Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505
Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao
Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed. Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions. The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.
{"title":"Design optimization and encapsulation of spring-fiber displacement unit (SFDSU) for pavement monitoring using helical macro-bend fiber","authors":"Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm<!--> <!-->over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed.<!--> <!-->Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions.<!--> <!-->The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521
Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin
The control of capillary wall thickness is becoming a critical requirement in the manufacturing process of anti-resonant hollow core fibers (ARHCFs). Variations in capillary wall thickness directly affect the characteristics of the anti-resonant region. For a specific operational wavelength, even minor changes in wall thickness can result in significant losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In this manuscript, we propose an in situ frequency detection method based on string vibration to monitor changes in capillary wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
{"title":"A method to detect the capillary wall thickness","authors":"Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The control of capillary wall thickness is becoming a critical requirement in the manufacturing process of anti-resonant hollow core fibers (ARHCFs). Variations in capillary wall thickness directly affect the characteristics of the anti-resonant region. For a specific operational wavelength, even minor changes in wall thickness can result in significant losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In this manuscript, we propose an in situ frequency detection method based on string vibration to monitor changes in capillary wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516
Wenlei Li , Huiling Li , Guangyuan Duan , Guangwei Chen
This article presents a passively mode-locked fiber laser system based on Ti3C2TX saturable absorber (SA). We successfully achieve diverse mode-locked outputs in the fiber laser, including single-wavelength conventional solitons, bound-state solitons, and dual-wavelength solitons with different mode locking state at each wavelength. Additionally, we observe a frequency division multiplexing phenomenon under single-wavelength mode-locking conditions. The fiber laser demonstrates four switchable operation states, indicating that Ti3C2TX-SA-based mode-locking technology is an effective approach for enhancing the performance of passively mode-locked fiber lasers.
{"title":"Switchable mode-locked fiber laser with multi-state operations based on Ti3C2TX saturable absorber","authors":"Wenlei Li , Huiling Li , Guangyuan Duan , Guangwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a passively mode-locked fiber laser system based on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>X</sub> saturable absorber (SA). We successfully achieve diverse mode-locked outputs in the fiber laser, including single-wavelength conventional solitons, bound-state solitons, and dual-wavelength solitons with different mode locking state at each wavelength. Additionally, we observe a frequency division multiplexing phenomenon under single-wavelength mode-locking conditions. The fiber laser demonstrates four switchable operation states, indicating that Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>X</sub>-SA-based mode-locking technology is an effective approach for enhancing the performance of passively mode-locked fiber lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104504
Ibrahim Ozturk, N. Ozlem Unverdi
This study presents a real-time performance monitoring approach for microwave line-of-sight links in mobile base stations, utilizing triaxial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometers to detect and analyze vibration- and acceleration-induced disturbances that affect the radio link system. A total of seven experimental test scenarios were conducted under controlled external excitations. Key performance indicators, including background block error rate (BBER), errored seconds (ES), errored seconds rate (ESR), severely errored seconds (SES), and severely errored seconds rate (SESR), were analyzed to quantify the effects of mechanical disturbances on radio link stability. Experimental results show that high-amplitude accelerations cause temporary degradation in channel quality, leading the system to downgrade its modulation scheme from high levels, such as 4096 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), to lower levels, like 4 QAM. These degradations were reversible, as modulation levels returned to higher states once channel conditions improved. Additionally, performance degradations were found to be associated with physical factors such as structural contact issues at the radio link pole, external interferences, or wind-induced oscillations. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed system enables remote and real-time detection of environmental mechanical anomalies. This work introduces a novel framework integrating acceleration measurements with link performance metrics, establishing a foundation for predictive maintenance and autonomous fault detection in wireless communication infrastructure.
{"title":"Real-time performance monitoring of microwave line-of-sight links in mobile communication using fiber Bragg grating sensors for vibration and acceleration detection at mobile base stations","authors":"Ibrahim Ozturk, N. Ozlem Unverdi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a real-time performance monitoring approach for microwave line-of-sight links in mobile base stations, utilizing triaxial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometers to detect and analyze vibration- and acceleration-induced disturbances that affect the radio link system. A total of seven experimental test scenarios were conducted under controlled external excitations. Key performance indicators, including background block error rate (BBER), errored seconds (ES), errored seconds rate (ESR), severely errored seconds (SES), and severely errored seconds rate (SESR), were analyzed to quantify the effects of mechanical disturbances on radio link stability. Experimental results show that high-amplitude accelerations cause temporary degradation in channel quality, leading the system to downgrade its modulation scheme from high levels, such as 4096 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), to lower levels, like 4 QAM. These degradations were reversible, as modulation levels returned to higher states once channel conditions improved. Additionally, performance degradations were found to be associated with physical factors such as structural contact issues at the radio link pole, external interferences, or wind-induced oscillations. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed system enables remote and real-time detection of environmental mechanical anomalies. This work introduces a novel framework integrating acceleration measurements with link performance metrics, establishing a foundation for predictive maintenance and autonomous fault detection in wireless communication infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104504"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104506
Shangzhao Shao , Xiao Liu , Chunlei Jiang , Yu Sun , Bo Yu , Yunkai Wang , Lun Yan , Zhicheng Cong , Qing Song , Xinxin Yu
Microphones have a broad application prospect in the fields of biomedical diagnosis, hydroacoustic sensing and structural health monitoring. However, traditional single-mode fiber-optic microphones based on Fabry-Pérot (F-P) interference have a complicated structure and poor noise resistance. This paper proposes a single-multimode composite fiber-optic microphone (COM) based on self-mixing interference (SMI), whose probe consists of a single-multimode structure formed by coupling a single-mode fiber with a multimode fiber and a reflective membrane. The use of multimode fiber increases the fiber pathway and enhances the reflected light intensity absorbed by the fiber, thereby reducing signal distortion caused by environmental noise. The experimental results show that the transducer has a good acoustic response in the range of 50 Hz-15 kHz, achieving a sound pressure sensitivity of 87.2 mV/Pa at 250 Hz and the signal-to-noise ratio is 44.48 dB for a 10 kHz acoustic excitation.
{"title":"Single-mode to multi-mode fiber acoustic microphone based on self-mixing interference","authors":"Shangzhao Shao , Xiao Liu , Chunlei Jiang , Yu Sun , Bo Yu , Yunkai Wang , Lun Yan , Zhicheng Cong , Qing Song , Xinxin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microphones have a broad application prospect in the fields of biomedical diagnosis, hydroacoustic sensing and structural health monitoring. However, traditional single-mode fiber-optic microphones based on Fabry-Pérot (F-P) interference have a complicated structure and poor noise resistance. This paper proposes a single-multimode composite fiber-optic microphone (COM) based on self-mixing interference (SMI), whose probe consists of a single-multimode structure formed by coupling a single-mode fiber with a multimode fiber and a reflective membrane. The use of multimode fiber increases the fiber pathway and enhances the reflected light intensity absorbed by the fiber, thereby reducing signal distortion caused by environmental noise. The experimental results show that the transducer has a good acoustic response in the range of 50 Hz-15 kHz, achieving a sound pressure sensitivity of 87.2 mV/Pa at 250 Hz and the signal-to-noise ratio is 44.48 dB for a 10 kHz acoustic excitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104508
Hongcui Zhang, Lin Liu, Haoxuan Zhang, Peilin Liu, Lu Chen, Bin Luo, Song Yu, Shan Yin, Tianwei Jiang
Photonic time-stretch microwave channelization enables simultaneous multi-channel monitoring using a single optical channel and shows strong potential for military electronic spectrum detection. However, its resolution and accuracy have been limited compared to mature parallel approaches. We present an improved system that overcomes these shortcomings by employing pulse picking to adjust the repetition rate of a mode-locked laser, introducing a pre-modulation dispersion of –829 ps/nm, and using a second dispersion compensation fiber stage with optical amplification to further stretch RF-modulated optical pulses in the time domain. After photodetection and sampling, digital signal processing performs spectral transformation, slicing, and analysis. The enlarged optical time window allows fine channel discrimination and precise frequency estimation. Experiments demonstrate a record-breaking resolution of 73 MHz and accuracy of ± 2 MHz in serial photonics channelization.
{"title":"Enhanced time-stretch channelizer achieving 73 MHz resolution","authors":"Hongcui Zhang, Lin Liu, Haoxuan Zhang, Peilin Liu, Lu Chen, Bin Luo, Song Yu, Shan Yin, Tianwei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photonic time-stretch microwave channelization enables simultaneous multi-channel monitoring using a single optical channel and shows strong potential for military electronic spectrum detection. However, its resolution and accuracy have been limited compared to mature parallel approaches. We present an improved system that overcomes these shortcomings by employing pulse picking to adjust the repetition rate of a mode-locked laser, introducing a pre-modulation dispersion of –829 ps/nm, and using a second dispersion compensation fiber stage with optical amplification to further stretch RF-modulated optical pulses in the time domain. After photodetection and sampling, digital signal processing performs spectral transformation, slicing, and analysis. The enlarged optical time window allows fine channel discrimination and precise frequency estimation. Experiments demonstrate a record-breaking resolution of 73 MHz and accuracy of ± 2 MHz in serial photonics channelization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509
Jing Chai , Hao Lan , Dingding Zhang , Zeyu Liu , Hongru Hao , Yongliang Liu , Dengyan Gao , Shuai Lv
To investigate the impact of overlying remnant coal pillars on the underlying coal pillars under repeated mining conditions, within the context of near-distance coal seam group exploitation in a western mining district, this study was conducted in the 2−2 coal seam at Daliuta Coal Mine, Huojitu Well. An armored optical fiber was embedded within the coal pillars, and based on Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technology, high-resolution, spatiotemporal dynamic decoupling and monitoring of the coal pillar strain field were achieved. It breaks through the limitation that traditional point sensors such as stress gauges and displacement meters cannot capture the spatiotemporal evolution of continuous deformation inside coal pillars, and overcomes the discrete measurement limitations of traditional methods. This facilitated revealing the evolving load-bearing structural patterns and mechanical response characteristics of two different segmental coal pillars under repeated mining cyclicity. Results indicate that, under repeated mining conditions, the fractured zone beneath the remnant coal pillar expanded by 84.42 %, with the load-bearing structure degrading into a “plastic zone-fracture zone” bimodal configuration, whereas the coal pillars beneath the goaf area maintained a three-zone structure comprising “elastic zone–plastic zone–fracture zone.” Numerical simulations demonstrate that the overlying remnant coal pillar creates high-stress anomaly zones, causing the underlying coal pillars to endure concentrated stresses significantly exceeding the distributed loads of the goaf, thus reconstructing the overburden-coal pillar mechanical system and increasing the likelihood of overall structural failure. This study quantitatively elucidates the differential degradation mechanisms of the two types of coal pillars. The application of armored fiber optic embedding combined with BOTDR-based distributed sensing provides a critical theoretical foundation and technical reference for the deployment of DFOS in deformation monitoring within geotechnical engineering in mining environments.
{"title":"Study on the zoning deformation characteristics of coal pillars in a near-distance coal seam group based on distributed fiber optic sensing","authors":"Jing Chai , Hao Lan , Dingding Zhang , Zeyu Liu , Hongru Hao , Yongliang Liu , Dengyan Gao , Shuai Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the impact of overlying remnant coal pillars on the underlying coal pillars under repeated mining conditions, within the context of near-distance coal seam group exploitation in a western mining district, this study was conducted in the 2<sup>−2</sup> coal seam at Daliuta Coal Mine, Huojitu Well. An armored optical fiber was embedded within the coal pillars, and based on Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technology, high-resolution, spatiotemporal dynamic decoupling and monitoring of the coal pillar strain field were achieved. It breaks through the limitation that traditional point sensors such as stress gauges and displacement meters cannot capture the spatiotemporal evolution of continuous deformation inside coal pillars, and overcomes the discrete measurement limitations of traditional methods. This facilitated revealing the evolving load-bearing structural patterns and mechanical response characteristics of two different segmental coal pillars under repeated mining cyclicity. Results indicate that, under repeated mining conditions, the fractured zone beneath the remnant coal pillar expanded by 84.42 %, with the load-bearing structure degrading into a “plastic zone-fracture zone” bimodal configuration, whereas the coal pillars beneath the goaf area maintained a three-zone structure comprising “elastic zone–plastic zone–fracture zone.” Numerical simulations demonstrate that the overlying remnant coal pillar creates high-stress anomaly zones, causing the underlying coal pillars to endure concentrated stresses significantly exceeding the distributed loads of the goaf, thus reconstructing the overburden-coal pillar mechanical system and increasing the likelihood of overall structural failure. This study quantitatively elucidates the differential degradation mechanisms of the two types of coal pillars. The application of armored fiber optic embedding combined with BOTDR-based distributed sensing provides a critical theoretical foundation and technical reference for the deployment of DFOS in deformation monitoring within geotechnical engineering in mining environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497
R. Pecorella , A. Morana , A. Boukenter , M. Cannas , Y. Ouerdane , S. Girard
This study investigates the radiation response of commercially available germanosilicate graded-index multimode optical fibers (conforming to the OM1 through OM5 standards) at room temperature. The main objective is to monitor the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) and to identify the point defects at its origin, their generation and recombination mechanisms. The samples were irradiated under continuous X-ray exposure at two dose rates, 0.6 Gy/s and 6 Gy(SiO2)/s, up to total ionization doses of 52 kGy and 109 kGy, respectively. The RIA kinetics at 850 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm exhibited rapid initial growth followed by either a slower increase or a plateau, reflecting the interplay of defect generation, recombination, and conversion. OM2 through OM5 optical fibers showed a similar response with lower RIA compared to OM1 optical fiber, which justifies restricting the deeper analysis to OM1 and OM5 samples. Spectral decomposition of the RIA spectra shows that the dominant contributors are GeX and GeY at 850 nm; GeY and an unidentified band at 1310 nm; and Ge-STH together with the same unidentified band at 1550 nm. Moreover, GeX and GeY defects are the most dose rate sensitive defects, with their amplitudes nearly doubling at 6 Gy/s. The results obtained can be exploited to determine the potential of these Telecom-grade fibers for harsh environments with limited radiation constraints.
{"title":"Steady state radiation responses of graded-index germanosilicate multimode optical fibers","authors":"R. Pecorella , A. Morana , A. Boukenter , M. Cannas , Y. Ouerdane , S. Girard","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the radiation response of commercially available germanosilicate graded-index multimode optical fibers (conforming to the OM1 through OM5 standards) at room temperature. The main objective is to monitor the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) and to identify the point defects at its origin, their generation and recombination mechanisms. The samples were irradiated under continuous X-ray exposure at two dose rates, 0.6<!--> <!--> Gy/s and 6<!--> <!--> Gy(SiO<sub>2</sub>)/s, up to total ionization doses of 52<!--> <!--> kGy and 109<!--> <!--> kGy, respectively. The RIA kinetics at 850<!--> <!--> nm, 1310<!--> <!--> nm, and 1550<!--> <!--> nm exhibited rapid initial growth followed by either a slower increase or a plateau, reflecting the interplay of defect generation, recombination, and conversion. OM2 through OM5 optical fibers showed a similar response with lower RIA compared to OM1 optical fiber, which justifies restricting the deeper analysis to OM1 and OM5 samples. Spectral decomposition of the RIA spectra shows that the dominant contributors are GeX and GeY at 850 nm; GeY and an unidentified band at 1310 nm; and Ge-STH together with the same unidentified band at 1550 nm. Moreover, GeX and GeY defects are the most dose rate sensitive defects, with their amplitudes nearly doubling at 6<!--> <!--> Gy/s. The results obtained can be exploited to determine the potential of these Telecom-grade fibers for harsh environments with limited radiation constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435
Z.L. Cheng, M.C. Chen, M.R. Tao, Z.T. Rong
FBG sensing technology has attracted attention due to high sensitivity and precision, corrosion resistance, and electro-magnetic interference immunity. This study used a newly designed thin-walled hollow tube to measure three-dimensional deformation, including estimating maximum deformation and its direction. Under the simple support condition, when loading was applied at the midpoint of the tube beam, the relative error was less than 4%, and when loading was applied to two-thirds of the length direction of the tube, the relative error was less than 8%. Under the cantilever condition, the relative error varied between 6.43% and 8.69%. Relative error between calculated loading direction using bending strain and measured value was around 4%. The results showed that this type of tube can measure the deformation and deformation direction with acceptable error, and it is feasible to use it for 3D deformation monitoring of underground engineering structure.
{"title":"Experimental study on a new method for 3D deformation measurement of underground structure using optic fiber sensors","authors":"Z.L. Cheng, M.C. Chen, M.R. Tao, Z.T. Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FBG sensing technology has attracted attention due to high sensitivity and precision, corrosion resistance, and electro-magnetic interference immunity. This study used a newly designed thin-walled hollow tube to measure three-dimensional deformation, including estimating maximum deformation and its direction. Under the simple support condition, when loading was applied at the midpoint of the tube beam, the relative error was less than 4%, and when loading was applied to two-thirds of the length direction of the tube, the relative error was less than 8%. Under the cantilever condition, the relative error varied between 6.43% and 8.69%. Relative error between calculated loading direction using bending strain and measured value was around 4%. The results showed that this type of tube can measure the deformation and deformation direction with acceptable error, and it is feasible to use it for 3D deformation monitoring of underground engineering structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104502
Jeremy Potet , Mathilde Gay , Laurent Bramerie , Gaël Simon , Fabienne Saliou , Philippe Chanclou , Michel Joindot
This paper presents an analytical comparison of three receiver architectures (PIN, APD, SOA-PIN) for 100 Gbit/s IM/DD fiber access links, under high optical budget constraints. Our results and the experimental results reported in the literature show that standalone PIN receivers cannot meet the required sensitivity for future PONs. GeSi APDs are promising thanks to their low avalanche noise and CMOS compatibility. However, the bandwidth of currently available GeSi APDs is still limited and needs to be further increased. SOA-PIN receivers, already mature and integrable, can achieve the target sensitivity but with limited power margin. Additional power margin can be achieved through proper design and engineering of the SOA-PIN. The effects of the noise figure, spontaneous emission factor and thermal noise are examined. The importance of low-noise SOAs and appropriate optical filtering is also discussed. Finally, trade-offs between sensitivity, bandwidth, integration and cost are addressed, along with design recommendations for next-generation access networks.
{"title":"Analytical study of receivers performances for 100 Gbit/s OOK IM/DD fiber access link","authors":"Jeremy Potet , Mathilde Gay , Laurent Bramerie , Gaël Simon , Fabienne Saliou , Philippe Chanclou , Michel Joindot","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an analytical comparison of three receiver architectures (PIN, APD, SOA-PIN) for 100<!--> <!-->Gbit/s IM/DD fiber access links, under high optical budget constraints. Our results and the experimental results reported in the literature show that standalone PIN receivers cannot meet the required sensitivity for future PONs. GeSi APDs are promising thanks to their low avalanche noise and CMOS compatibility. However, the bandwidth of currently available GeSi APDs is still limited and needs to be further increased. SOA-PIN receivers, already mature and integrable, can achieve the target sensitivity but with limited power margin. Additional power margin can be achieved through proper design and engineering of the SOA-PIN. The effects of the noise figure, spontaneous emission factor and thermal noise are examined. The importance of low-noise SOAs and appropriate optical filtering is also discussed. Finally, trade-offs between sensitivity, bandwidth, integration and cost are addressed, along with design recommendations for next-generation access networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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