Nutrition reviews最新文献

Context: A dietary regimen that includes a fasting period of 16 hours coupled with a daily time-restricted eating (TRE) period of 8 hours (16/8 TRE) is gaining popularity; however, its effect on glycolipid metabolic markers remains unclear.

Objective: In this systematic review and meta-analysis of reported studies we aimed to examine the effects on glycolipid metabolism of the 16/8 TRE dietary regimen compared with a control diet in adult study participants.

Data sources: We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published from database inception until January 15, 2025.

Data extraction: We extracted publication details, including data on study participant characteristics, intervention durations, and outcomes.

Data analysis: All analyses were conducted using a random-effects model with the standardized mean difference (SMD). Subgroup analyses were performed for physical activity (PA) level, participant sex, and intervention duration.

Results: In total, 23 randomized controlled trials (RCTs)with a total of 1280 participants were included in this analysis. The 16/8 TRE intervention resulted in a slight reduction in levels of fasting glucose (SMD, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.08; P = .004), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SMD, -0.16; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.02; P = .03), and insulin levels (SMD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.01; P = .04). Regarding lipid profiles, 16/8 TRE had a modest effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (SMD, 0.15; 95% CI: 0.01-0.29; P = .04). No significant effects were found for other markers compared to the control diet. Subgroup analysis suggested the presence of sex differences in triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), with significant improvements in TGs (SMD, -0.52; 95% CI, -1.04 to -0.01; P = .05), and LDL-C (SMD, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.75 to -0.07; P = .02) found in studies with only male participants. Additionally, participants with higher PA levels demonstrated greater improvements in LDL-C (SMD, -0.43; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.12; P = .007). Studies with durations exceeding 6 months showed a significant improvement in HbA1c (SMD, -0.31; 95% CI, -0.56 to -0.05; P = .02).

Conclusion: Study participants who followed the 16/8 TRE showed an overall improvement in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, insulin, and HDL-C levels compared to participants who followed the control diet. However, the effects of the 16/8 TRE in individuals were likely to have been moderated by participant sex, PA level, and intervention duration.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42025645789.

Obesity and food and nutrition insecurity are increasingly understood as syndemic outcomes of enduring social inequalities. In Brazil, these conditions disproportionately affect Black women in socially vulnerable contexts, due to the intersection of gender, race/ethnicity, and low socioeconomic status. In response, Brazil has launched the new Intersectoral Strategy for Obesity Prevention, which frames obesity as a multidetermined condition shaped by social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. Grounded in intersectionality and rights-based governance, the Strategy is structured around 3 axes: promoting healthy food environments; strengthening social protection systems and integrated care; and fostering social mobilization and stigma reduction. Its Operational Plan includes goals, indicators, and mechanisms for accountability, with active participation of people living with obesity. Actions are planned across short-, medium-, and long-term horizons and will be revised annually to reflect territorial realities. The Strategy prioritizes children and families registered in the Cadastro Único (CadÚnico, Brazil's unified registry for social programs), particularly recipients of Bolsa Família (a conditional cash transfer program for low-income families). The Strategy also addresses the impact of ultra-processed foods, environmental degradation, and commercial determinants of health. The urgency of this agenda is underscored by projections for 2035 and growing inequalities in food access and affordability. Brazil's leadership in the Global Alliance for Ending Hunger and Poverty, an international initiative launched in 2024, reinforces its commitment to systemic transformation and cooperation. By integrating intersectionality, participatory governance, and structural interventions, the Strategy contributes to global efforts to prevent obesity and promote equity, dignity, social justice, and food and nutrition security.

Skeletal muscle diseases represent a diverse group of conditions, often characterized by muscle weakness, atrophy, and functional impairment. These disorders continue to impose a significant burden on global health, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. As the prevalence of muscle-related diseases rises, it becomes increasingly important to understand the complex biological mechanisms that underlie these conditions to develop effective, targeted therapeutic strategies. Vitamin A, traditionally recognized for its vital roles in vision, immune function, skin health, and cell proliferation, has recently garnered attention for its potential involvement in skeletal muscle biology. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin A, through its active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), plays a crucial role in regulating various aspects of muscle physiology. This review aims to explore the intricate mechanisms by which vitamin A modulates skeletal muscle health, focusing on its impact on key processes such as muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, repair and regeneration, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we examine the potential therapeutic implications of vitamin A in treating various skeletal muscle diseases, providing new insights for both research and clinical treatment of these skeletal muscle diseases.

Background: Although probiotics are considered a possible treatment for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), their effectiveness in enhancing liver function in patients with ALD is still unclear.

Objective: In this investigation we sought to determine the influence of probiotics on liver function markers in patients with ALD. with a focus on the efficacy of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). We also examined aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (ALB), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).

Methods: Through systematic searches of medical databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and Wan Fang, we identified 15 randomized controlled trials involving patients with alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis.

Results: Probiotic therapy significantly reduced levels of ALT (standard mean difference [SMD], -0.50; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.14; P = .007) and AST (SMD,  -0.26; 95% CI, -0.52 to 0.00; P = .05). No significant effects were observed on TB (SMD,  -0.90; 95% CI, -1.06 to 0.13; P = .12), ALB (SMD, 0.16; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.37; P = .15), or GGT (SMD, 0.14; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.40; P = .26) levels. Regional disparities were noted, with Asian patients showing a significant reduction in ALT levels. Patients undergoing treatments lasting 8 weeks or more also showed significant reductions in ALT levels. Furthermore, in this review we identified a more pronounced effect on ALT level reduction in subgroups with a higher proportion of male participants.

Conclusion: According to this meta-analysis, administration of probiotics could assist in managing ALT levels in ALD patients, offering a novel approach to ALD treatment.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024619024.

The objective of this review was to explore whether the association between meat consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk differs by sex in prospective cohort studies. Several cohort studies have investigated the relationship between red meat (RM) and processed meat (PM) consumption and cardiovascular health, but sex-specific outcomes are often not clearly reported or discussed. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for prospective cohort studies published between January 1, 2000 and August 2, 2025, reporting sex-specific associations between RM and PM consumption and cardiovascular disease risk. Fourteen cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 12 evaluated RM, including unprocessed RM (URM): 2 of 12 studies (17%) reported increased CVD risk in both sexes, 3 of 12 (25%) in men only, 2 of 12 (17%) in women only, 4 of 12 (33%) found no increased risk or reported inverse associations, and 1 of 12 (8%) reported an inverse association only. Processed meat (PM) showed more consistent harm: 6 of 9 studies (67%) in men and 6 of 9 studies (67%) in women reported higher risk, with 4 of 9 (44%) showing increases in both sexes. Poultry was largely neutral: 1 of 5 cohorts (20%) reported a modest increase in men, while all other sex-specific analyses were null. Consistently, PM consumption has been associated with an increased risk of CVD in both sexes, although studies differ on whether men or women are more affected. The URM results are heterogeneous: some cohorts show associations only in men, others only in women, and many report no significant effect. The findings for increased risk of CVD being associated with poultry consumption appear to be largely neutral. Future prospective studies should systematically provide results stratified by sex in order to enable more personalized dietary recommendations.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder in which oxidative stress is a strong hypothesis for the pathophysiology. Treatment usually involves complementary therapies and psychotropic medication. However, despite their benefits, these drugs also cause adverse effects. Thus, substances such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fatty acids have been the subject of studies due to their possible benefits. This scoping review aimed to map the literature on substances that can reduce symptoms associated with ASD. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The studied substances were folic acid, l-carnitine, l-carnosine, melatonin, methylcobalamin, sulforaphane, beta-glucan, and ubiquinol. The interventions reduced some symptoms, with improvements in sociability, cognition, language, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score, the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-I) score, and sleep disorders, with mild or no adverse effects. Although further research is necessary, the substances described in the literature have potential for use in clinical practice and could be options for reducing symptoms of autism or those related to comorbidities, with a view to improving the quality of life in this population. Scoping Review Registration: The protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework on June 30, 2022 (https://osf.io/2ejhk).

Context: Diet is a modifiable environmental factor believed to play an essential role in the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dietary patterns could better reflect the effects of interaction of the various dietary components.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of pre-illness index-based dietary patterns on IBD risk.

Data sources: A comprehensive search was conducted in 4 medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library).

Data extraction: A random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the study design, region, age group, regression model used, and version of the dietary index. Statistical significance was defined as a 2-sided P value of <.05.

Data analysis: A total of 14 studies were finally included. The meta-analysis revealed that adhering to a Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with a lower overall risk of IBD (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.93). Similarly, higher adherence to the "healthy dietary pattern" significantly reduced the risk of IBD (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.92). Conversely, a diet with a higher inflammatory potential was linked to an increased risk of Crohn's disease (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14-1.82). Subgroup analysis suggested that the Mediterranean dietary pattern was not significantly associated with IBD risk among the adult population, and that diets with a high inflammatory potential increased the risk of ulcerative colitis in Asian studies (RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07-3.96).

Conclusion: Pre-illness dietary patterns have a significant influence on IBD development. This meta-analysis found that dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern and the healthy dietary pattern reduce IBD risk in the general population, while pro-inflammatory diets increase it. Moreover, regional and other factors such as age group may further modulate these associations.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023474588.

Context: Emerging evidence suggests the quality of plant-based diets may play a pivotal role in the primary prevention of certain nonfatal diseases. However, its impact on mental and neurocognitive health conditions remains to be elucidated.

Objective: To synthesize the available evidence on the cross-sectional and prospective associations of adherence to overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diets with mental and neurocognitive health outcomes in the general adult population (aged ≥18 years).

Data sources: The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception through March 13, 2024. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were followed for this study.

Data extraction: Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the Sidik-Jonkman estimator. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% CIs were estimated for cross-sectional and prospective associations between the highest (vs lowest) adherence to plant-based diets and the likelihood of adverse mental and neurocognitive health outcomes (ie, anxiety, depression, psychological distress, cognitive decline, and dementia).

Data analyses: A total of 23 studies involving 709 703 adults (mean age range: 31.4-102.3 years; 52.8% female) were included. The highest (vs lowest) adherence to healthy plant-based diets was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96), depression (OR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.96), and psychological distress (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39-0.65) in cross-sectional studies and with a lower risk of cognitive decline (RR = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.85), dementia (RR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96), and depression (RR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88) in cohort studies. Conversely, greater adherence to unhealthy plant-based diets was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of anxiety and depression. When the data were subjected to a standardized effect size correction (Hedges g) to mitigate potential biases, the results remained consistent.

Conclusion: High-quality plant-based diets could play an important role in the primary prevention of mental and neurocognitive health conditions.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024524053.

The simultaneous manifestation of obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis represents a condition known as osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA). While evidence suggests that vitamin D status may influence the development of OSA, the results are still divergent, and no clear understanding of how vitamin D, through serum concentrations or supplementation, impacts OSA and its metabolic implications. Although several studies have explored the association between vitamin D and various diseases, research specifically focused on OSA is limited, making it unfeasible to conduct a systematic review. Thus, this integrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between vitamin D (dietary intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels) and OSA. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE database. Overall, 16 studies were included (cross-sectional studies, n = 7; a scoping review, n = 1; and integrative reviews, n = 8). Observational studies consistently support the association between low levels of vitamin D and OSA, especially in females and older adults. However, this review highlights the lack of standardized diagnostic methods for OSA and the absence of clinical trials assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on this syndrome. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to strengthen the findings. This is a promising area for research and could greatly improve the health and quality of life of people with OSA.

Context: Elevated homocysteine levels are associated with brain atrophy and dementia, with B vitamin supplementation a possible low-cost intervention to help mitigate the deleterious impacts on brain health. However, prior meta-analyses have produced inconsistent results, with unexplained heterogeneity, while the quality of evidence has not been assessed.

Objective: This systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression sought to quantify the effect of B vitamin supplementation on global cognitive function in older adults.

Data sources: PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 20, 2024.

Data extraction: Eligible RCTs were derived from populations aged ≥60 years, with interventions of 26 weeks or longer comprising vitamin(s) B6, B9, or B12 of any dose or administration route, compared with placebo or usual dementia care. Studies must also have quantified global cognitive function at baseline and at end of treatment.

Data analysis: Seventeen RCTs, including 5275 participants, were identified. A small to moderate improvement (Hedges' g = 0.423; 95% CI: 0.188 to 0.657) in global cognitive function after supplementation was observed with considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 92.71; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations [GRADE] = very low certainty). A meta-regression identified that statistical outliers and single-blinded studies contributed to the pooled g and heterogeneity. Omitting these studies resulted in a small effect (g = 0.110; 95% CI: 0.034 to 0.186), with negligible heterogeneity (I2 = 15.39; GRADE = high certainty). The effect size did not differ between classifications of cognitive impairment (ie, intact cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia) in subgroup analysis (P = .729).

Conclusion: The pooled findings indicated there is high-certainty evidence that vitamin B6, B9, or B12 supplementation has a very small benefit on global cognitive function in older adults.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024553717.