This study demonstrated a method to investigate corrosion formation in the headspace of canned chicken noodle soup. In this method, Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometer was used to identify and quantify chemical compounds in raw and cooked chicken noodle soup and those that migrated towards the polymer coating of the metal cans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to detect the appearance of breaches in the coating of the tested cans, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allowed for analysis of the elemental composition of the internal walls of the tested cans. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) provided information about the migration of iron and tin from the internal walls of the cans into the packaged soups. SEM images showed that breaches developed in the coating of the tested cans when corrosion occurred. The EDS analyses showed that tin and iron exposures were associated with extra peaks in the EDS. These peaks were attributed to sulphur. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the process of heat retorting contributed to the formation of sulphur-containing volatile compounds that bonded to the coating in the headspace of the tested cans. These then penetrated the protective coating and facilitated avenues for other oxidative chemicals in the product to cause corrosion and staining. Results from the ICP-MS analyses showed that tin and iron subsequently migrated from the corroded cans toward the chicken soup. These results thus showed how corrosive compounds in a retorted food initiated corrosion in metal cans.
本研究展示了一种研究罐装鸡汤面顶层空间腐蚀形成的方法。在该方法中，使用了选择离子流管-质谱仪来识别和量化生鸡汤面和熟鸡汤面中的化学物质，以及那些向金属罐聚合物涂层迁移的化学物质。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）用于检测受测罐头涂层的破损情况，能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDS）用于分析受测罐头内壁的元素组成。电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）提供了铁和锡从罐头内壁迁移到包装汤中的信息。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像显示，受测罐头的涂层在发生腐蚀时出现了破损。EDS 分析表明，锡和铁的暴露与 EDS 中的额外峰值有关。这些峰值归因于硫。根据所获得的结果，可以得出结论：热蒸馏过程导致了含硫挥发性化合物的形成，这些化合物与测试罐顶部空间的涂层结合在一起。然后，这些化合物渗入保护涂层，为产品中的其他氧化化学物质提供了造成腐蚀和染色的途径。ICP-MS 分析结果表明，锡和铁随后从腐蚀的罐头中向鸡汤迁移。因此，这些结果表明了复蒸食品中的腐蚀性化合物是如何引发金属罐腐蚀的。
{"title":"Investigation and mechanism of headspace corrosion in metal cans filled chicken noodle soup","authors":"Yajun Wu, Ken Ruffley, Melvin A. Pascall","doi":"10.1002/pts.2786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2786","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrated a method to investigate corrosion formation in the headspace of canned chicken noodle soup. In this method, Selected Ion Flow Tube–Mass Spectrometer was used to identify and quantify chemical compounds in raw and cooked chicken noodle soup and those that migrated towards the polymer coating of the metal cans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to detect the appearance of breaches in the coating of the tested cans, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allowed for analysis of the elemental composition of the internal walls of the tested cans. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) provided information about the migration of iron and tin from the internal walls of the cans into the packaged soups. SEM images showed that breaches developed in the coating of the tested cans when corrosion occurred. The EDS analyses showed that tin and iron exposures were associated with extra peaks in the EDS. These peaks were attributed to sulphur. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the process of heat retorting contributed to the formation of sulphur-containing volatile compounds that bonded to the coating in the headspace of the tested cans. These then penetrated the protective coating and facilitated avenues for other oxidative chemicals in the product to cause corrosion and staining. Results from the ICP-MS analyses showed that tin and iron subsequently migrated from the corroded cans toward the chicken soup. These results thus showed how corrosive compounds in a retorted food initiated corrosion in metal cans.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samran Khalid, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Talha, Syed Ali Hassan, Aman Ali, Abid Aslam Maan, Zuhaib F. Bhat, Rana Muhammad Aadil
Packaging serves as a pivotal component in addressing food losses by extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of both raw and processed food products. Nevertheless, conventional plastic packaging has substantial environmental drawbacks due to its non-biodegradable nature and the inclusion of potentially harmful chemical components. As a result, there is a global shift toward biodegradable packaging obtained from natural sources as a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. In this regard, biodegradable coatings made up of natural sources are very efficient for food packaging purposes because of various significant properties. Moreover, huge amounts of food waste are produced globally, leading to environmental pollution. Utilization of this waste is crucial, with one significant application being the extraction of essential oils (EOs). These oils are incorporated into different coatings materials to enhance their functional properties for better preservation of food products. So, this review covers the potential of EOs derived from food waste materials as bioactive compounds incorporated in biodegradable coatings for enhancing the storage quality and shelf life of food products. The biodegradable coatings enriched with these EOs thereby reduce microbial spoilage, stop moisture loss and act as a barrier against gases that ultimately enhance the product's shelf life. These coatings with EOs also reduce weight loss and stabilize other parameters such as pH, colour, acidity and firmness of food commodities. Different packaging systems using waste-derived EOs have been developed to preserve both plant and animal-origin foods such as fruits, meat, fish, shrimp, mushrooms and cheese. Developing biodegradable packaging from natural polymers along with the incorporation of EOs from food waste is an innovative way of food preservation and waste management.
{"title":"Development of biodegradable coatings by the incorporation of essential oils derived from food waste: A new sustainable packaging approach","authors":"Samran Khalid, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Talha, Syed Ali Hassan, Aman Ali, Abid Aslam Maan, Zuhaib F. Bhat, Rana Muhammad Aadil","doi":"10.1002/pts.2787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2787","url":null,"abstract":"Packaging serves as a pivotal component in addressing food losses by extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of both raw and processed food products. Nevertheless, conventional plastic packaging has substantial environmental drawbacks due to its non-biodegradable nature and the inclusion of potentially harmful chemical components. As a result, there is a global shift toward biodegradable packaging obtained from natural sources as a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. In this regard, biodegradable coatings made up of natural sources are very efficient for food packaging purposes because of various significant properties. Moreover, huge amounts of food waste are produced globally, leading to environmental pollution. Utilization of this waste is crucial, with one significant application being the extraction of essential oils (EOs). These oils are incorporated into different coatings materials to enhance their functional properties for better preservation of food products. So, this review covers the potential of EOs derived from food waste materials as bioactive compounds incorporated in biodegradable coatings for enhancing the storage quality and shelf life of food products. The biodegradable coatings enriched with these EOs thereby reduce microbial spoilage, stop moisture loss and act as a barrier against gases that ultimately enhance the product's shelf life. These coatings with EOs also reduce weight loss and stabilize other parameters such as pH, colour, acidity and firmness of food commodities. Different packaging systems using waste-derived EOs have been developed to preserve both plant and animal-origin foods such as fruits, meat, fish, shrimp, mushrooms and cheese. Developing biodegradable packaging from natural polymers along with the incorporation of EOs from food waste is an innovative way of food preservation and waste management.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138686166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Marinelli, Johanna Lyytikäinen, Panu Tanninen, Barbara Del Curto, Ville Leminen
In this work, different food-contact experimental and commercial aqueous polymeric dispersions were applied to paperboard via rod coating technology to achieve <5% non-cellulosic content. Barrier (water, moisture and grease), mechanical (tensile and bending) and converting (heat-sealing and creasing) properties were analysed before tray formation trials on pilot-scale equipment. Dispersion-coated samples were compared against polyethylene terephthalate (PET) extrusion-coated paperboard, the principal industrial material used for food trays. Results show that, within the investigated properties, waterborne dispersions can achieve similar barrier properties compared with PET, yet at lower dry coat grammage (12 g/m2 vs. 40 g/m2 of PET-coated paperboard). Additionally, the investigated coatings heat-sealed at temperatures as low as 80–90°C, almost 100°C less than PET; however, lower seal forces could be achieved (15–20 N/(25 mm) vs. 23 N/(25 mm) of PET-coated paperboard). Paperboard delamination occurred at the highest seal forces. Dispersion-coated trays were obtained at 4.5–5.0% blank moisture content. Formed trays at industrial processing parameters showed critical coating damage during converting due to tensile stresses. This work shows that milder processing conditions allow a reduction in coat defects.
在这项工作中，通过棒状涂布技术将不同的食品接触实验性和商用水性聚合物分散体涂布到纸板上，以达到<5%的非纤维素含量。在中试设备上进行纸盘成型试验之前，对纸盘的阻隔（防水、防潮和防油脂）、机械（拉伸和弯曲）和加工（热封和压痕）性能进行了分析。将分散涂布样品与聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）挤出涂布纸板（食品托盘的主要工业材料）进行了比较。结果表明，在所调查的特性范围内，水性分散体可以获得与 PET 相似的阻隔特性，但干涂层克重较低（12 克/平方米对 PET 涂层纸板的 40 克/平方米）。此外，所研究的涂层可在低至 80-90°C 的温度下进行热封，比 PET 低近 100°C；但可实现较低的密封力（15-20 牛顿/（25 毫米），而 PET 涂层纸板的密封力为 23 牛顿/（25 毫米））。在最高密封力下，纸板会出现分层。在空白水分含量为 4.5-5.0% 的情况下，可获得分散涂层纸盘。在工业加工参数下成型的纸盘在加工过程中由于拉伸应力而出现严重的涂层损坏。这项工作表明，较温和的加工条件可减少涂层缺陷。
{"title":"Barrier, converting, and tray-forming properties of paperboard packaging materials coated with waterborne dispersions","authors":"Andrea Marinelli, Johanna Lyytikäinen, Panu Tanninen, Barbara Del Curto, Ville Leminen","doi":"10.1002/pts.2784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2784","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, different food-contact experimental and commercial aqueous polymeric dispersions were applied to paperboard via rod coating technology to achieve <5% non-cellulosic content. Barrier (water, moisture and grease), mechanical (tensile and bending) and converting (heat-sealing and creasing) properties were analysed before tray formation trials on pilot-scale equipment. Dispersion-coated samples were compared against polyethylene terephthalate (PET) extrusion-coated paperboard, the principal industrial material used for food trays. Results show that, within the investigated properties, waterborne dispersions can achieve similar barrier properties compared with PET, yet at lower dry coat grammage (12 g/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 40 g/m<sup>2</sup> of PET-coated paperboard). Additionally, the investigated coatings heat-sealed at temperatures as low as 80–90°C, almost 100°C less than PET; however, lower seal forces could be achieved (15–20 N/(25 mm) vs. 23 N/(25 mm) of PET-coated paperboard). Paperboard delamination occurred at the highest seal forces. Dispersion-coated trays were obtained at 4.5–5.0% blank moisture content. Formed trays at industrial processing parameters showed critical coating damage during converting due to tensile stresses. This work shows that milder processing conditions allow a reduction in coat defects.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"268 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138546368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng Lu, Xuechun Sun, Augustine Atta Debraha, Zhenxia Du
This study utilized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques to analyze multiple batches of non-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft bags exposed to three extractants. Based on an established library of relative response factors for more than 30 different polymer additives, analytical evaluation thresholds for large volume injectables were determined, and 30 extractables were screened and (semi-)quantitatively analyzed. To identify variations in extractables between batches, multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis, heat map analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were employed. Additionally, a comprehensive risk assessment of extractables and a biosafety assessment of leachables were conducted. The results of the study revealed that the concentrations of two extractables exceeded the established safety threshold. Moreover, one of these extractables was deemed to pose a mutagenic risk based on the consistent findings of two (Q)SAR software tools. Notably, certain extractables exhibited discrepancies in their content between batches, with particular emphasis on 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione. This discrepancy led to inconsistencies in risk levels across batches. However, the levels of leachables detected in the non-PVC soft bags were found to be within the safety threshold, and cytotoxicity assessments consistently yielded negative results for leachables. Consequently, this study provides valuable data for conducting batch stability investigations concerning extractables in large volume parenteral drug delivery containers and other forms of pharmaceutical packaging.
{"title":"Study of extractables and leachables of non-polyvinyl chloride soft infusion bags from different batches by analytical assessment threshold screening","authors":"Zheng Lu, Xuechun Sun, Augustine Atta Debraha, Zhenxia Du","doi":"10.1002/pts.2785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2785","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques to analyze multiple batches of non-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft bags exposed to three extractants. Based on an established library of relative response factors for more than 30 different polymer additives, analytical evaluation thresholds for large volume injectables were determined, and 30 extractables were screened and (semi-)quantitatively analyzed. To identify variations in extractables between batches, multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis, heat map analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were employed. Additionally, a comprehensive risk assessment of extractables and a biosafety assessment of leachables were conducted. The results of the study revealed that the concentrations of two extractables exceeded the established safety threshold. Moreover, one of these extractables was deemed to pose a mutagenic risk based on the consistent findings of two (Q)SAR software tools. Notably, certain extractables exhibited discrepancies in their content between batches, with particular emphasis on 1,3-bis(3,5-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione. This discrepancy led to inconsistencies in risk levels across batches. However, the levels of leachables detected in the non-PVC soft bags were found to be within the safety threshold, and cytotoxicity assessments consistently yielded negative results for leachables. Consequently, this study provides valuable data for conducting batch stability investigations concerning extractables in large volume parenteral drug delivery containers and other forms of pharmaceutical packaging.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138546171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yali Tang, Junhui Zhu, Yan Li, Lixin Lu, Xiaolin Qiu, Liao Pan
In this work, a PE-based antibacterial and antioxidant material was successfully developed. L-Ascorbic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were used as raw materials to synthesize L-ascorbic acid-p-hydroxybenzoate (LPHB) by direct esterification method. LPHB was added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and coated on corona-treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film coated with primer layer to prepare a composite film. The effects of different concentrations of LPHB on the performance of composite films were investigated to determine the optimal amount of addition, and then to prepare both antibacterial and antioxidant films. The antimicrobial properties of LPHB were analysed. The antibacterial, antioxidant, mechanical, barrier properties and morphology of the films were characterized and analysed. The results showed that the addition of LPHB significantly improved the antibacterial and anti-mould properties, oxidation resistance, and barrier properties of the composite film compared to the LDPE film. The best overall performance of the composite film was achieved when the content of LPHB was 1.5%, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99%, and the free radical scavenging rate reached 67.22%. In addition, the cling film added with LPHB has better antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which has obvious effect on bread preservation and has potential for application in food packaging.
{"title":"Development of PE-based antibacterial and antioxidant films with L-ascorbic acid-p-hydroxybenzoate addition","authors":"Yali Tang, Junhui Zhu, Yan Li, Lixin Lu, Xiaolin Qiu, Liao Pan","doi":"10.1002/pts.2777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2777","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a PE-based antibacterial and antioxidant material was successfully developed. <span>L</span>-Ascorbic acid and <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoic acid were used as raw materials to synthesize L-ascorbic acid-<i>p</i>-hydroxybenzoate (LPHB) by direct esterification method. LPHB was added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and coated on corona-treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film coated with primer layer to prepare a composite film. The effects of different concentrations of LPHB on the performance of composite films were investigated to determine the optimal amount of addition, and then to prepare both antibacterial and antioxidant films. The antimicrobial properties of LPHB were analysed. The antibacterial, antioxidant, mechanical, barrier properties and morphology of the films were characterized and analysed. The results showed that the addition of LPHB significantly improved the antibacterial and anti-mould properties, oxidation resistance, and barrier properties of the composite film compared to the LDPE film. The best overall performance of the composite film was achieved when the content of LPHB was 1.5%, the antibacterial rate against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> reached 99%, and the free radical scavenging rate reached 67.22%. In addition, the cling film added with LPHB has better antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which has obvious effect on bread preservation and has potential for application in food packaging.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138530641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liisa Hakola, Elina Hakola, Sarianna Palola, Anna Tenhunen‐Lunkka, Jussi Lahtinen
Abstract Reusable packaging has been used as a case study for development of durable and sustainable smart tags that can provide both identity management and potentially also condition monitoring capabilities. Four different smart tag technologies have been investigated, including laser engraved 2D bar codes, printed 2D bar codes with combined temperature indicator, printed NFC (Near‐Field Communication) tags and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags as labels. All technologies showed excellent durability towards repeated washing and heating when protective layers were used. SWOT analysis was also carried out to weight the advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies summarizing the choice of the technology per use and end‐of‐life requirements. Sustainability of the investigated technologies is discussed from the smart tag recyclability perspective and the challenges that can be seen related to the use of electronic functionalities and/or plastic‐based protective layers.
{"title":"Durable and sustainable smart tags for identity management and condition monitoring: Case study for reusable packaging and recyclable data carriers","authors":"Liisa Hakola, Elina Hakola, Sarianna Palola, Anna Tenhunen‐Lunkka, Jussi Lahtinen","doi":"10.1002/pts.2781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2781","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Reusable packaging has been used as a case study for development of durable and sustainable smart tags that can provide both identity management and potentially also condition monitoring capabilities. Four different smart tag technologies have been investigated, including laser engraved 2D bar codes, printed 2D bar codes with combined temperature indicator, printed NFC (Near‐Field Communication) tags and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags as labels. All technologies showed excellent durability towards repeated washing and heating when protective layers were used. SWOT analysis was also carried out to weight the advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies summarizing the choice of the technology per use and end‐of‐life requirements. Sustainability of the investigated technologies is discussed from the smart tag recyclability perspective and the challenges that can be seen related to the use of electronic functionalities and/or plastic‐based protective layers.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"12 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomasz Gajewski, Jakub K. Grabski, Aram Cornaggia, Tomasz Garbowski
Abstract Artificial intelligence is increasingly used in various branches of engineering. In this article, artificial neural networks are used to predict the crush resistance of corrugated packaging. Among the analysed packages were boxes with ventilation openings, packages with perforations and typical flap boxes, which make the proposed estimation method very universal. Typical shallow feedforward networks were used, which are perfect for regression problems, mainly when the set of input and output parameters is small, so no complicated architecture or advanced learning techniques are required. The input parameters of the neural networks are selected so as to take into account not only the material used for the production of the packaging but also the dimensions of the box and the impact of ventilation holes and perforations on the load capacity of individual walls of the packaging. In order to maximize the effectiveness of neural network training process, the group of input parameters was changed so as to eliminate those to which the sensitivity of the model was the lowest. This allowed the selection of the optimal configuration of training pairs for which the estimation error was on the acceptable level. Finally, models of neural networks were selected, for which the training and testing error did not exceed 10%. The demonstrated effectiveness allows us to conclude that the proposed set of universal input parameters is suitable for efficient training of a single neural network model capable of predicting the compressive strength of various types of corrugated packaging.
{"title":"On the use of artificial intelligence in predicting the compressive strength of various cardboard packaging","authors":"Tomasz Gajewski, Jakub K. Grabski, Aram Cornaggia, Tomasz Garbowski","doi":"10.1002/pts.2783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2783","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Artificial intelligence is increasingly used in various branches of engineering. In this article, artificial neural networks are used to predict the crush resistance of corrugated packaging. Among the analysed packages were boxes with ventilation openings, packages with perforations and typical flap boxes, which make the proposed estimation method very universal. Typical shallow feedforward networks were used, which are perfect for regression problems, mainly when the set of input and output parameters is small, so no complicated architecture or advanced learning techniques are required. The input parameters of the neural networks are selected so as to take into account not only the material used for the production of the packaging but also the dimensions of the box and the impact of ventilation holes and perforations on the load capacity of individual walls of the packaging. In order to maximize the effectiveness of neural network training process, the group of input parameters was changed so as to eliminate those to which the sensitivity of the model was the lowest. This allowed the selection of the optimal configuration of training pairs for which the estimation error was on the acceptable level. Finally, models of neural networks were selected, for which the training and testing error did not exceed 10%. The demonstrated effectiveness allows us to conclude that the proposed set of universal input parameters is suitable for efficient training of a single neural network model capable of predicting the compressive strength of various types of corrugated packaging.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"116 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Plastic reduction regulations have resulted in the gradual replacement of traditional food plastic packaging materials with biodegradable and recyclable paper‐based ones. However, paper is prone to water absorption and moisture damage, and it has poor insulation properties, which can impact food quality and user experience. Recently, biopolymers have gained wide interest as the main substrate for paper coatings, providing various qualities for paper‐based materials to meet food packaging requirements. The coating based on chitosan/gelatin/microbeads composite aerogel prepared in this study not only possesses inherent antimicrobial and preservation properties but also enhances the cardboard's mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and thermal insulation effect after coating on cardboard. When the coating thickness was 30 μm, the tensile strength of the cardboard was enhanced by 0.65 kN/m, the contact angle increased by 19.3°, and the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased by 0.024 W·m −1 ·K −1 . Therefore, the biopolymer composite coating developed in this study provides an eco‐friendly substitute for plastic coatings on cardboard. In addition to bacteriostatic and preserving freshness, it can also address paper‐based material shortcomings, ensuring food quality and safety with comprehensive packaging protection.
{"title":"Study on the performance and application of coatings based on chitosan/gelatin/microbeads composite aerogel","authors":"Min Lin, Haolin Sun, Yuheng Chen, Jinghua Chen","doi":"10.1002/pts.2782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2782","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plastic reduction regulations have resulted in the gradual replacement of traditional food plastic packaging materials with biodegradable and recyclable paper‐based ones. However, paper is prone to water absorption and moisture damage, and it has poor insulation properties, which can impact food quality and user experience. Recently, biopolymers have gained wide interest as the main substrate for paper coatings, providing various qualities for paper‐based materials to meet food packaging requirements. The coating based on chitosan/gelatin/microbeads composite aerogel prepared in this study not only possesses inherent antimicrobial and preservation properties but also enhances the cardboard's mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and thermal insulation effect after coating on cardboard. When the coating thickness was 30 μm, the tensile strength of the cardboard was enhanced by 0.65 kN/m, the contact angle increased by 19.3°, and the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased by 0.024 W·m −1 ·K −1 . Therefore, the biopolymer composite coating developed in this study provides an eco‐friendly substitute for plastic coatings on cardboard. In addition to bacteriostatic and preserving freshness, it can also address paper‐based material shortcomings, ensuring food quality and safety with comprehensive packaging protection.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"2 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135391552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kang Lin, Changfeng Ge, Jing Qian, Tao Guo, Sixuan Xia
Abstract The coefficient of restitution (COR) is used to estimate the equivalent free fall drop height of packaging during handling and transportation. Various experimental studies were designed to explore factors affecting the conversion of the COR to equivalent free fall drop height. These factors include the number of drops, drop height, drop orientation, drop base, temperature and humidity on the COR. The results indicate that the number of drops and drop orientation are the two most influential factors affecting COR values. As the package undergoes more drops, the COR increases. Among the various orientations, the COR is largest for flat drops, followed by edge and corner orientations. Within flat drops, a smaller impact area results in a smaller COR. Manufacturing joints and the flats, edges and corners adjacent to manufacturing joints tend to yield smaller COR values. A COR correction matrix was developed to correct the conventional COR calculation. This matrix allows engineers to refine COR values based on the number of drops and drop orientations in the field. The matrix‐corrected equivalent free fall drop heights demonstrated an average accuracy of 96%. Compared to the conventional COR calculation method, it effectively reduces errors by a factor of 2–3.
{"title":"Exploring factors affecting the conversion of the coefficient of restitution to equivalent free fall drop height","authors":"Kang Lin, Changfeng Ge, Jing Qian, Tao Guo, Sixuan Xia","doi":"10.1002/pts.2779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2779","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The coefficient of restitution (COR) is used to estimate the equivalent free fall drop height of packaging during handling and transportation. Various experimental studies were designed to explore factors affecting the conversion of the COR to equivalent free fall drop height. These factors include the number of drops, drop height, drop orientation, drop base, temperature and humidity on the COR. The results indicate that the number of drops and drop orientation are the two most influential factors affecting COR values. As the package undergoes more drops, the COR increases. Among the various orientations, the COR is largest for flat drops, followed by edge and corner orientations. Within flat drops, a smaller impact area results in a smaller COR. Manufacturing joints and the flats, edges and corners adjacent to manufacturing joints tend to yield smaller COR values. A COR correction matrix was developed to correct the conventional COR calculation. This matrix allows engineers to refine COR values based on the number of drops and drop orientations in the field. The matrix‐corrected equivalent free fall drop heights demonstrated an average accuracy of 96%. Compared to the conventional COR calculation method, it effectively reduces errors by a factor of 2–3.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"137 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135372086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the most important elements for animal transportation is the packaging that ensures the safety and health of the transit. During the transport of live small animals, such as day‐old chickens, the animals may only stay in the boxes for a very limited period, in this case, 48 h. Therefore, it is important to be able to model the strength behaviour of these boxes concerning packaging material requirements and sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine the short‐ and relatively long‐term strength of day‐old chicken packages to better estimate packaging design and to use these data to establish an analytical creep model with suitable parameters that adequately approximate the measured data. Two types of packages were tested, and two types of creep models were used to model the creep strain‐time graphs. The creep behaviour of the two samples was tested at four different uniaxial load cases, with consistent environmental conditions during the tests (23°C and 50% relative humidity [RH]). At the two highest loads, both samples failed before the 48‐h cycle, indicating a significant difference in box strength between short‐term and long‐term load tests. The secondary creep strain rate increases with the magnitude of the compressive load. When comparing the two creep models for both box types, the Power law provided the best accuracy at the 50% of box compression test (BCT) load case, while at the other three load cases, the Andrade law showed better predictions.
{"title":"Creep behaviour of day‐old chicken corrugated paperboard packaging under different uniaxial compression loads—An experimental study","authors":"Lajos Fehér, Renáta Pidl, Péter Böröcz","doi":"10.1002/pts.2780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2780","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the most important elements for animal transportation is the packaging that ensures the safety and health of the transit. During the transport of live small animals, such as day‐old chickens, the animals may only stay in the boxes for a very limited period, in this case, 48 h. Therefore, it is important to be able to model the strength behaviour of these boxes concerning packaging material requirements and sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine the short‐ and relatively long‐term strength of day‐old chicken packages to better estimate packaging design and to use these data to establish an analytical creep model with suitable parameters that adequately approximate the measured data. Two types of packages were tested, and two types of creep models were used to model the creep strain‐time graphs. The creep behaviour of the two samples was tested at four different uniaxial load cases, with consistent environmental conditions during the tests (23°C and 50% relative humidity [RH]). At the two highest loads, both samples failed before the 48‐h cycle, indicating a significant difference in box strength between short‐term and long‐term load tests. The secondary creep strain rate increases with the magnitude of the compressive load. When comparing the two creep models for both box types, the Power law provided the best accuracy at the 50% of box compression test (BCT) load case, while at the other three load cases, the Andrade law showed better predictions.","PeriodicalId":19626,"journal":{"name":"Packaging Technology and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136157202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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