Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124546
Yuerui Jin , Junning Pan , Biyao Zhai , Fan Yang , Zhaojun Wang , Yue Zhao
Although wave overtopping at seawalls has been extensively studied, the influence of wind on wave overtopping discharge remains insufficiently quantified. This study explores the influence of wind on seawall overtopping behaviour by combining physical experiments with numerical simulations. A wind-wave coupled numerical model based on olaFlow is developed, and the results of the numerical simulations are validated through physical experiments to ensure the reliability of the model. The results show that wave overtopping discharge and overtopping layer thickness decrease with increasing relative freeboard and increase with rising wind speed, with the wind effect being most pronounced under conditions of large relative freeboard and high wave steepness. Based on the above findings, this study proposes an empirical correction formula to quantify the effects of onshore wind on wave overtopping discharge, thereby effectively improving the accuracy of overtopping prediction and its practical applicability in coastal engineering.
{"title":"The impact of onshore wind on regular wave overtopping at Accropode-armoured seawall","authors":"Yuerui Jin , Junning Pan , Biyao Zhai , Fan Yang , Zhaojun Wang , Yue Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although wave overtopping at seawalls has been extensively studied, the influence of wind on wave overtopping discharge remains insufficiently quantified. This study explores the influence of wind on seawall overtopping behaviour by combining physical experiments with numerical simulations. A wind-wave coupled numerical model based on <em>olaFlow</em> is developed, and the results of the numerical simulations are validated through physical experiments to ensure the reliability of the model. The results show that wave overtopping discharge and overtopping layer thickness decrease with increasing relative freeboard and increase with rising wind speed, with the wind effect being most pronounced under conditions of large relative freeboard and high wave steepness. Based on the above findings, this study proposes an empirical correction formula to quantify the effects of onshore wind on wave overtopping discharge, thereby effectively improving the accuracy of overtopping prediction and its practical applicability in coastal engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124546"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124529
Xinwei Lu , Liang Cheng , Jianbo Wu , Yuchen Lu , Jiangxiong Li , Yinglin Ke
The accuracy of manoeuvring model identification for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) is often compromised by measurement noise and outliers in speed signal recordings. To address this issue, we propose a robust maneuvering parameter identification framework based on Bayesian quantile regression with horseshoe priors. By incorporating rudder effectiveness coefficients into an improved low-order maneuvering model, both hydrodynamic and actuation-related parameters can be identified in a unified manner. The proposed approach effectively suppresses heavy-tailed noise and abnormal samples without relying on Gaussian noise assumptions. Its effectiveness is validated through simulation and experimental studies, including zigzag maneuvers, demonstrating robust performance against measurement noise and outliers and confirming its practical applicability.
{"title":"Robust maneuvering parameter identification for AUV using Bayesian quantile regression with horseshoe priors","authors":"Xinwei Lu , Liang Cheng , Jianbo Wu , Yuchen Lu , Jiangxiong Li , Yinglin Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accuracy of manoeuvring model identification for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) is often compromised by measurement noise and outliers in speed signal recordings. To address this issue, we propose a robust maneuvering parameter identification framework based on Bayesian quantile regression with horseshoe priors. By incorporating rudder effectiveness coefficients into an improved low-order maneuvering model, both hydrodynamic and actuation-related parameters can be identified in a unified manner. The proposed approach effectively suppresses heavy-tailed noise and abnormal samples without relying on Gaussian noise assumptions. Its effectiveness is validated through simulation and experimental studies, including zigzag maneuvers, demonstrating robust performance against measurement noise and outliers and confirming its practical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124529"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124445
Daosheng Ning, Shan Wang, C. Guedes Soares
This study aims to investigate the influence of three-dimensional (3D) and hydroelastic effects on the slamming characteristics of a rectangular plate during high-speed water entry. The water entry of a rigid plate impacting a calm water surface at constant velocity and an initial pitch angle is simulated using the open-source software OpenFOAM, combined with the overset mesh technique and the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. A two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model for an elastic plate is further developed by coupling OpenFOAM, preCICE, and CalculiX. The results indicate that the wetted area in 2D cases is significantly larger than in 3D cases, reaching up to 2.8 times greater for rigid bodies and 1.9 times greater for elastic bodies. A smaller initial pitch angle reduces discrepancies between the 2D and 3D results. In 2D cases, pressure peaks occur earlier and are higher. At two representative pressure monitoring locations, the 3D pressure is approximately 22 % lower than the 2D pressure at the forward location and around 32 % lower near the centre. In elastic-body cases, deformation delays the pressure peak due to partial absorption of impact energy. Compared to the 3D model, the 2D model substantially overestimates the structural strain and displacement, and also predicts an earlier structural response.
{"title":"Analysis of three-dimensional and hydroelastic effects on high-velocity water entry of a rectangular plate","authors":"Daosheng Ning, Shan Wang, C. Guedes Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the influence of three-dimensional (3D) and hydroelastic effects on the slamming characteristics of a rectangular plate during high-speed water entry. The water entry of a rigid plate impacting a calm water surface at constant velocity and an initial pitch angle is simulated using the open-source software OpenFOAM, combined with the overset mesh technique and the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. A two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model for an elastic plate is further developed by coupling OpenFOAM, preCICE, and CalculiX. The results indicate that the wetted area in 2D cases is significantly larger than in 3D cases, reaching up to 2.8 times greater for rigid bodies and 1.9 times greater for elastic bodies. A smaller initial pitch angle reduces discrepancies between the 2D and 3D results. In 2D cases, pressure peaks occur earlier and are higher. At two representative pressure monitoring locations, the 3D pressure is approximately 22 % lower than the 2D pressure at the forward location and around 32 % lower near the centre. In elastic-body cases, deformation delays the pressure peak due to partial absorption of impact energy. Compared to the 3D model, the 2D model substantially overestimates the structural strain and displacement, and also predicts an earlier structural response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124445"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544
Tonio Sant
Offshore wind energy is a cornerstone of the global drive to decarbonise the economy. Despite the rapid advances in the technology, the phenomenon of wind turbine wakes still poses a major challenge to maximizing farm performance and minimizing energy losses. This literature review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent research related to aerodynamic wake losses in offshore wind farms and the management strategies being developed to mitigate them. The paper first discusses the fundamental physics of wind farm wake losses, the present numerical models for quantifying such losses, and the growing importance of spatial planning in minimizing farm-to-farm wake effects. It then evaluates main wake management techniques including farm layout optimisation, low induction operation, wake steering via yaw, pitch control, variable rotor hub heights, innovative flow enhancement techniques using airborne systems such kites, and dynamic positioning of floating turbines. Each method is assessed in terms of fundamental operating principles, reported energy yield improvement, and limitations. The review concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and future research directions to be pursued, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches, real-time control, and experimental validation.
{"title":"Progress in the modelling and management of offshore wind farm wakes: A literature review","authors":"Tonio Sant","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Offshore wind energy is a cornerstone of the global drive to decarbonise the economy. Despite the rapid advances in the technology, the phenomenon of wind turbine wakes still poses a major challenge to maximizing farm performance and minimizing energy losses. This literature review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent research related to aerodynamic wake losses in offshore wind farms and the management strategies being developed to mitigate them. The paper first discusses the fundamental physics of wind farm wake losses, the present numerical models for quantifying such losses, and the growing importance of spatial planning in minimizing farm-to-farm wake effects. It then evaluates main wake management techniques including farm layout optimisation, low induction operation, wake steering via yaw, pitch control, variable rotor hub heights, innovative flow enhancement techniques using airborne systems such kites, and dynamic positioning of floating turbines. Each method is assessed in terms of fundamental operating principles, reported energy yield improvement, and limitations. The review concludes by identifying knowledge gaps and future research directions to be pursued, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches, real-time control, and experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124528
Zidong Ai, Shou-Xiang Yan, Bao-Lin Zhang
Recoil control of deepwater drilling risers post-emergency disconnection is critical to offshore engineering safety. To address the limitations of existing research, namely insufficient coupling of tensioner nonlinearities and fixed time delay that fails to adapt to dynamic system variations, this paper proposes an intelligent feedback control approach based on Q-learning-optimized active time delays. First, by accounting for platform heave motion, fluid frictional resistance, and analyzing nonlinear piston friction, pressure loss, and yaw angle, a nonlinear recoil model of the riser-tensioner-discharge fluid coupled system is established, enhancing the accuracy of dynamic description. Second, a time-delay dependent feedback controller with feedforward compensation is constructed to suppress riser recoil. Third, under the Q-learning framework, a set of optimal time delays are intelligently tuned according to a reward function balancing system performance and control cost. Simulation results verify that the proposed approach not only yields remarkable enhancements in recoil suppression performance but also realizes a multi-objective optimal tradeoff of lower control cost, enhanced steady-state performance and reduced settling time.
{"title":"Active time-delay recoil control for deepwater drilling riser systems: A Q-learning-based approach","authors":"Zidong Ai, Shou-Xiang Yan, Bao-Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recoil control of deepwater drilling risers post-emergency disconnection is critical to offshore engineering safety. To address the limitations of existing research, namely insufficient coupling of tensioner nonlinearities and fixed time delay that fails to adapt to dynamic system variations, this paper proposes an intelligent feedback control approach based on Q-learning-optimized active time delays. First, by accounting for platform heave motion, fluid frictional resistance, and analyzing nonlinear piston friction, pressure loss, and yaw angle, a nonlinear recoil model of the riser-tensioner-discharge fluid coupled system is established, enhancing the accuracy of dynamic description. Second, a time-delay dependent feedback controller with feedforward compensation is constructed to suppress riser recoil. Third, under the Q-learning framework, a set of optimal time delays are intelligently tuned according to a reward function balancing system performance and control cost. Simulation results verify that the proposed approach not only yields remarkable enhancements in recoil suppression performance but also realizes a multi-objective optimal tradeoff of lower control cost, enhanced steady-state performance and reduced settling time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124528"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Floating Offshore Substations (FOSSs) are essential for far-offshore wind power. However, their design is constrained by the inherent conflict between load-bearing capacity and draft limitations. This challenge has kept FOSSs primarily at the conceptual stage, with a lack of mature design guidelines and established displacement criteria that is established to protect critical submarine cables. This study focused on the dynamic characteristics of submarine cables connected to FOSSs, and simulated a Cable–FOSSs model under dynamic wave load control. The tensile tension and bending curvature of the 100-m-deep cable under different design loads were measured. The maximum displacement of the top FOSSs when the cable first reached tensile or bending failure was analyzed, and optimization schemes related to cable attachments were made based on the failure forms. The simulation results show that the failure location and form of the cable connected to FOSSs are closely related to the layout. The obtained displacement limit is approximately 9-13% of the water depth. After optimization, the maximum value can reach 17.5% of the water depth. This provides key design criteria for the overall design of FOSSs and promotes the further construction of large-scale wind power facilities in the deep sea.
{"title":"Research on drift limits for floating offshore substations based on the mechanical strength of dynamic cables","authors":"Binghao Zhao , Haozhi Wang , Xudong Yan , Yu Wei , Cheng Zhang , Shanghua Wu , Dayong Zhang , Qianjin Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating Offshore Substations (FOSSs) are essential for far-offshore wind power. However, their design is constrained by the inherent conflict between load-bearing capacity and draft limitations. This challenge has kept FOSSs primarily at the conceptual stage, with a lack of mature design guidelines and established displacement criteria that is established to protect critical submarine cables. This study focused on the dynamic characteristics of submarine cables connected to FOSSs, and simulated a Cable–FOSSs model under dynamic wave load control. The tensile tension and bending curvature of the 100-m-deep cable under different design loads were measured. The maximum displacement of the top FOSSs when the cable first reached tensile or bending failure was analyzed, and optimization schemes related to cable attachments were made based on the failure forms. The simulation results show that the failure location and form of the cable connected to FOSSs are closely related to the layout. The obtained displacement limit is approximately 9-13% of the water depth. After optimization, the maximum value can reach 17.5% of the water depth. This provides key design criteria for the overall design of FOSSs and promotes the further construction of large-scale wind power facilities in the deep sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124514"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124510
Hao Li , Jun Wei , Di Zhang , Yonghui Xie , Fahui Zhu
This study investigates the unsteady flow characteristics and the mechanisms of active control and passive design for flapping foils under complex operating conditions. Numerical simulations are first conducted to analyze the transient nonlinear flow behavior of the flapping foil across varying flow velocities and inflow directions. The coupled effects of key active control parameters are systematically examined. A quantitative relation of is identified under optimal conditions, while the combined influence of pitching amplitude and phase difference highlights the critical role of foil kinematics in determining energy harvesting efficiency. The numerical results further clarify the evolution of vortex shedding and its actively regulated impact on power extraction. Moreover, integrated PIV measurements and simulations examine flow behavior and energy harvesting under different Reynolds numbers, pitching amplitudes, and passive configurations. Results show energy dissipation at low velocities, efficiency improvement with increasing Reynolds number, and a non-monotonic effect of pitching amplitude peaking at = 78°. Passive parameters significantly influence flow separation and vortex shedding, with NACA 0015 and 1/3c pitching axis performing best. Direct comparison between experiments and simulations validates vortex dynamics evolution. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of multi-parameter coupling and practical guidance for optimizing flow control, foil kinematics, and passive design.
{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of active control and passive design for energy harvesting flapping foils under multi-parameter coupling","authors":"Hao Li , Jun Wei , Di Zhang , Yonghui Xie , Fahui Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the unsteady flow characteristics and the mechanisms of active control and passive design for flapping foils under complex operating conditions. Numerical simulations are first conducted to analyze the transient nonlinear flow behavior of the flapping foil across varying flow velocities and inflow directions. The coupled effects of key active control parameters are systematically examined. A quantitative relation of <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.15</mn></mrow></math></span> is identified under optimal conditions, while the combined influence of pitching amplitude and phase difference highlights the critical role of foil kinematics in determining energy harvesting efficiency. The numerical results further clarify the evolution of vortex shedding and its actively regulated impact on power extraction. Moreover, integrated PIV measurements and simulations examine flow behavior and energy harvesting under different Reynolds numbers, pitching amplitudes, and passive configurations. Results show energy dissipation at low velocities, efficiency improvement with increasing Reynolds number, and a non-monotonic effect of pitching amplitude peaking at <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> = 78°. Passive parameters significantly influence flow separation and vortex shedding, with NACA 0015 and 1/3c pitching axis performing best. Direct comparison between experiments and simulations validates vortex dynamics evolution. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of multi-parameter coupling and practical guidance for optimizing flow control, foil kinematics, and passive design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124593
Qiuying Li , Guanghao Chen , Nan Jiang , Jinhui Yue , Longjun Wang , Jian Liu
Wake-induced vibration (WIV) of a downstream cylinder in tandem configurations is governed by coupled wake development and structural dynamics, yet robust quantitative interpretation across diverse experimental conditions remains challenging. In this study, a comprehensive multi-source database of downstream-cylinder WIV cases is established and analyzed using an interpretable machine-learning framework integrating Random Forest (RF) regression and accumulated local effects (ALE). The RF model achieves strong predictive performance on an independent test set (R2 ≈ 0.98, RMSE ≈ 0.06), and additional stratified sampling checks confirm the consistency of key parameter distributions between training and test subsets. ALE-based interpretations reveal that the reduced velocity Ur and the spacing ratio L/D dominate the response and exhibit intrinsically coupled, non-separable effects that control excitation onset. Structural parameters (mass ratio, damping, and diameter ratio) primarily modulate vibration amplitude after activation, while no universal amplitude envelope can be identified across the assembled dataset even under normalization by the activation measure. Guided by these findings, an explicit activation function g (Ur, L/D) is proposed to represent conditional excitation, enabling an “activation-modulation” framework that disentangles wake-driven activation from post-activation structural modulation. The study provides a physically grounded and reproducible pathway for organizing tandem-cylinder WIV responses beyond conventional empirical amplitude correlations.
{"title":"Wake-induced vibration of a downstream cylinder in tandem configurations: an activation-modulation framework","authors":"Qiuying Li , Guanghao Chen , Nan Jiang , Jinhui Yue , Longjun Wang , Jian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wake-induced vibration (WIV) of a downstream cylinder in tandem configurations is governed by coupled wake development and structural dynamics, yet robust quantitative interpretation across diverse experimental conditions remains challenging. In this study, a comprehensive multi-source database of downstream-cylinder WIV cases is established and analyzed using an interpretable machine-learning framework integrating Random Forest (RF) regression and accumulated local effects (ALE). The RF model achieves strong predictive performance on an independent test set (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.98, RMSE ≈ 0.06), and additional stratified sampling checks confirm the consistency of key parameter distributions between training and test subsets. ALE-based interpretations reveal that the reduced velocity <em>U</em><sub><em>r</em></sub> and the spacing ratio <em>L/D</em> dominate the response and exhibit intrinsically coupled, non-separable effects that control excitation onset. Structural parameters (mass ratio, damping, and diameter ratio) primarily modulate vibration amplitude after activation, while no universal amplitude envelope can be identified across the assembled dataset even under normalization by the activation measure. Guided by these findings, an explicit activation function <em>g</em> (<em>U</em><sub><em>r</em></sub>, <em>L/D</em>) is proposed to represent conditional excitation, enabling an “activation-modulation” framework that disentangles wake-driven activation from post-activation structural modulation. The study provides a physically grounded and reproducible pathway for organizing tandem-cylinder WIV responses beyond conventional empirical amplitude correlations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124517
Xinde Yang , Hongdong Wang , Runtao Zhang , Shiping Sun , Mingyang Zhang
Significant wave height (SWH) is a critical parameter for ocean state characterization with direct relevance to navigation safety, marine forecasting, and offshore engineering. Traditional SWH sensors are reliable but costly and inflexible. Shipborne vision is cheaper but sensitive to motion and lighting changes. Vision-based techniques offer a low-cost alternative; however, their accuracy degrades under shipborne conditions due to image blur, viewpoint drift, and dynamic disturbances. This paper presents an attitude-aware spatiotemporal deep learning framework for shipborne SWH estimation. Image and attitude encoders are fused with temporal attention to output real-time SWH estimates. The proposed model fuses sequential ocean surface images with synchronized ship attitude data and employs a multi-head self-attention mechanism to jointly capture wave dynamics and compensate for vessel-induced motion. A high-fidelity simulation platform was developed to generate multimodal datasets across 47 sea states, with buoy-derived SWH serving as ground-truth supervision. Experimental results demonstrate stable convergence and high predictive accuracy, with MAE = 0.025 m, RMSE = 0.032 m, and R2 = 0.994. The method outperforms single-frame and image-only baselines by more than 65%, while maintaining robustness under unseen sea states and rough conditions exceeding 2.0 m. These findings confirm that integrating attitude compensation and temporal modeling enables accurate, efficient, and real-time wave height estimation, providing a viable solution for intelligent shipborne perception and maritime safety applications.
有效波高（SWH）是表征海洋状态的关键参数，与航行安全、海洋预报和近海工程直接相关。传统的SWH传感器虽然可靠，但价格昂贵且不灵活。船载视觉更便宜，但对运动和光线变化很敏感。基于视觉的技术提供了一种低成本的替代方案；然而，由于图像模糊、视点漂移和动态干扰，它们的精度在舰载条件下会下降。提出了一种姿态感知的舰载SWH估计时空深度学习框架。图像和姿态编码器与时间关注相融合，输出实时SWH估计。该模型融合了连续的海面图像和同步的船舶姿态数据，并采用多头自关注机制共同捕获波浪动力学并补偿船舶引起的运动。开发了一个高保真仿真平台，用于生成横跨47个海况的多模态数据集，并使用浮标衍生的SWH作为地面实况监督。实验结果表明，收敛性稳定，预测精度高，MAE = 0.025 m, RMSE = 0.032 m, R2 = 0.994。该方法比单帧基线和纯图像基线的性能高出65%以上，同时在不可见的海况和超过2.0 m的恶劣条件下保持鲁棒性。这些发现证实，集成姿态补偿和时间建模可以实现准确、高效和实时的波高估计，为智能船载感知和海上安全应用提供可行的解决方案。
{"title":"A deep learning method for spatiotemporal significant wave height estimation with ship attitude compensation","authors":"Xinde Yang , Hongdong Wang , Runtao Zhang , Shiping Sun , Mingyang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant wave height (SWH) is a critical parameter for ocean state characterization with direct relevance to navigation safety, marine forecasting, and offshore engineering. Traditional SWH sensors are reliable but costly and inflexible. Shipborne vision is cheaper but sensitive to motion and lighting changes. Vision-based techniques offer a low-cost alternative; however, their accuracy degrades under shipborne conditions due to image blur, viewpoint drift, and dynamic disturbances. This paper presents an attitude-aware spatiotemporal deep learning framework for shipborne SWH estimation. Image and attitude encoders are fused with temporal attention to output real-time SWH estimates. The proposed model fuses sequential ocean surface images with synchronized ship attitude data and employs a multi-head self-attention mechanism to jointly capture wave dynamics and compensate for vessel-induced motion. A high-fidelity simulation platform was developed to generate multimodal datasets across 47 sea states, with buoy-derived SWH serving as ground-truth supervision. Experimental results demonstrate stable convergence and high predictive accuracy, with MAE = 0.025 m, RMSE = 0.032 m, and R2 = 0.994. The method outperforms single-frame and image-only baselines by more than 65%, while maintaining robustness under unseen sea states and rough conditions exceeding 2.0 m. These findings confirm that integrating attitude compensation and temporal modeling enables accurate, efficient, and real-time wave height estimation, providing a viable solution for intelligent shipborne perception and maritime safety applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124535
Ya Zhong , Zhiqun Guo , Haolan Lu , Qingyan Zhao , Zhenglin Li
The flexible skirt is crucial for air-cushion vehicles (ACVs), and its dynamic response during air leakage is a classic fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem. This study establishes a high-fidelity partitioned strong-coupling FSI framework using OpenFOAM, CalculiX, and preCICE. This framework was validated by systematic water channel experiments. We investigated the effects of flow rate () and initial immersion depth () on key parameters including effective air leakage height (). Results show that exhibits significant nonlinear growth with and remains positive even after the finger tips contact the water surface, quantitatively validating the nonlinear air leakage height theory. Spectral analysis identified two primary FSI pathways: low-frequency (2 to 30 Hz) cushion pressure fluctuations locked with vertical finger vibrations, demonstrating direct aerodynamic driving. Simultaneously, horizontal finger vibrations contained high-frequency components coupled with local structural modes, indicating excitation of the skirt's higher-order modes. With increasing flow rate and immersion depth, the skirt's response evolved from ordered, low-frequency motion to a chaotic, broadband response. This study provides new insights into the FSI mechanisms of ACV skirt air leakage and offers a reliable numerical tool for performance prediction and design optimization.
{"title":"Fluid - flexible skirts interaction during air leakage of an air-cushion vehicle on water surface","authors":"Ya Zhong , Zhiqun Guo , Haolan Lu , Qingyan Zhao , Zhenglin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flexible skirt is crucial for air-cushion vehicles (ACVs), and its dynamic response during air leakage is a classic fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem. This study establishes a high-fidelity partitioned strong-coupling FSI framework using OpenFOAM, CalculiX, and preCICE. This framework was validated by systematic water channel experiments. We investigated the effects of flow rate (<span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow></math></span>) and initial immersion depth (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>δ</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) on key parameters including effective air leakage height (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). Results show that <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> exhibits significant nonlinear growth with <span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow></math></span> and remains positive even after the finger tips contact the water surface, quantitatively validating the nonlinear air leakage height theory. Spectral analysis identified two primary FSI pathways: low-frequency (2 to 30 Hz) cushion pressure fluctuations locked with vertical finger vibrations, demonstrating direct aerodynamic driving. Simultaneously, horizontal finger vibrations contained high-frequency components coupled with local structural modes, indicating excitation of the skirt's higher-order modes. With increasing flow rate and immersion depth, the skirt's response evolved from ordered, low-frequency motion to a chaotic, broadband response. This study provides new insights into the FSI mechanisms of ACV skirt air leakage and offers a reliable numerical tool for performance prediction and design optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19403,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Engineering","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 124535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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