that high-density defects and bipolarized grain boundary spacing distributions are primary contributors to the magnet’s exceptional strength and stability. Iron-based superconductors are promising for uses like quantum computing and superstrong magnets. However, improving their superconducting properties is challenging. This study aimed to improve these properties in a specific superconductor, K-doped Ba122, using Bayesian optimization. The researchers made samples under different conditions and measured their superconducting properties to refine the process. Two large disk-shaped samples were made using the best processing conditions found from data-driven and researcher-driven methods. The superconducting properties of these samples, and their ability to act as magnets, were tested at low temperatures. The results showed significant improvements, proving the optimization process’s effectiveness and resulting in an iron-based superconducting magnet with unprecedented strength. The study concludes that machine learning, especially Bayesian optimization, can significantly advance high-performance superconducting materials development. This could lead to more efficient and powerful superconducting magnets for various uses. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the authors. The world’s strongest iron-based superconducting magnet has been manufactured. Machine learning using Bayesian optimization was employed to improve the superconducting properties of potassium-doped barium iron arsenide (Ba,K)Fe2As2. Two large disk-shaped samples were fabricated using common industrial processing techniques under the best conditions deduced from data- and researcher-driven methods. After magnetizing the samples, they could retain a magnetic field of 2.83 T as a quasi-permanent magnet, around 2.7 times the previous record, with decay r","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00549-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug-eluting stents are a commonly used treatment for coronary artery disease. However, the coatings used in drug-eluting stents have some limitations such as poor biocompatibility and drug loading capacity. In recent years, self-assembly methods have emerged as a promising alternative for stent coatings. Self-assembled coatings employ biomaterials and offer several advantages over traditional coatings, including thinner thickness, stronger binding capacity, and better biocompatibility. This review discusses the latest research on self-assembled biomaterial-based coatings for drug-eluting stents. We explore how layer-by-layer coatings and composite coating films have been utilized to load and release drugs with high drug loading capacity and biocompatibility, as well as how they promote endothelial adhesion and growth. Additionally, we examine how self-assembled coatings have been used to release active molecules for anti-coagulation and deliver gene therapy. Moreover, we discuss the potential of self-assembled coatings for future development, including intelligent targeted drug delivery, bionic stent coatings, and 3D printed stent coatings. These advancements have the potential to further improve the effectiveness of drug-eluting stents in treating coronary artery disease. The next-generation coronary artery stent by self-assembled coating: Self-assembled coatings in drug-eluting stents can bind biomaterials and offer several advantages over traditional coatings, including thinner structures, stronger binding capacity, and better biocompatibility. The encouraging achievements of self-assembled stent coatings include corrosion resistance, anti-fouling, anti-thrombogenicity, endothelialization, and targeted gene therapy. Future investigation and development of self-assembly in stent coatings will help improve the functionalities of self-assembled coatings in coronary artery stents and greatly extend their applications.
药物洗脱支架是治疗冠状动脉疾病的常用方法。然而，药物洗脱支架所用的涂层存在一些局限性，如生物相容性和药物负载能力较差。近年来，自组装方法已成为支架涂层的一种有前途的替代方法。与传统涂层相比，自组装涂层采用生物材料，具有厚度更薄、结合能力更强、生物相容性更好等优点。本综述讨论了药物洗脱支架自组装生物材料涂层的最新研究。我们探讨了如何利用逐层涂层和复合涂层膜来装载和释放药物，使其具有较高的药物装载能力和生物相容性，以及如何促进内皮粘附和生长。此外，我们还研究了自组装涂层如何用于释放抗凝活性分子和提供基因治疗。此外，我们还讨论了自组装涂层在未来发展中的潜力，包括智能靶向给药、仿生支架涂层和 3D 打印支架涂层。这些进步有可能进一步提高药物洗脱支架治疗冠心病的效果。
{"title":"Interfacing exogenous stents with human coronary artery by self-assembled coating: designs, functionalities and applications","authors":"Feng Zhao, Feng Liu, Chenglong Gao, Guoqing Wang, Yinfeng Zhang, Fei Yu, Jiawei Tian, Kai Tan, Runhao Zhang, Kang Liang, Zhexun Lian, Junjie Guo, Biao Kong, Junbo Ge, Hui Xin","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00548-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00548-6","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-eluting stents are a commonly used treatment for coronary artery disease. However, the coatings used in drug-eluting stents have some limitations such as poor biocompatibility and drug loading capacity. In recent years, self-assembly methods have emerged as a promising alternative for stent coatings. Self-assembled coatings employ biomaterials and offer several advantages over traditional coatings, including thinner thickness, stronger binding capacity, and better biocompatibility. This review discusses the latest research on self-assembled biomaterial-based coatings for drug-eluting stents. We explore how layer-by-layer coatings and composite coating films have been utilized to load and release drugs with high drug loading capacity and biocompatibility, as well as how they promote endothelial adhesion and growth. Additionally, we examine how self-assembled coatings have been used to release active molecules for anti-coagulation and deliver gene therapy. Moreover, we discuss the potential of self-assembled coatings for future development, including intelligent targeted drug delivery, bionic stent coatings, and 3D printed stent coatings. These advancements have the potential to further improve the effectiveness of drug-eluting stents in treating coronary artery disease. The next-generation coronary artery stent by self-assembled coating: Self-assembled coatings in drug-eluting stents can bind biomaterials and offer several advantages over traditional coatings, including thinner structures, stronger binding capacity, and better biocompatibility. The encouraging achievements of self-assembled stent coatings include corrosion resistance, anti-fouling, anti-thrombogenicity, endothelialization, and targeted gene therapy. Future investigation and development of self-assembly in stent coatings will help improve the functionalities of self-assembled coatings in coronary artery stents and greatly extend their applications.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00548-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141189331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00547-7
Angga Dito Fauzi, Caozheng Diao, Thomas J. Whitcher, Frank Lichtenberg, Ping Yang, Mark B. H. Breese, Andrivo Rusydi
The interplay of electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions plays an important role in determining exotic properties in strongly correlated electron systems. Of particular interest is quasi-one-dimensional SrNbOx metals, which are perovskite-related layered Carpy-Galy phases. Quasi-one-dimensional metals often exhibit a charge density wave (CDW) accompanied by lattice distortion; however, to date, the presence of a CDW in a quasi-one-dimensional metallic Carpy-Galy phase has not been detected. Here, we report the discovery of two distinct and simultaneous commensurate CDWs in Sr0.95NbO3.37 using resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS), namely, an electronic-(001) superlattice below ~ 200 K and an electronic-(002) Bragg peak. We also observe a non-electronic-(002) Bragg peak showing lattice distortion below ~ 150 K. Through the temperature dependence and resonance profile of these CDWs and the lattice distortion, as well as the relationship between the wavelength and charge density, these CDWs are determined to be Wigner crystals and Peierls-like instabilities, respectively. The electron‒electron interaction is strong and dominant even up to 350 K, and upon cooling, it drives the electron–lattice interaction. The correlation length of the electronic-(001) superlattice is surprisingly larger than that of the electronic-(002) Bragg peak, and the superlattice is highly anisotropic. Supported by theoretical calculations, the CDWs are determined by the charge anisotropy and redistribution between the O-2p and Nb-4d orbitals, and the strength of the electronic-(001) superlattice is within the strong coupling limit. Understanding how electrons interact in materials is vital for fundamental research and creating new technologies. However, the connection between different CDWs and their impact on materials, particularly inorganic systems, is unclear. The study, led by Andrivo Rusydi, aimed to understand CDWs in a specific crystal type, a quasi-one-dimensional metal. Rusydi and his team used resonant soft X-ray scattering to identify two distinct CDWs in one crystal. Their results showed that the Wigner crystal appeared without any crystal structure changes, while the Peierls-like instability was associated with a crystal distortion. These findings suggest that strong electron-electron interactions can drive changes in the crystal lattice, leading to different CDWs. This research offers new insights into the complex relationship between electron interactions and CDWs in inorganic materials. The advancements made in this study could impact future electronic devices development and understanding superconductivity. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author. The interplay of electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions plays an important role in determining exotic properties in strongly correlated electron systems. Here, we report the discovery of two distinct and simultaneous com
{"title":"Two distinct charge density waves in the quasi-one-dimensional metal Sr0.95NbO3.37 revealed by resonant soft X-ray scattering","authors":"Angga Dito Fauzi, Caozheng Diao, Thomas J. Whitcher, Frank Lichtenberg, Ping Yang, Mark B. H. Breese, Andrivo Rusydi","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00547-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00547-7","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay of electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions plays an important role in determining exotic properties in strongly correlated electron systems. Of particular interest is quasi-one-dimensional SrNbOx metals, which are perovskite-related layered Carpy-Galy phases. Quasi-one-dimensional metals often exhibit a charge density wave (CDW) accompanied by lattice distortion; however, to date, the presence of a CDW in a quasi-one-dimensional metallic Carpy-Galy phase has not been detected. Here, we report the discovery of two distinct and simultaneous commensurate CDWs in Sr0.95NbO3.37 using resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSXS), namely, an electronic-(001) superlattice below ~ 200 K and an electronic-(002) Bragg peak. We also observe a non-electronic-(002) Bragg peak showing lattice distortion below ~ 150 K. Through the temperature dependence and resonance profile of these CDWs and the lattice distortion, as well as the relationship between the wavelength and charge density, these CDWs are determined to be Wigner crystals and Peierls-like instabilities, respectively. The electron‒electron interaction is strong and dominant even up to 350 K, and upon cooling, it drives the electron–lattice interaction. The correlation length of the electronic-(001) superlattice is surprisingly larger than that of the electronic-(002) Bragg peak, and the superlattice is highly anisotropic. Supported by theoretical calculations, the CDWs are determined by the charge anisotropy and redistribution between the O-2p and Nb-4d orbitals, and the strength of the electronic-(001) superlattice is within the strong coupling limit. Understanding how electrons interact in materials is vital for fundamental research and creating new technologies. However, the connection between different CDWs and their impact on materials, particularly inorganic systems, is unclear. The study, led by Andrivo Rusydi, aimed to understand CDWs in a specific crystal type, a quasi-one-dimensional metal. Rusydi and his team used resonant soft X-ray scattering to identify two distinct CDWs in one crystal. Their results showed that the Wigner crystal appeared without any crystal structure changes, while the Peierls-like instability was associated with a crystal distortion. These findings suggest that strong electron-electron interactions can drive changes in the crystal lattice, leading to different CDWs. This research offers new insights into the complex relationship between electron interactions and CDWs in inorganic materials. The advancements made in this study could impact future electronic devices development and understanding superconductivity. This summary was initially drafted using artificial intelligence, then revised and fact-checked by the author. The interplay of electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions plays an important role in determining exotic properties in strongly correlated electron systems. Here, we report the discovery of two distinct and simultaneous com","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00547-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141101669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1038/s41427-024-00546-8
Sangyeun Park, Minhyeok Kim, Hongyun So
Adhesive polymer films with anisotropic properties on either side have attracted tremendous interest for biomedical and engineering applications. However, developing an innovative solution that provides effective adhesion under both dry and wet conditions remains a considerable challenge. In this study, we devised a novel process for creating adhesive films by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) onto a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate. During the curing process, the PDMS layer in contact with the TPU was lightly cross-linked, which significantly increased adhesion. The catalytic reaction used for polymerization was regulated by the TPU, which is known to adsorb metal ions. This adhesive PDMS film (APF) demonstrated outstanding adhesion on various substrates under dry and underwater conditions and maintained adhesion even after repeated use. In practical applications, the APF proved to be an effective waterproof patch by adhering to the surfaces of objects submerged in water. Adhesive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is successfully fabricated by casting process using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). During the curing process, the PDMS lightly cross-linked at the interface with the TPU exhibited a remarkable increase in adhesion properties. The catalytic reaction used for polymerization was regulated by the TPU, which is known to adsorb metal ions. This adhesive PDMS film (APF) demonstrated outstanding adhesion on various substrates under dry and underwater conditions and maintained adhesion even after repeated use. Our findings suggest that the APF could be used an effective waterproof patch by adhering to the surfaces of objects submerged in water.
{"title":"TPU-assisted adhesive PDMS film for dry or underwater environments","authors":"Sangyeun Park, Minhyeok Kim, Hongyun So","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00546-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00546-8","url":null,"abstract":"Adhesive polymer films with anisotropic properties on either side have attracted tremendous interest for biomedical and engineering applications. However, developing an innovative solution that provides effective adhesion under both dry and wet conditions remains a considerable challenge. In this study, we devised a novel process for creating adhesive films by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) onto a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate. During the curing process, the PDMS layer in contact with the TPU was lightly cross-linked, which significantly increased adhesion. The catalytic reaction used for polymerization was regulated by the TPU, which is known to adsorb metal ions. This adhesive PDMS film (APF) demonstrated outstanding adhesion on various substrates under dry and underwater conditions and maintained adhesion even after repeated use. In practical applications, the APF proved to be an effective waterproof patch by adhering to the surfaces of objects submerged in water. Adhesive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is successfully fabricated by casting process using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). During the curing process, the PDMS lightly cross-linked at the interface with the TPU exhibited a remarkable increase in adhesion properties. The catalytic reaction used for polymerization was regulated by the TPU, which is known to adsorb metal ions. This adhesive PDMS film (APF) demonstrated outstanding adhesion on various substrates under dry and underwater conditions and maintained adhesion even after repeated use. Our findings suggest that the APF could be used an effective waterproof patch by adhering to the surfaces of objects submerged in water.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00546-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intermediate-range order of covalently bonded glasses has been extensively studied in terms of their diffraction peaks observed at low scattering angles; these peaks are called the first sharp diffraction peaks (FSDPs). Although the atomic density fluctuations originating from the quasilattice planes are a critical scientific target, direct experimental observations of these fluctuations are still lacking. Here, we report the direct observation of the atomic density fluctuations in silica glass by energy-filtered angstrom-beam electron diffraction. The correspondence between the local electron diffraction patterns of FSDPs and the atomic configurations constructed based on the X-ray and neutron diffraction results revealed that the local atomic density fluctuations originated from the quasi-periodic alternating arrangements of the columnar chain-like atomic configurations and interstitial tubular voids, as in crystals. We also discovered longer-range fluctuations associated with the shoulder of the FSDP on the low-Q side. The hierarchical fluctuations inherent in materials could aid in the elucidation of their properties and performance. This study reports the direct observation of atomic density fluctuations in silica glass using angstrom-beam electron diffraction. The local atomic fluctuations are found to originate from quasi-periodic arrays of nanoscale columnar atomic configurations and interstitial tubular voids. The present study also reveals longer-range fluctuations associated with the shoulder of the first sharp diffraction peak. These findings may help to understand the properties and performance of materials.
{"title":"Direct observation of the atomic density fluctuation originating from the first sharp diffraction peak in SiO2 glass","authors":"Akihiko Hirata, Shuya Sato, Motoki Shiga, Yohei Onodera, Koji Kimoto, Shinji Kohara","doi":"10.1038/s41427-024-00544-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41427-024-00544-w","url":null,"abstract":"The intermediate-range order of covalently bonded glasses has been extensively studied in terms of their diffraction peaks observed at low scattering angles; these peaks are called the first sharp diffraction peaks (FSDPs). Although the atomic density fluctuations originating from the quasilattice planes are a critical scientific target, direct experimental observations of these fluctuations are still lacking. Here, we report the direct observation of the atomic density fluctuations in silica glass by energy-filtered angstrom-beam electron diffraction. The correspondence between the local electron diffraction patterns of FSDPs and the atomic configurations constructed based on the X-ray and neutron diffraction results revealed that the local atomic density fluctuations originated from the quasi-periodic alternating arrangements of the columnar chain-like atomic configurations and interstitial tubular voids, as in crystals. We also discovered longer-range fluctuations associated with the shoulder of the FSDP on the low-Q side. The hierarchical fluctuations inherent in materials could aid in the elucidation of their properties and performance. This study reports the direct observation of atomic density fluctuations in silica glass using angstrom-beam electron diffraction. The local atomic fluctuations are found to originate from quasi-periodic arrays of nanoscale columnar atomic configurations and interstitial tubular voids. The present study also reveals longer-range fluctuations associated with the shoulder of the first sharp diffraction peak. These findings may help to understand the properties and performance of materials.","PeriodicalId":19382,"journal":{"name":"Npg Asia Materials","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41427-024-00544-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140941264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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