{"title":"Mature Oilfield Facilities Enhancement: Use of Two-Screw Multiphase Pumps To Stimulate Increased Well Production","authors":"C. Nuttall","doi":"10.2118/0416-0029-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0416-0029-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"4 1","pages":"29-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88426695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Karami, Carlos F. Torres, E. Pereyra, C. Sarica
Although many different studies have been conducted on gas/ liquid multiphase flow, only a very small number of three-phase flow studies, especially for low-liquid-loading flows, can be found. These studies are mainly experimental, and focused on two-phase flow in small-diameter pipelines. The coexistence of thin films of water along with oil in production systems is very commonly observed in wet-gas pipelines. The existence of the second liquid phase influences all of the flow characteristics. The three-phaseflow behavior can be considered as a combination of gas/liquid and oil/aqueous phase interactions. Meng et al. (2001) conducted two-phase-flow experiments for oil/air flow in a 2-in.-ID pipe. They observed a surprising decrease in liquid holdup and pressure gradient when the vSL was increased. They attributed this decrease to the increase in droplet entrainment. They also developed a correlation for interfacial friction factor. Fan (2005) used two experimental facilities with IDs of 2 and 6 in., respectively, to conduct two-phase water/air low-liquid-loading experiments. Fan observed stratified smooth and stratified wavy flow patterns in his experiments with the 6-in.-ID facility. With the 2-in.-ID facility, in addition to stratified flow patterns, an annular flow pattern was observed. Fan used the acquired experimental data to develop new closure relationships for mechanistic modeling. These closure relationships included wetted-wall fraction, liquid-wall friction factor, and interfacial friction factor. Later, Dong (2007) modified the 6-in.-ID facility of Fan (2005) to conduct low-liquid-loading three-phase-flow experiments. Water, air, and oil with a viscosity of 13 cp were the flowing fluids. This is a relatively high oil viscosity compared with the commonly observed values in wet-gas pipelines, and the results may not be representative for wet-gas pipeline systems. The distribution of oil and water in liquid phase for different flowing conditions was observed and categorized. In addition, a model comparison was provided for flow characteristics. Recently, Gawas (2013) used the same 6-in.-ID facility of Dong (2007) to investigate the characteristics of three-phase low-liquidloading flow. Gawas conducted his experiments by use of an oil with a viscosity of 1.3 cp for different values of water cut, and developed correlations for entrainment of liquid droplets in gas phase for twoand three-phase flows. He also analyzed the droplet-size distribution and developed a correlation for interfacial wave celerity. In addition, several studies have been conducted in other research centers to analyze low-liquid-loading flow. A summary of these studies is presented in Gawas (2013). In the current study, the facility of Gawas (2013) is used. The main objective of this research is to study low-liquid-loading threephase flow, and the targeted flow parameters are liquid holdup, water holdup, wave pattern, and pressure gradient. The experimental results fo
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Three-Phase Low-Liquid-Loading Flow","authors":"H. Karami, Carlos F. Torres, E. Pereyra, C. Sarica","doi":"10.2118/174926-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/174926-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Although many different studies have been conducted on gas/ liquid multiphase flow, only a very small number of three-phase flow studies, especially for low-liquid-loading flows, can be found. These studies are mainly experimental, and focused on two-phase flow in small-diameter pipelines. The coexistence of thin films of water along with oil in production systems is very commonly observed in wet-gas pipelines. The existence of the second liquid phase influences all of the flow characteristics. The three-phaseflow behavior can be considered as a combination of gas/liquid and oil/aqueous phase interactions. Meng et al. (2001) conducted two-phase-flow experiments for oil/air flow in a 2-in.-ID pipe. They observed a surprising decrease in liquid holdup and pressure gradient when the vSL was increased. They attributed this decrease to the increase in droplet entrainment. They also developed a correlation for interfacial friction factor. Fan (2005) used two experimental facilities with IDs of 2 and 6 in., respectively, to conduct two-phase water/air low-liquid-loading experiments. Fan observed stratified smooth and stratified wavy flow patterns in his experiments with the 6-in.-ID facility. With the 2-in.-ID facility, in addition to stratified flow patterns, an annular flow pattern was observed. Fan used the acquired experimental data to develop new closure relationships for mechanistic modeling. These closure relationships included wetted-wall fraction, liquid-wall friction factor, and interfacial friction factor. Later, Dong (2007) modified the 6-in.-ID facility of Fan (2005) to conduct low-liquid-loading three-phase-flow experiments. Water, air, and oil with a viscosity of 13 cp were the flowing fluids. This is a relatively high oil viscosity compared with the commonly observed values in wet-gas pipelines, and the results may not be representative for wet-gas pipeline systems. The distribution of oil and water in liquid phase for different flowing conditions was observed and categorized. In addition, a model comparison was provided for flow characteristics. Recently, Gawas (2013) used the same 6-in.-ID facility of Dong (2007) to investigate the characteristics of three-phase low-liquidloading flow. Gawas conducted his experiments by use of an oil with a viscosity of 1.3 cp for different values of water cut, and developed correlations for entrainment of liquid droplets in gas phase for twoand three-phase flows. He also analyzed the droplet-size distribution and developed a correlation for interfacial wave celerity. In addition, several studies have been conducted in other research centers to analyze low-liquid-loading flow. A summary of these studies is presented in Gawas (2013). In the current study, the facility of Gawas (2013) is used. The main objective of this research is to study low-liquid-loading threephase flow, and the targeted flow parameters are liquid holdup, water holdup, wave pattern, and pressure gradient. The experimental results fo","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"40 1","pages":"45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73682688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How To Avoid Project Train Wrecks","authors":"Pete Luan","doi":"10.2118/0416-0024-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0416-0024-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"14 1","pages":"24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79008338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Deeper Look at Modularization in Facilities Construction","authors":"S. Whitfield","doi":"10.2118/0416-0010-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0416-0010-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"5 1","pages":"10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88163819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The vast and diverse spread of the oil and gas pipeline infrastructure makes real-time monitoring of the entire network a very costly task. This topology has provided vandals and crude-oil thieves with the opportunity of tapping the pipelines and successfully stealing crude oil from them unhindered. Nigeria lost more than USD 11 billion to crude-oil theft and pipeline vandalization over a 4-year period (2007 to 2011). The increase in vandalization has led to the divestment of assets by some of these oil companies because it is no longer economical to continue operating the assets. Strategies used by the government and oil companies to tackle these challenges include the deployment of military personnel to these assets and also along their pipeline right of way (ROW). In spite of these attempts, the results show that the deployment of these personnel and the attendant cost have not reduced the quantity and frequency of oil theft because the deployment time to some of these locations also contributes to delay in the response of the security personnel. The deployment of dynamic pipeline-pressure profiles enables the determination of the onset of a leak or a loss of crude oil. This paper presents the deployment plan and communication architecture of the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) type of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for pipeline monitoring. The pipeline network of the company is divided into wide area cells, and each cell is controlled from a facility. Low-power UAVs with directional antennas and long-range zoom cameras are deployed to provide real-time visual monitoring of the pipeline section whenever a pressure drop or any significant third-party activity is detected on a section of the pipeline. Security personnel can then be deployed to the pipeline section if vandal activity is detected. This solution has the capability of reducing crude-oil theft by providing accurate location data in a timely manner to the company with respect to the bunkering activity along its pipeline ROW and also enabling the timely deployment of personnel to contain the situation.
{"title":"Monitoring of Oil and Gas Pipelines by Use of VTOL-Type Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","authors":"F. Idachaba","doi":"10.2118/172471-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/172471-PA","url":null,"abstract":"The vast and diverse spread of the oil and gas pipeline infrastructure \u0000makes real-time monitoring of the entire network a very costly \u0000task. This topology has provided vandals and crude-oil thieves with \u0000the opportunity of tapping the pipelines and successfully stealing \u0000crude oil from them unhindered. Nigeria lost more than USD 11 \u0000billion to crude-oil theft and pipeline vandalization over a 4-year \u0000period (2007 to 2011). The increase in vandalization has led to the \u0000divestment of assets by some of these oil companies because it is \u0000no longer economical to continue operating the assets. Strategies \u0000used by the government and oil companies to tackle these challenges \u0000include the deployment of military personnel to these assets \u0000and also along their pipeline right of way (ROW). In spite of these \u0000attempts, the results show that the deployment of these personnel \u0000and the attendant cost have not reduced the quantity and frequency \u0000of oil theft because the deployment time to some of these locations \u0000also contributes to delay in the response of the security personnel. \u0000The deployment of dynamic pipeline-pressure profiles enables \u0000the determination of the onset of a leak or a loss of crude oil. This \u0000paper presents the deployment plan and communication architecture \u0000of the vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) type of unmanned \u0000air vehicles (UAVs) for pipeline monitoring. The pipeline network \u0000of the company is divided into wide area cells, and each cell is controlled \u0000from a facility. Low-power UAVs with directional antennas \u0000and long-range zoom cameras are deployed to provide real-time visual \u0000monitoring of the pipeline section whenever a pressure drop \u0000or any significant third-party activity is detected on a section of \u0000the pipeline. Security personnel can then be deployed to the pipeline \u0000section if vandal activity is detected. This solution has the capability \u0000of reducing crude-oil theft by providing accurate location \u0000data in a timely manner to the company with respect to the bunkering \u0000activity along its pipeline ROW and also enabling the timely \u0000deployment of personnel to contain the situation.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"30 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81629182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Savvy Separator Series: Part 5. The Effect of Shear on Produced Water Treatment","authors":"J. Walsh","doi":"10.2118/0216-0016-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0216-0016-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"104 1","pages":"16-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80641361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Sand and solids are removed from production separators either off line (shut down for physical removal) or on line by use of jetting systems. Traditional jetting designs use spray nozzles to fluidize and push the sand toward a covered outlet to evacuate the solids from the vessel. Cyclonic-jetting technology combines the fluidization and evacuation functions into a single, compact device. On the basis of a hydrocyclonic platform, this technology converts jetting spray water into shielded vortex flow that fluidizes sand in a circular zone without disturbing the oil/water interface. Total solids removal is primarily a function of set height, spray flow, and spacing. A single unit was optimized at a set height of 10 cm (4 in.) with spray pressure of 0.7 barg (11 psig) to provide an area of influence of 1.1 m² (12.0 ft²) with 28 cm (11 in.) of sandbed depth. Placing two units in parallel with overlap of their affected zones reduces the “egg-carton” effect associated with this technology; however, optimum operation, in terms of total sand removed, occurs when the units do not overlap. Slurry at up to 60 wt% solids is transported from the jetting system to the handling equipment. The boundary design conditions for slurry transport are erosion velocity (upper limit) and particle-transport velocity (lower limit). By use of published models, the piping design for a fourunit cluster of cyclonic-jetting devices was validated at 5.0-cm (2in.) nominal size. Integration and operation of a jetting system with transport, dewatering, and disposal stages of facilities sand management are presented as guidelines for system design.
{"title":"Design of a Cyclonic-Jetting and Slurry-Transport System for Separators","authors":"C. Rawlins","doi":"10.2118/166118-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/166118-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Sand and solids are removed from production separators either off line (shut down for physical removal) or on line by use of jetting systems. Traditional jetting designs use spray nozzles to fluidize and push the sand toward a covered outlet to evacuate the solids from the vessel. Cyclonic-jetting technology combines the fluidization and evacuation functions into a single, compact device. On the basis of a hydrocyclonic platform, this technology converts jetting spray water into shielded vortex flow that fluidizes sand in a circular zone without disturbing the oil/water interface. Total solids removal is primarily a function of set height, spray flow, and spacing. A single unit was optimized at a set height of 10 cm (4 in.) with spray pressure of 0.7 barg (11 psig) to provide an area of influence of 1.1 m² (12.0 ft²) with 28 cm (11 in.) of sandbed depth. Placing two units in parallel with overlap of their affected zones reduces the “egg-carton” effect associated with this technology; however, optimum operation, in terms of total sand removed, occurs when the units do not overlap. Slurry at up to 60 wt% solids is transported from the jetting system to the handling equipment. The boundary design conditions for slurry transport are erosion velocity (upper limit) and particle-transport velocity (lower limit). By use of published models, the piping design for a fourunit cluster of cyclonic-jetting devices was validated at 5.0-cm (2in.) nominal size. Integration and operation of a jetting system with transport, dewatering, and disposal stages of facilities sand management are presented as guidelines for system design.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"16 1","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90706222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finding New Ground in Subsea Integrity Management","authors":"S. Whitfield","doi":"10.2118/0216-0010-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0216-0010-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"59 1","pages":"10-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91027383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ank you to the many readers who commented on my column, “Oil at USD 20 per Barrel: Can It Be?” in the October issue of Oil and Gas Facilities. e future oil price is clearly on everyone’s mind. When I wrote the article, I thought that generating a con dent prediction was hopeless. Based on your comments and suggestions, articles on energy scenario evaluations by consultant Jorge Leis, a news program on forecasting by journalist Fareed Zakaria, and a book on superforecasting by professor Philip Tetlock, I have changed my mind. I believe that oil price can be determined with reasonable con dence, and the key to such forecasting is aggregative contingent estimation (ACE).
感谢很多读者对我的专栏“油价能达到每桶20美元吗?”发表评论。，发表在《石油和天然气设施》(Oil and Gas Facilities) 10月刊上。未来的油价显然是每个人都关心的问题。当我写这篇文章的时候，我认为做出一个可信的预测是没有希望的。根据你们的评论和建议，还有顾问Jorge Leis关于能源情景评估的文章，记者Fareed Zakaria关于预测的新闻节目，以及Philip Tetlock教授关于超级预测的书，我改变了主意。我认为油价是可以合理确定的，而这种预测的关键是总条件估计(ACE)。
{"title":"Hedgehogs vs. Foxes: Improving the Accuracy of Predictions","authors":"H. Duhon","doi":"10.2118/1215-0005-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/1215-0005-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"ank you to the many readers who commented on my column, “Oil at USD 20 per Barrel: Can It Be?” in the October issue of Oil and Gas Facilities. e future oil price is clearly on everyone’s mind. When I wrote the article, I thought that generating a con dent prediction was hopeless. Based on your comments and suggestions, articles on energy scenario evaluations by consultant Jorge Leis, a news program on forecasting by journalist Fareed Zakaria, and a book on superforecasting by professor Philip Tetlock, I have changed my mind. I believe that oil price can be determined with reasonable con dence, and the key to such forecasting is aggregative contingent estimation (ACE).","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"14 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89877905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Numerous industries continue to experience bolting failures as a result of hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) when exposed to hydrogenbearing environments such as seawater with cathodic protection (CP) or as a result of insufficient baking after plating operations. This paper describes the mistaken, but long-held, belief that because rolled threads are beneficial for fatigue resistance, they are at best not injurious to the performance of bolting from other causes of failure such as environmental cracking.
{"title":"On the Contradiction of Applying Rolled Threads to Bolting Exposed to Hydrogen-Bearing Environments","authors":"B. Craig","doi":"10.2118/178431-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/178431-PA","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Numerous industries continue to experience bolting failures as a result of hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) when exposed to hydrogenbearing environments such as seawater with cathodic protection (CP) or as a result of insufficient baking after plating operations. This paper describes the mistaken, but long-held, belief that because rolled threads are beneficial for fatigue resistance, they are at best not injurious to the performance of bolting from other causes of failure such as environmental cracking.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"34 1","pages":"66-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77828562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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