V. Pal, V. Gour, Paras Sharma, A. Choudhary, B. Rekadwad, Joginder Singh, K. Rani
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the antibacterial activity of oil derived from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) as well as the chemical composition of seed oil and the proximate analysis of oil cake. The oil content of the seeds is ∼ 17%. The seed oil was analyzed using GC-MS/FID, and the results showed that it contained a variety of fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. When employed with 100 µL, the oil did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The oil does not possess any antifungal action against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The oil cake is rich in protein and minerals. These findings imply that A. excelsa seed oil and oil cake have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries after ascertaining its non-toxic nature and absence of antinutrients. The oil is not having antibacterial activity hence it can be used as a part of nutrient media for bacterial cultures.
{"title":"Evaluation of chemical composition of seed oil and oil cake of Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb.) and its application","authors":"V. Pal, V. Gour, Paras Sharma, A. Choudhary, B. Rekadwad, Joginder Singh, K. Rani","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023015","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this investigation was to examine the antibacterial activity of oil derived from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) as well as the chemical composition of seed oil and the proximate analysis of oil cake. The oil content of the seeds is ∼ 17%. The seed oil was analyzed using GC-MS/FID, and the results showed that it contained a variety of fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. When employed with 100 µL, the oil did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The oil does not possess any antifungal action against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The oil cake is rich in protein and minerals. These findings imply that A. excelsa seed oil and oil cake have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries after ascertaining its non-toxic nature and absence of antinutrients. The oil is not having antibacterial activity hence it can be used as a part of nutrient media for bacterial cultures.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84549089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is anOpe Soybean is the major protein and oilseed crop of the world, which is utilized for the production of livestock feed, numerous food components, and non-food products. In 2021, world soybean production has reached an all-time-high with a global planting area of over 129million hectares. While Brazil and the United States were growing 39 and 34.9mio ha, respectively, the European soybean production area was about 5.5mio ha, of which only about 900 000 ha were grown in the European Union (FAOSTAT, 2023). This topical issue ofOCL on soybean is devoted to relevant questions related to production, breeding, processing, and feeding. In 11 different contributions, the issue provides insights into specific soybean cases discussed at present. The rapid expansion of soybean production in Brazil during the last 30 years is illustrated in terms of geography, yield increase, land protection, and economic importance (Cattelan and Dall’Agnol, 2018); increased soybean production in Brazil is closely associated with increased meat production both in Brazil and world-wide. In contrast, European Union soybean production (Debaeke et al., 2022) is evaluated in the light of its heavy dependency on overseas meal imports for feeding; the study demonstrates that only under a best-case scenario involving reduced meat consumption and thus increased arable land availability, soybean imports could be reduced to 15% by the year 2050. In Central European countries such as Germany, Austria or Switzerland, organic soybean production is gaining in importance. For Switzerland, Klaiss et al. (2020) take a look at the needs of organic soybean production such as weed competitiveness; they identified soy-food production as a main market driver, and they summarized practical organic soybean production guidelines. For simulating soybean production in Iran, crop modelling was implemented by utilizing model parameters from regional experimental results, which revealed potential yields in the range of 1.8 to 4.7 t ha 1 under Iranian growing conditions (Nehbandani et al., 2020). Genetic differences in soybean root architecture traits are of interest both to select for increased di-nitrogen fixation per unit area as well as for drought tolerance, but reliable and high-throughput imaging methods are required for appropriate
大豆是世界上主要的蛋白质和油料作物，用于生产牲畜饲料、许多食品成分和非食品产品。2021年，世界大豆产量创历史新高，全球种植面积超过1.29亿公顷。巴西和美国大豆种植面积分别为3900万公顷和3490万公顷，而欧洲大豆生产面积约为550万公顷，其中欧盟仅种植了约90万公顷(FAOSTAT, 2023年)。本期《大豆》专题讨论了大豆的生产、育种、加工和饲养等相关问题。在11篇不同的文章中，该问题提供了对目前讨论的具体大豆案例的见解。过去30年巴西大豆产量的快速扩张从地理、产量增加、土地保护和经济重要性等方面进行了说明(Cattelan和Dall 'Agnol, 2018);巴西大豆产量的增加与巴西和世界范围内肉类产量的增加密切相关。相比之下，欧盟大豆产量(Debaeke et al.， 2022)是根据其严重依赖海外进口饲料来评估的;该研究表明，只有在减少肉类消费从而增加耕地可用性的最佳情况下，到2050年大豆进口量才能减少到15%。在德国、奥地利或瑞士等中欧国家，有机大豆生产的重要性日益提高。对于瑞士，Klaiss等人(2020)研究了有机大豆生产的需求，如杂草竞争力;他们将大豆食品生产确定为主要的市场驱动力，并总结了实用的有机大豆生产指南。为了模拟伊朗的大豆生产，利用来自区域试验结果的模型参数实施了作物建模，结果显示，在伊朗的生长条件下，大豆的潜在产量在1.8至4.7吨/公顷之间(Nehbandani等，2020)。大豆根系结构性状的遗传差异对提高单位面积双固氮和耐旱性都有重要意义，但需要可靠和高通量的成像方法
{"title":"Introduction to the Soybean Topical Issue and the upcoming World Soybean Research Conference 11","authors":"J. Vollmann","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023007","url":null,"abstract":"This is anOpe Soybean is the major protein and oilseed crop of the world, which is utilized for the production of livestock feed, numerous food components, and non-food products. In 2021, world soybean production has reached an all-time-high with a global planting area of over 129million hectares. While Brazil and the United States were growing 39 and 34.9mio ha, respectively, the European soybean production area was about 5.5mio ha, of which only about 900 000 ha were grown in the European Union (FAOSTAT, 2023). This topical issue ofOCL on soybean is devoted to relevant questions related to production, breeding, processing, and feeding. In 11 different contributions, the issue provides insights into specific soybean cases discussed at present. The rapid expansion of soybean production in Brazil during the last 30 years is illustrated in terms of geography, yield increase, land protection, and economic importance (Cattelan and Dall’Agnol, 2018); increased soybean production in Brazil is closely associated with increased meat production both in Brazil and world-wide. In contrast, European Union soybean production (Debaeke et al., 2022) is evaluated in the light of its heavy dependency on overseas meal imports for feeding; the study demonstrates that only under a best-case scenario involving reduced meat consumption and thus increased arable land availability, soybean imports could be reduced to 15% by the year 2050. In Central European countries such as Germany, Austria or Switzerland, organic soybean production is gaining in importance. For Switzerland, Klaiss et al. (2020) take a look at the needs of organic soybean production such as weed competitiveness; they identified soy-food production as a main market driver, and they summarized practical organic soybean production guidelines. For simulating soybean production in Iran, crop modelling was implemented by utilizing model parameters from regional experimental results, which revealed potential yields in the range of 1.8 to 4.7 t ha 1 under Iranian growing conditions (Nehbandani et al., 2020). Genetic differences in soybean root architecture traits are of interest both to select for increased di-nitrogen fixation per unit area as well as for drought tolerance, but reliable and high-throughput imaging methods are required for appropriate","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81837121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mauricio Mosquera-Montoya, Daniel Eduardo Munévar Martínez, Elizabeth Ruiz Alvarez, Carlos Fontanilla-Díaz, Óscar Hernán Salamanca, José María Obregón Esguerra
Labor shortages are increasingly problematic in rural areas worldwide and, in particular, in the oil palm sector in Colombia. Therefore, alternative methods and systems that increase labor productivity, such as using machines for collecting and lifting fresh fruit bunches (FFB), are needed. In oil palm cultivation, the most labor-intensive process is harvesting. We aimed to assess the labor productivity (in t · FFB/person/day) of three harvesting systems using mechanized lifting systems (harvest A: manual cutting, manual harvesting using meshes, carts, and livestock and lifting using a hydraulic arm; harvest B: manual cutting, manual harvest using a tractor, and lifting using a side-turning container; and harvest C: manual cutting, mechanized harvest using a tractor-grabber, and lifting using a side-turning container). Two bunch density scenarios were considered. Data were collected from adult palm crops in three oil palm plantations in the Eastern Plains of Colombia, and similar crop yields were obtained. Labor productivity was 1.20–2.53 t · FFB/person/day depending on the FFB density and the harvest system. Finally, the cost per ton harvested was $ 8.9–$ 16.6 per ton, being lower in the systems that demanded fewer personnel. The highest labor productivity and the lowest cost per ton harvested were obtained for harvest C.
{"title":"Labor productivity assessment of three different mechanized harvest systems in Colombian oil palm crops","authors":"Mauricio Mosquera-Montoya, Daniel Eduardo Munévar Martínez, Elizabeth Ruiz Alvarez, Carlos Fontanilla-Díaz, Óscar Hernán Salamanca, José María Obregón Esguerra","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023014","url":null,"abstract":"Labor shortages are increasingly problematic in rural areas worldwide and, in particular, in the oil palm sector in Colombia. Therefore, alternative methods and systems that increase labor productivity, such as using machines for collecting and lifting fresh fruit bunches (FFB), are needed. In oil palm cultivation, the most labor-intensive process is harvesting. We aimed to assess the labor productivity (in t · FFB/person/day) of three harvesting systems using mechanized lifting systems (harvest A: manual cutting, manual harvesting using meshes, carts, and livestock and lifting using a hydraulic arm; harvest B: manual cutting, manual harvest using a tractor, and lifting using a side-turning container; and harvest C: manual cutting, mechanized harvest using a tractor-grabber, and lifting using a side-turning container). Two bunch density scenarios were considered. Data were collected from adult palm crops in three oil palm plantations in the Eastern Plains of Colombia, and similar crop yields were obtained. Labor productivity was 1.20–2.53 t · FFB/person/day depending on the FFB density and the harvest system. Finally, the cost per ton harvested was $ 8.9–$ 16.6 per ton, being lower in the systems that demanded fewer personnel. The highest labor productivity and the lowest cost per ton harvested were obtained for harvest C.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76262562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Broudiscou, A. Quinsac, V. Berthelot, P. Carré, S. Dauguet, C. Peyronnet
Quantitative information on the concurrent changes in major rumen microbial functions induced by dietary lipids in relation with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids is scarce. During a three-period essay (9 days per period), rapeseed (Brassica napus L., RO), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., SO) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., LO) oils at the high level of 80 g/kg dry matter input (DMI) and a control without oil were compared in four 1-L dual outflow fermenters inoculated with bovine rumen microbiota and maintained on a maize silage-based diet. Neither the fermentation medium pH and redox potential nor starch and protein degradabilities were significantly altered. Oil supply significantly decreased butyrate and methane specific productions of to the benefit of propionate and hydrogen specific productions and decreased the microbial protein outflow and synthesis efficiency while increasing the outflows of ammonia and isovalerate, these effects being amplified by the fatty acids’ unsaturation degree. Besides, with no impact of the degree of unsaturation, oil supply increased the amount of fermented hexose, the productions of all SCFAs except butyrate and the specific production of acetate. The rumen variables apparently sensitive to oil unsaturation degree were thus related either to metabolic hydrogen removal pathways or to protein metabolism.
{"title":"Differential effects of rapeseed, sunflower and linseed oils on rumen microbial functions in dual effluent fermenters on maize silage-based diet","authors":"L. Broudiscou, A. Quinsac, V. Berthelot, P. Carré, S. Dauguet, C. Peyronnet","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023003","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative information on the concurrent changes in major rumen microbial functions induced by dietary lipids in relation with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids is scarce. During a three-period essay (9 days per period), rapeseed (Brassica napus L., RO), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., SO) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., LO) oils at the high level of 80 g/kg dry matter input (DMI) and a control without oil were compared in four 1-L dual outflow fermenters inoculated with bovine rumen microbiota and maintained on a maize silage-based diet. Neither the fermentation medium pH and redox potential nor starch and protein degradabilities were significantly altered. Oil supply significantly decreased butyrate and methane specific productions of to the benefit of propionate and hydrogen specific productions and decreased the microbial protein outflow and synthesis efficiency while increasing the outflows of ammonia and isovalerate, these effects being amplified by the fatty acids’ unsaturation degree. Besides, with no impact of the degree of unsaturation, oil supply increased the amount of fermented hexose, the productions of all SCFAs except butyrate and the specific production of acetate. The rumen variables apparently sensitive to oil unsaturation degree were thus related either to metabolic hydrogen removal pathways or to protein metabolism.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87075772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Brahmi, Boualem Chennit, Houria Batrouni, Kenza Benallaoua, Khodir Madani, L. Boulekbache‐Makhlouf
Vegetable oils extracted from seeds and oleaginous fruits are a substantial source of bioactive compounds. In this study, oils of some fruit by-products were investigated and their composition and properties were compared. Apricot (ASO), melon (MSO), and watermelon (WSO) seed oils were extracted by cold pressing. The physico-chemical parameters and the contents of pigments were assessed using standard methods. The values of the physico-chemical parameters revealed the purity of the oils and it was recorded that the WSO has the best contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, which were 12.43 ± 0.71 mg/kg of oil, and 1.35 ± 0.02 mg equivalent of β-carotene/g oil, respectively. In addition, the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and their major fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. The ASO revealed the highest antioxidant activity in the quenching of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with inhibition percentage of 89.2 ± 2.3 after 30 minutes of contact. Likewise, the oils were explored for the fortification of margarine. The physicochemical parameters of the formulated margarines comply with the standards. The Rancimat test showed that the highest induction time (16.54 h) was assigned to margarine enriched with 150 μg/g of WSO. Hence, this oil can has numerous applications in other food industries.
{"title":"Valorization of apricot, melon, and watermelon by-products by extracting vegetable oils from their seeds and formulating margarine","authors":"F. Brahmi, Boualem Chennit, Houria Batrouni, Kenza Benallaoua, Khodir Madani, L. Boulekbache‐Makhlouf","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023009","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable oils extracted from seeds and oleaginous fruits are a substantial source of bioactive compounds. In this study, oils of some fruit by-products were investigated and their composition and properties were compared. Apricot (ASO), melon (MSO), and watermelon (WSO) seed oils were extracted by cold pressing. The physico-chemical parameters and the contents of pigments were assessed using standard methods. The values of the physico-chemical parameters revealed the purity of the oils and it was recorded that the WSO has the best contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, which were 12.43 ± 0.71 mg/kg of oil, and 1.35 ± 0.02 mg equivalent of β-carotene/g oil, respectively. In addition, the oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and their major fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. The ASO revealed the highest antioxidant activity in the quenching of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with inhibition percentage of 89.2 ± 2.3 after 30 minutes of contact. Likewise, the oils were explored for the fortification of margarine. The physicochemical parameters of the formulated margarines comply with the standards. The Rancimat test showed that the highest induction time (16.54 h) was assigned to margarine enriched with 150 μg/g of WSO. Hence, this oil can has numerous applications in other food industries.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82792809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie Pitchers, Nicolas Ferrand, Manon Pull, Sébastien Minette, Mathieu Abella, P. Debaeke
Growing a second food, fodder or bioenergy crop during the fallow period commonly refers to sequential double cropping or relay cropping practices, as a function of sowing date (following or within the primary crop, respectively). Such practice may generate an additional income while supplying support and regulation services. As such, it could be referred as a form of ecologically intensive agriculture but also an opportunity offered by climate change. The decision-making process in the adoption of double cropping relies on many factors related to soil and climate conditions, but also on profit expectation and risk perception. The CASDAR project “3C2A: Three crops in two years” (2019–2023) strived to create references for sequential double cropping in the South-West of France, which encompasses the regions of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie. The project focused mainly on grain crops and raised the interest of the use of oil-protein crops such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for such practice. As a preliminary contribution of 3C2A project, this paper aims at illustrating the potential interest of soybean and sunflower as double crops in the South-West of France through a qualitative analysis of farmers’ perceptions about the risks and opportunities of double-cropping completed by a 4-years on-farm evaluation of agronomic and economic performances of this practice (110 fields).
在休耕期间种植第二种粮食、饲料或生物能源作物通常是指按播种日期(分别在第一种作物之后或在第一种作物之内)进行连续两季或转种的做法。这种做法可以在提供支助和管理服务的同时产生额外的收入。因此，它可以被称为生态密集型农业的一种形式，但也是气候变化提供的机会。采用双季种植的决策过程取决于与土壤和气候条件有关的许多因素，但也取决于利润预期和风险感知。CASDAR项目“3C2A:两年三种作物”(2019-2023)努力为法国西南部的连续两季种植创造参考，该地区包括Nouvelle-Aquitaine和Occitanie地区。该项目主要关注粮食作物，并提高了利用大豆(Glycine max (L.))等油蛋白作物的兴趣。和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)用于这种做法。作为3C2A项目的初步贡献，本文旨在通过对农民对双重种植的风险和机会的看法进行定性分析，从而说明大豆和向日葵在法国西南部作为双重作物的潜在利益，并对这种做法(110块田)进行了为期4年的农艺和经济绩效评估。
{"title":"Opportunities and risks of double cropping in southwestern France with a focus on soybean and sunflower crops","authors":"Julie Pitchers, Nicolas Ferrand, Manon Pull, Sébastien Minette, Mathieu Abella, P. Debaeke","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023016","url":null,"abstract":"Growing a second food, fodder or bioenergy crop during the fallow period commonly refers to sequential double cropping or relay cropping practices, as a function of sowing date (following or within the primary crop, respectively). Such practice may generate an additional income while supplying support and regulation services. As such, it could be referred as a form of ecologically intensive agriculture but also an opportunity offered by climate change. The decision-making process in the adoption of double cropping relies on many factors related to soil and climate conditions, but also on profit expectation and risk perception. The CASDAR project “3C2A: Three crops in two years” (2019–2023) strived to create references for sequential double cropping in the South-West of France, which encompasses the regions of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie. The project focused mainly on grain crops and raised the interest of the use of oil-protein crops such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for such practice. As a preliminary contribution of 3C2A project, this paper aims at illustrating the potential interest of soybean and sunflower as double crops in the South-West of France through a qualitative analysis of farmers’ perceptions about the risks and opportunities of double-cropping completed by a 4-years on-farm evaluation of agronomic and economic performances of this practice (110 fields).","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91188633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michel Eugène Chevreul entered at 17 the laboratory of Vauquelin, at the Museum. He began his investigations on animal fats in 1811. They appear as yet the most complete and the best executed experiments found in all chemistry. For the first time, he combined fractional solution, crystallization, distillation, melting point determination, and ultimate analysis. All started with the isolation of an acid and solid substance, “margaric acid”, the first of a long list of fatty acids isolated from various fats. Studying saponification, he determined that “anhydrous glycerine” was combining with water. After studying human gallstones, he discovered “cholesterine” (cholesterol). From whale spermaceti, he described “cetin” (mainly cetyl palmitate), containing no glycerol. He isolated from sheep fat a new acid he named “stearic acid”. This component was proposed in a joint patent by Chevreul and Gay-Lussac (1825) for the fabrication of very efficient candles. He discovered several volatile fatty acids in cow and goat butter (from C4 to C10). His master work (Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d’origine animale, 1823b) contains his experimental procedures and his theoretical conclusions on the nature of fats, it may be considered as the first treatise on lipochemistry.
米歇尔·欧格登·谢弗勒在十七岁时进入了博物馆里的瓦奎林实验室。他于1811年开始对动物脂肪进行研究。它们似乎是所有化学实验中最完整、执行得最好的。他第一次将分馏、结晶、蒸馏、熔点测定和最终分析结合起来。这一切都始于一种酸和固体物质的分离，“人造黄油酸”，这是从各种脂肪中分离出来的一长串脂肪酸中的第一种。通过研究皂化作用，他确定“无水甘油”与水结合。在研究人类胆结石后，他发现了“胆固醇”(胆固醇)。从鲸脑中，他描述了“鲸蜡素”(主要是鲸蜡棕榈酸酯)，不含甘油。他从羊脂肪中分离出一种新的酸，命名为“硬脂酸”。这种成分是由Chevreul和盖伊-吕萨克(1825)在一项联合专利中提出的，用于制造非常高效的蜡烛。他在牛油和羊油中发现了几种挥发性脂肪酸(从C4到C10)。他的主要著作(Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d ' origale animal, 1823b)包含了他的实验程序和关于脂肪性质的理论结论，这可能被认为是关于脂肪化学的第一篇论文。
{"title":"Contribution of Chevreul to lipid chemistry","authors":"C. Leray","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023006","url":null,"abstract":"Michel Eugène Chevreul entered at 17 the laboratory of Vauquelin, at the Museum. He began his investigations on animal fats in 1811. They appear as yet the most complete and the best executed experiments found in all chemistry. For the first time, he combined fractional solution, crystallization, distillation, melting point determination, and ultimate analysis. All started with the isolation of an acid and solid substance, “margaric acid”, the first of a long list of fatty acids isolated from various fats. Studying saponification, he determined that “anhydrous glycerine” was combining with water. After studying human gallstones, he discovered “cholesterine” (cholesterol). From whale spermaceti, he described “cetin” (mainly cetyl palmitate), containing no glycerol. He isolated from sheep fat a new acid he named “stearic acid”. This component was proposed in a joint patent by Chevreul and Gay-Lussac (1825) for the fabrication of very efficient candles. He discovered several volatile fatty acids in cow and goat butter (from C4 to C10). His master work (Recherches chimiques sur les corps gras d’origine animale, 1823b) contains his experimental procedures and his theoretical conclusions on the nature of fats, it may be considered as the first treatise on lipochemistry.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79824779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Catrice, Srinidhi V. Holalu, S. Terzić, M. Todesco, N. Creux, N. Langlade
The first web conference on sunflower–pollinator interactions gathered the international community around a major topic for sunflower productivity and ecosystemic biodiversity. Insect-mediated pollination is important for increasing sunflower seed yield, but is dependent on environmental factors. Climate change can impact sunflower-pollinator interactions by influencing both plant and pollinator behavior. Natural or artificially elevated ambient temperatures appear to accelerate floret development and advance the timing of pollen presentation to coincide with pollinator activities. Drought showed no major effect on morphological traits such anther or corolla length, but dramatically reduced nectar and pollen productions. Flavonol-glycoside conjugates lower head transpiration thereby mitigating deleterious effects of abiotic stresses. Wild pollinators show fine scale preferences among sunflower varieties, likely due to the different resource focus of wild and managed honeybees. Agricultural practices such as planting flower strips to provide nesting sites for wild pollinators, or supplementing crop plots with hives, can have a positive effect on insect-mediated pollination efficiency and ensure optimal yields. All together, recent results on sunflower–pollinator interactions pave the way to develop varieties and corresponding cropping systems more favorable to pollinator biodiversity while maintaining high yields in the context of climate change.
{"title":"Progresses of the international community to understand sunflower–pollinator interactions through multiscale approaches","authors":"O. Catrice, Srinidhi V. Holalu, S. Terzić, M. Todesco, N. Creux, N. Langlade","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023012","url":null,"abstract":"The first web conference on sunflower–pollinator interactions gathered the international community around a major topic for sunflower productivity and ecosystemic biodiversity. Insect-mediated pollination is important for increasing sunflower seed yield, but is dependent on environmental factors. Climate change can impact sunflower-pollinator interactions by influencing both plant and pollinator behavior. Natural or artificially elevated ambient temperatures appear to accelerate floret development and advance the timing of pollen presentation to coincide with pollinator activities. Drought showed no major effect on morphological traits such anther or corolla length, but dramatically reduced nectar and pollen productions. Flavonol-glycoside conjugates lower head transpiration thereby mitigating deleterious effects of abiotic stresses. Wild pollinators show fine scale preferences among sunflower varieties, likely due to the different resource focus of wild and managed honeybees. Agricultural practices such as planting flower strips to provide nesting sites for wild pollinators, or supplementing crop plots with hives, can have a positive effect on insect-mediated pollination efficiency and ensure optimal yields. All together, recent results on sunflower–pollinator interactions pave the way to develop varieties and corresponding cropping systems more favorable to pollinator biodiversity while maintaining high yields in the context of climate change.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85715450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Durand, V. Bultel‐Poncé, A. Guy, V. Gros, Guillaume Réversat, C. Vigor, J. Galano, C. Oger
Under condition of oxidative stress, free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and adrenic acid (AdA) generates in vivo neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) and dihomo-isoprostanes (dihomo-IsoPs), among a large number of key products participating in many pathophysiological processes. These non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites display a wide range of biological actions (especially DHA-metabolites), and some of them are now considered as the most reliable indicators of oxidative stress in neurogenerative, neurodevelopmental or cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will present an overview regarding neuroprostanes and dihomo-isoprostanes and discuss about their biological interests.
{"title":"F4-neuroprostanes and F2-dihomo-isoprostanes: biomarkers and bioactive oxylipins","authors":"T. Durand, V. Bultel‐Poncé, A. Guy, V. Gros, Guillaume Réversat, C. Vigor, J. Galano, C. Oger","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023008","url":null,"abstract":"Under condition of oxidative stress, free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and adrenic acid (AdA) generates in vivo neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) and dihomo-isoprostanes (dihomo-IsoPs), among a large number of key products participating in many pathophysiological processes. These non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites display a wide range of biological actions (especially DHA-metabolites), and some of them are now considered as the most reliable indicators of oxidative stress in neurogenerative, neurodevelopmental or cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will present an overview regarding neuroprostanes and dihomo-isoprostanes and discuss about their biological interests.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85956797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Guilbaud, N. Martin, W. Lambert, J. Le Cour Grandmaison, Emmanuelle Bourgeat
The present study evaluates the consequences of a change in pig and poultry protein nutrition through compound feed over time in France, on raw materials consumption, economic performances, and environmental impacts. It has been conducted using the “Prospective Aliments” model by Céréopa, which applies the principles of linear programming at a national scale (France). The study is based on a prospective approach. A decrease of 1 and 2 percentage points in pig and poultry feed crude protein (CP) content is applied (CP-1 or CP-2, respectively). As a consequence, consumptions of raw materials for total French compound feed production change drastically, by using rapeseed meals, over soybean meals (−425 000 t for CP-2) and sunflower meals, and including more grains, with maize replacing wheat. This shows that the feed CP content of commercial feed can be decreased at a national scale, yielding significant environmental benefits. This raises the question of developing an incentive-based policy to absorb potential over costs.
{"title":"Assessment of the impact of a decrease in crude protein content in monogastric feed on oilseeds meals and legumes, prospective approach","authors":"Thomas Guilbaud, N. Martin, W. Lambert, J. Le Cour Grandmaison, Emmanuelle Bourgeat","doi":"10.1051/ocl/2023005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023005","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluates the consequences of a change in pig and poultry protein nutrition through compound feed over time in France, on raw materials consumption, economic performances, and environmental impacts. It has been conducted using the “Prospective Aliments” model by Céréopa, which applies the principles of linear programming at a national scale (France). The study is based on a prospective approach. A decrease of 1 and 2 percentage points in pig and poultry feed crude protein (CP) content is applied (CP-1 or CP-2, respectively). As a consequence, consumptions of raw materials for total French compound feed production change drastically, by using rapeseed meals, over soybean meals (−425 000 t for CP-2) and sunflower meals, and including more grains, with maize replacing wheat. This shows that the feed CP content of commercial feed can be decreased at a national scale, yielding significant environmental benefits. This raises the question of developing an incentive-based policy to absorb potential over costs.","PeriodicalId":19440,"journal":{"name":"OCL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91184342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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