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On the application of Miyata-Choi-Camassa model to surface waves 论 Miyata-Choi-Camassa 模型在表面波中的应用
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01630-x
Tianyu Zhang, Zhan Wang, Binbin Zhao, Masoud Hayatdavoodi, R. Cengiz Ertekin, Wenyang Duan

The strongly nonlinear Miyata-Choi-Camassa model, a two-layer internal-wave model that includes the free-surface effect (MCC-FS model), has shown excellent performance on simulating large-amplitude internal waves. In this study, we are interested in assessing whether the MCC-FS model can be applied to study problems involving surface waves, and how the model performs. For this purpose, we apply the two-layer MCC-FS model to a time-varying bottom to simulate surface water-waves by setting the same densities of the upper- and lower-fluid layers. Although densities of the upper and lower fluid layers are the same, it is found that the depth ratio of the two layers plays a remarkable role in the solution. By analyzing the linear dispersion relations of the MCC-FS model with three different depth ratios ((varvec{h}_{varvec{1}}/varvec{h}_{varvec{2}}=varvec{1}/varvec{9}), (varvec{3}/varvec{7}) and (varvec{5}/varvec{5}), where (varvec{h}_{varvec{1}}) and (varvec{h}_{varvec{2}}) are the depths of the upper- and lower-fluid layers, respectively), we determine that the MCC-FS model with the depth ratio (varvec{3}/varvec{7}) has the better performance on simulating surface water-waves. Under this configuration, we apply the MCC-FS model to simulate the surface solitary waves on a flat bottom, the solitary wave propagating over a submerged shelf and the surface water-waves generated by a bottom disturbance. By comparing with the laboratory measurements, the accuracy of the results provided by the MCC-FS model is validated.

强非线性 Miyata-Choi-Camassa 模型是一种包含自由表面效应的双层内波模型(MCC-FS 模型),在模拟大振幅内波方面表现出色。在本研究中,我们希望评估 MCC-FS 模型是否可用于研究涉及表面波的问题,以及该模型的性能如何。为此,我们将双层 MCC-FS 模型应用于时变底部,通过设置相同的上层和下层流体密度来模拟表面水波。虽然上下层流体密度相同,但两层流体的深度比在解算中起着重要作用。通过分析三种不同深度比((varvec{h}_{varvec{1}}/varvec{h}_{varvec{2}}=varvec{1}/varvec{9})的 MCC-FS 模型的线性弥散关系、其中 (varvec{h}_{/varvec{1}})和 (varvec{h}_{/varvec{2}})分别为上层和下层流体的深度),我们确定深度比为 (varvec{3}//varvec{7})的 MCC-FS 模型在模拟地表水波方面具有更好的性能。在这种配置下,我们应用 MCC-FS 模型模拟了平底上的水面孤波、在水下陆架上传播的孤波以及由底部扰动产生的水面波。通过与实验室测量结果进行比较,我们验证了 MCC-FS 模型所提供结果的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of submesoscale processes and their influence on vertical heat transport in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean 亚中尺度过程的动力学及其对东南热带印度洋垂直热输送的影响
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01628-5
Yifei Zhou, Wei Duan, Xuhua Cheng

Submesoscale processes (SMPs) play profound roles in energy cascade, air-sea heat flux, and marine ecosystem, the variability of which significantly regulates regional and global climate. The southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) has abundant and complex dynamic processes, yet the dynamics of SMPs in this region remain unclear. Based on the outputs of two high-resolution models, the seasonality and potential mechanisms of SMPs in the SETIO, as well as accompanying submesoscale vertical heat transport (SVHT) are investigated in this study. The SMPs and SVHT are much stronger during the southeast monsoon period (June-October). Mixed layer instability (MLI) dominates the generation of SMPs, while frontogenesis only plays a minor role. The enhanced horizontal density gradients partly resulting from strengthened large-mesoscale flow strain, coupled with a deeper mixed layer induced by surface cooling and strong southeast monsoon, account for the stronger MLI in the southeast monsoon period. Besides, symmetric instability (SI) also contributes to the generation of SMPs by extracting kinetic energy from the geostrophic flows. Upward SVHT in medium- and high resolution ROMS simulations surpasses that in low-resolution ROMS simulation by a factor of three during the austral winter and is significantly stronger than mesoscale vertical heat transport. These results confirm the importance of SMPs in upper-layer vertical heat transport, and SMPs resolving models can represent the vertical heat transport much better. Our findings could deepen our understanding on multiscale dynamic processes and vertical heat transport in the SETIO.

亚主题尺度过程(SMPs)在能量级联、海气热通量和海洋生态系统中发挥着深远的作用,其变化对区域和全球气候有着重要的调节作用。东南热带印度洋(SETIO)拥有丰富而复杂的动态过程,但该区域的次中尺度过程动态仍不清楚。本研究基于两个高分辨率模式的输出结果,研究了东南印度洋 SMP 的季节性和潜在机制,以及伴随的次中尺度垂直热输送(SVHT)。在东南季风期(6 月至 10 月),SMPs 和 SVHT 更加强烈。混合层不稳定性(MLI)在 SMP 的生成中占主导地位,而锋面生成只起次要作用。大中尺度气流应变增强导致水平密度梯度增大,加上地表降温和强烈的东南季风导致混合层加深,是东南季风期间混合层不稳定性增强的部分原因。此外,对称不稳定性(SI)也通过从地转流中提取动能促进了 SMP 的产生。在澳大利亚冬季,中分辨率和高分辨率 ROMS 模拟中的上行 SVHT 比低分辨率 ROMS 模拟中的上行 SVHT 高出三倍,而且明显强于中尺度垂直热输送。这些结果证实了中尺度垂直热输送在上层垂直热输送中的重要性,而中尺度垂直热输送解析模式可以更好地表现垂直热输送。我们的研究结果可以加深我们对 SETIO 的多尺度动态过程和垂直热传输的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Interannual sea level variability in the North and Baltic seas and net flux through the Danish straits 北海和波罗的海的海平面年际变化及通过丹麦海峡的净通量
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01626-7
Nam Thanh Pham, Joanna Staneva, Antonio Bonaduce, Emil V. Stanev, Sebastian Grayek

The paper presents the reconstruction of sea levels in the North Sea and Baltic Sea using Kalman filter approach. Based on the statistical characteristics of one year of daily maps of sea level from the Geesthacht COAstal model SysTem (GCOAST) and daily data at tide gauges along the coastline of two basins, the method can reconstruct effectively and accurately the multidecadal sea level anomalies. The high accuracy reconstruction data were then used to investigate the interannual variability in both basins and to estimate the difference between outflows and inflows (net flux) through the Danish Straits. The highest mean, standard deviation, and extreme values of sea level anomalies appear in winter and are well reproduced in different regions, such as the German Bight, the Southern North Sea, the Bothnian Bay, the Gulfs of Finland and Riga. The sea level variability is highly correlated with the mean sea level pressure and the zonal wind, particularly in the German Bight and in the winter months. The contributions of river runoff and net precipitation on the net flux are significant in the spring. The local wind has a greater influence on the net flux than the remote drivers.

本文介绍了利用卡尔曼滤波法重建北海和波罗的海海平面的情况。该方法基于 Geesthacht COAstal Model SysTem(GCOAST)的一年海平面日图的统计特征和两个流域沿岸验潮仪的日数据,能够有效、准确地重建多年代海平面异常。然后,利用高精度重建数据研究了两个流域的年际变化,并估算了通过丹麦海峡的流出量和流入量之差(净通量)。海平面异常的最高平均值、标准偏差和极端值出现在冬季,并在不同区域得到了很好的再现,如德国湾、北海南部、波的尼亚湾、芬兰湾和里加湾。海平面变化与平均海平面气压和带状风高度相关,尤其是在德国港湾和冬季。河流径流和净降水量对春季净通量的影响很大。本地风对净通量的影响比远距离风的影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
The sensitivity of tidal asymmetry descriptors in the Ems estuary 埃姆斯河口潮汐不对称描述符的敏感性
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01622-x
Anna Wünsche, Marius Becker, Ralf Fritzsch, Jessica Kelln, Christian Winter

Tidal asymmetry in estuaries and other tidally dominated coastal systems is commonly evaluated to assess system states or their development. Based on different methods, local states are classified as either flood or ebb dominant. An increasing number of descriptors for deriving tidal asymmetry in recent years calls for a comparison and discussion of their sensitivity on input data and its quality. We compared tidal asymmetry from water level and current velocity using various descriptors that deduce from harmonic, ratio, and skewness methods. Computed from one-year measurements at different stations along the Ems estuary, their comparability was enabled by a new approach of scaling. Our results on the variation of sampling intervals demonstrated a highly site-specific sensitivity of the descriptors that led up to changes in the asymmetry direction in tidal duration asymmetry and phase lag. The slack water asymmetry appeared most sensitive to the studied parameter settings. As expected, variability of tidal asymmetry reduced with an increasing number of analyzed tides. At the same time, uncertainty from the asymmetry during spring or neap phases compared to spring-neap periods remained in all analyzed descriptors. Hence, the characterization of the estuary in terms of flood- or ebb-dominance depends critically on the quality and extent of the input data. For all parameter settings, the impact of river discharge on tidal asymmetry was pronounced but varied depending on the location in the estuary. The actual characterization of the effect of asymmetry, e.g., on sediment transport, is not conducted in this study. We propose that this requires a more comprehensive dataset, such as depth and cross-sectional variability of currents and sediment concentrations.

河口和其他潮汐主导型沿岸系统的潮汐不对称性通常是用来评估系统状态或其发展的。根据不同的方法,局部状态可分为洪水主导型和退潮主导型。近年来,用于推导潮汐不对称性的描述指标越来越多,需要对这些指标对输入数据及其 质量的敏感性进行比较和讨论。我们利用谐波法、比值法和偏度法推导出的各种描述符,比较了从水位和流速得出的潮汐不对称性。这些描述符是根据埃姆斯河口沿岸不同站点的一年测量数据计算得出的,采用了一种新的缩放方法,使其具有可比性。我们对采样间隔变化的研究结果表明,描述因子对潮汐持续时间不对称和相位滞后的不对称方向变化具有高度的特定站点敏感性。松弛水域的不对称对所研究的参数设置最为敏感。正如预期的那样,潮汐不对称的可变性随着分析潮汐次数的增加而减小。同时,在所有分析的描述因子中,春季或新潮期与春季-新潮期的不对称仍存在不确定性。因此,以洪水或退潮为主来描述河口特征,关键取决于输入数据的质量和范围。在所有参数设置中,河流排放量对潮汐不对称的影响都很明显,但因河口位置不同而各异。本研究没有对不对称的影响进行实际描述,例如对泥沙输运的影响。我们建议,这需要更全面的数据集,如水流深度和横截面变化以及沉积物浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Response of wind stress and surface wave to the gusts under swell and wind-wave conditions 涌浪和风浪条件下风应力和表面波对阵风的响应
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01623-w
Jing Ren, Sheng Chen, Xunqiang Yin, Yuhuan Xue, Yongqing Yu, Zhanli Wang, Fangli Qiao

Wind gusts play an important role in the modulation of wind stress and have remarkable influence on surface waves. The response of wind stress and surface wave to wind gusts is investigated under wind-wave and swell dominated conditions through direct flux measurements on two coastal towers in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea. Observations show that wind stress significantly increases under gusty conditions compared to non-gusty conditions whether dominated by wind-waves or swells. The stronger the gusts, the greater the increase in wind stress. However, surface waves show different responses to the gusts under wind-wave and swell dominated conditions. When wind-waves dominate, the stronger the gust, the higher the significant wave height, while when swells dominate, the relatively lower the significant wave height. The separation of wind-wave and swell spectra indicates gusts can increase the wind-wave energy and decrease the swell energy. The weakening of swell and the strengthening of wind-wave may lead to an increase in wind stress.

阵风在风应力调制中起着重要作用,并对面波有显著影响。通过对渤海和南海两个沿岸塔的直接通量测量,研究了风浪主导条件下风应力和面波对阵风的响应。观测结果表明,与非阵风条件相比,无论是风浪主导还是涌浪主导,阵风条件下的风应力都会显著增加。阵风越强,风应力增加越大。不过,在风浪和涌浪主导的条件下,表面波对阵风的反应有所不同。当风浪主导时,阵风越强,显著波高越高,而当涌浪主导时,显著波高相对较低。风浪和涌浪频谱的分离表明阵风可以增加风浪能量,减少涌浪能量。涌浪的减弱和风浪的增强可能会导致风应力的增加。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the sub-annual sea level anomalies in the continental shelf of the Southwestern Atlantic and their relation to wind variability 西南大西洋大陆架次年海平面异常及其与风力变化的关系评估
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01621-y
Marie-Christin Juhl, Marcello Passaro, Denise Dettmering, Martin Saraceno

We have analyzed the relationship between wind variability and sea level anomalies (SLA) on the Southwestern Atlantic Continental Shelf, focusing on sub-annual temporal scales. For this, we tested the capability of gridded altimetry to represent wind-driven SLA and compared results using an oceanographic model and tide gauge data. The present study used coherence analysis to analyze frequencies for which SLA and wind stress are coherent. The altimetry-SLA were found to have less energy below the three-month period compared to the model SLA. The coherence of along-shore wind stress and altimetry SLA was only significant for > 50 days (d), while the model SLA showed significant agreement in all periods considered, 20 d to annual. We further showed that geostrophic velocities on the continental shelf agreed significantly with SLA for > 50 d. As a result of an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, we found that the second mode is highly coherent with the along-shore wind stress and accounts for 18.1% and 10.7% of variability in the model and altimetry sea level anomalies, respectively.

我们分析了西南大西洋大陆架风力变化与海平面异常(SLA)之间的关系,重点是次年度时间尺度。为此,我们测试了网格测高法表示风驱动海平面异常的能力,并利用海洋学模型和验潮数据对结果进行了比较。本研究利用相干性分析来分析 SLA 与风压相干的频率。与模式 SLA 相比,测高 SLA 在三个月周期以下的能量较小。沿岸风应力与测高 SLA 的一致性仅在 50 天(d)内显著,而模式 SLA 在 20 天至全年的所有时段均显示出显著的一致性。通过经验正交函数(EOF)分析,我们发现第二模式与沿岸风压高度一致,分别占模式和测高海平面异常变化的 18.1%和 10.7%。
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引用次数: 0
Relative dispersion and relative diffusivities in an ocean-wave coupled model of the North Sea 北海海洋波耦合模型中的相对扩散和相对扩散率
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01619-6
Luciana Villa Castrillón, Marcel Ricker, Joanna Staneva, Jens Meyerjürgens, Thomas H. Badewien, Emil V. Stanev

The study analyzes the impact of various wave-induced processes on relative dispersion and diffusivities in the North Sea using OpenDrift, a Lagrangian particle-drift model driven by a fully coupled NEMO-WAM model. The coupled model parameterizations include sea state-dependent momentum flux, energy flux, and wave-induced mixing. The study demonstrates that Eulerian currents, influenced by the interaction between the ocean and wave models, significantly enhance particle transport. Experiments conducted using drifter clusters obtained during an RV Heincke excursion further confirm the impact of wind-wave coupling. The analysis includes a comparison of results from experiments with and without wave coupling. The impact of diffusion in the Lagrangian model on relative dispersion is investigated, with the conclusion that diffusion is essential for achieving precise simulations. Furthermore, the incorporation of wind-wave-driven mixing parameters, including sea state-dependent momentum flux, energy flux, and wave-induced mixing, into the hydrodynamic model leads to elevated levels of relative dispersion and diffusivity.

该研究利用由完全耦合的 NEMO-WAM 模型驱动的拉格朗日粒子漂移模型 OpenDrift,分析了各种波浪诱导过程对北海相对弥散和扩散的影响。耦合模型参数化包括与海况相关的动量通量、能量通量和波浪诱导混合。研究表明,欧拉海流受海洋和波浪模型之间相互作用的影响,能显著增强粒子的传输。利用 RV Heincke 游程中获得的漂流簇进行的实验进一步证实了风浪耦合的影响。分析包括对有波浪耦合和无波浪耦合实验结果的比较。研究了拉格朗日模型中的扩散对相对分散的影响,得出的结论是扩散对实现精确模拟至关重要。此外,将风浪驱动的混合参数(包括与海况有关的动量通量、能量通量和波浪诱导的混合)纳入流体力学模型,会导致相对弥散和扩散水平的提高。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and numerical investigation of shelf flow crossing over a strait 陆架流穿越海峡的实验和数值研究
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01617-8
Joseph Kuehl, Vitalii A. Sheremet

Motivated by the phenomenon of Scotian Shelf Crossover events, the problem of a shelf flow that is interrupted by a strait is considered. Laboratory experiments in a rotating tank with barotropic and baroclinic flow over flat and sloping shelves confirm that the flow is steered by the bathymetric contours and mainly circumnavigates the gulf. In order to jump across the strait, as suggested by earlier theories, the flow must have unrealistically high Rossby numbers. However, the near bottom friction relaxes the bathymetric constraint and causes the formation of a peculiar jet crossing the strait diagonally. For the dissipation values such that a half of the transport goes around the gulf and half crosses the strait diagonally, the diagonal crossover jet becomes most evident. Numerical solutions for realistic values of the frictional parameter reproduce the results of the laboratory experiments and consideration of the actual Gulf of Maine bathymetry reproduces patterns similar to those observed by drift trajectories and in the satellite derived sea surface temperature fields.

受斯科舍陆架交叉现象的启发,研究了被海峡阻断的陆架流问题。在一个旋转水槽中进行的实验室实验证实,在平坦和倾斜的大陆架上,气流受水深轮廓线的引导,主要环绕海湾流动。正如早期理论所认为的那样,为了跃过海峡,气流必须具有不切实际的高罗斯比数。然而,近底摩擦力放松了测深约束,导致形成了斜向穿越海峡的奇特射流。在消散值为一半流体环绕海湾,一半流体斜向穿过海峡时,斜向交叉射流最为明显。摩擦参数实际值的数值解重现了实验室实验的结果,对缅因湾实际水深的考虑重现了与漂移轨迹和卫星得出的海面温度场观测到的模式相似的模式。
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引用次数: 0
Phytoplankton community responses to the combined effects of internal waves and anticyclonic eddies shed from the Kuroshio intrusion 浮游植物群落对黑潮入侵产生的内波和反气旋涡流综合影响的反应
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01618-7
Yanping Zhong, Xiaolin Bai, Edward A. Laws, Wenfang Lu, Zhida Huang, Wupeng Xiao, Jixin Chen, Lingqi Ma, Xin Liu, Bangqin Huang

The anticyclonic eddies (ACEs) shed from the Kuroshio intrusion often interact with internal waves (IWs). Those interactions are complex but play an important role in the biogeochemical effects in the northern South China Sea (SCS). However, previous studies on these interactions have mainly focused on physical processes, while biological responses to their interactions have been unclear. In this study, results of two field cruises with focus on two sets of high-frequency time-series observations over the continental slope of the SCS during the summers of 2016 and 2017 revealed that phytoplankton in the euphotic zone were affected by both IWs and ACEs shed from the Kuroshio Current. Distinct surface distributions of phytoplankton were attributable to different sources of the water, Kuroshio intrusions and the plume from the Pearl River. However, similarities of phytoplankton biomass and community composition in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in both years could be explained by the similar upward transport of nutrients induced by combinations of small-amplitude IWs and mature ACEs in 2016 and large-amplitude IWs in 2017. The distinct vertical distributions of the phytoplankton community in both years were attributable to the different responses of phytoplankton groups to the direct effects of isopycnal uplifting, bottom-up controls, and top-down controls. Our results showed that the ecological effects of the interactions between IWs and ACEs shed from the Kuroshio water were complex, and those complex effects further influenced the structure of this marginal sea ecosystem.

黑潮入侵产生的反气旋涡(ACE)经常与内波(IW)相互作用。这些相互作用非常复杂,但对南海北部的生物地球化学效应起着重要作用。然而,以往对这些相互作用的研究主要集中在物理过程上,而对其相互作用的生物反应还不清楚。在本研究中,通过对 2016 年和 2017 年夏季 SCS 大陆坡的两组高频时间序列观测结果显示,透光层中的浮游植物同时受到黑潮的 IWs 和 ACEs 的影响。浮游植物不同的表面分布可归因于不同的水源、黑潮入侵和珠江羽流。然而,这两年次表层叶绿素最高层的浮游植物生物量和群落组成相似,这可以解释为 2016 年的小波幅 IWs 和成熟 ACEs 组合以及 2017 年的大波幅 IWs 诱导了相似的营养物质向上输送。这两年浮游植物群落不同的垂直分布可归因于浮游植物群对等压上升、自下而上控制和自上而下控制的直接影响的不同反应。我们的研究结果表明,黑潮水体中的IWs和ACEs之间的相互作用产生了复杂的生态效应,这些复杂效应进一步影响了这一边缘海生态系统的结构。
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引用次数: 0
A snapshot of turbulence in the Northeastern Magellan Strait 麦哲伦海峡东北部湍流快照
IF 2.3 3区 地球科学 Q2 OCEANOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10236-024-01613-y
Iossif Lozovatsky, Cristian Escauriaza, Leandro Suarez, Harindra J. S. Fernando, Megan Williams, Ronald Scott Coppersmith, Nicolas Mayorga

First-ever measurements of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate in the northeastern Strait of Magellan (Segunda Angostura region) taken in March 2019 are reported here. At the time of microstructure measurements, the magnitude of the reversing tidal current ranged between 0.8 and 1.2 ms−1. The probability distribution of the TKE dissipation rate in the water interior above the bottom boundary layer was lognormal with a high median value ({varepsilon }_{med}^{MS}=1.2times {10}^{-6}) Wkg−1. Strong vertical shear, (left(1-2right)times {10}^{-2}) s−1, in the weakly stratified water interior ensued a sub-critical gradient Richardson number (Ri<{10}^{-1}-{10}^{-2}). In the bottom boundary layer (BBL), the vertical shear and the TKE dissipation rate both decreased exponentially with the distance from the seafloor (xi), leading to a turbulent regime with an eddy viscosity ({K}_{M}sim {10}^{-3}) m2/s, which varied with time and location, while being independent of the vertical coordinate in the upper part of BBL (for (xi >sim 2) meters above the bottom).

本文报告了 2019 年 3 月在麦哲伦海峡东北部(Segunda Angostura 地区)首次测量的湍流动能(TKE)耗散率。在进行微结构测量时,逆转潮流的幅度在 0.8 至 1.2 ms-1 之间。底部边界层上方水体内部的 TKE 消散率的概率分布呈对数正态分布,中值较高({varepsilon }_{med}^{MS}=1.2/times {10}^{-6})Wkg-1。在弱分层的水体内部,强烈的垂直剪切力(((left(1-2right)times {10}^{-2})s-1)导致了亚临界梯度理查森数((Ri<{10}^{-1}-{10}^{-2})。在底部边界层(BBL)中,垂直切变和 TKE 消散率都随着与海底距离的增加而呈指数下降,从而导致湍流系统的涡流粘度({K}_{M}sim {10}^{-3}) m2/s)随时间和位置变化,而与 BBL 上部的垂直坐标无关(对于 (xi >;米)。
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引用次数: 0
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Ocean Dynamics
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