Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104057
Shengnan Li, Yuchen Song, Xuhao Pang, Yao Zhang, Min Zhang, Danshi Wang
For C-band wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems, achieving balanced output channel power is a practical goal for performance maintenance, given the moderate fiber nonlinearity and sometimes outdated control and monitoring devices in these deployed systems. To accomplish this, we propose a digital twin (DT)-based tandem neural network (NN) structure for optimizing launch power profile. The proposed structure consists of two components: an optimization NN, which generates the optimized launched channel power based on a target output power profile, and a forward DT NN, pre-trained to predict output power profile after multi-span transmission. The proposed method enables fast and efficient launch power optimization on simulated links with arbitrary channel loadings and has been validated using open-source experimental data from links with heterogeneous spans and naked amplifiers. The power profile ripple can be reduced from more than 20 dB to 1.2 dB, providing an effective solution for practical C-band WDM systems.
对于 C 波段波分复用（WDM）传输系统而言，由于光纤存在一定的非线性，而且这些已部署系统中的控制和监控设备有时会过时，因此实现均衡的输出信道功率是性能维护的一个实际目标。为此，我们提出了一种基于数字孪生（DT）的串联神经网络（NN）结构，用于优化发射功率曲线。建议的结构由两部分组成：一个是优化神经网络，它根据目标输出功率曲线生成优化的发射信道功率；另一个是前向 DT 神经网络，它经过预先训练，可预测多跨度传输后的输出功率曲线。所提出的方法可在具有任意信道负载的模拟链路上实现快速、高效的发射功率优化，并利用具有异构跨度和裸放大器的链路的开源实验数据进行了验证。功率曲线纹波可从 20 多 dB 降至 1.2 dB，为实际 C 波段波分复用系统提供了有效的解决方案。
{"title":"Tandem structure neural network-based channel power optimization in wavelength-division multiplexing systems","authors":"Shengnan Li, Yuchen Song, Xuhao Pang, Yao Zhang, Min Zhang, Danshi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For C-band wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems, achieving balanced output channel power is a practical goal for performance maintenance, given the moderate fiber nonlinearity and sometimes outdated control and monitoring devices in these deployed systems. To accomplish this, we propose a digital twin (DT)-based tandem neural network (NN) structure for optimizing launch power profile. The proposed structure consists of two components: an optimization NN, which generates the optimized launched channel power based on a target output power profile, and a forward DT NN, pre-trained to predict output power profile after multi-span transmission. The proposed method enables fast and efficient launch power optimization on simulated links with arbitrary channel loadings and has been validated using open-source experimental data from links with heterogeneous spans and naked amplifiers. The power profile ripple can be reduced from more than 20 dB to 1.2 dB, providing an effective solution for practical C-band WDM systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142719694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104064
F.J. Valle-Atilano , H.A Borbón-Nuñez , D. Jáuregui-Vázquez , J.C. Hérnandez-García , R. Rangel-Rojo , H.J. Tiznado-Vázquez , H. Marquez-Becerra , J.M. Sierra-Hérnandez , R.Rojas Laguna , J.M. Estudillo-Ayala
This paper experimentally demonstrates the use of a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanolaminate as a polarization-dependent loss element to control the frequency repetition rate in a passive mode-locked fiber laser. The ZnO nanolaminate was deposited via the atomic layer deposition technique. The system achieves repetition frequencies ranging from 2.2 to 6.6 MHz, with emission peaks occurring at wavelengths between 1569.1 nm and 1570.8 nm, exhibiting three to four peaks. The fiber exhibits a minimal pulse duration of around 9.78 ns; the maximal pulse-to-pulse separation was 452 ns. The fiber laser demonstrates excellent stability in both power and wavelength emission. The compact experimental setup leverages the properties of the thin film of zinc oxide, offering a versatile laser system capable of quickly altering pulse repetition rates by simply adjusting the polarization state.
{"title":"Adjustable repetition rate mode-locked fiber laser using a ZnO nanolaminate","authors":"F.J. Valle-Atilano , H.A Borbón-Nuñez , D. Jáuregui-Vázquez , J.C. Hérnandez-García , R. Rangel-Rojo , H.J. Tiznado-Vázquez , H. Marquez-Becerra , J.M. Sierra-Hérnandez , R.Rojas Laguna , J.M. Estudillo-Ayala","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper experimentally demonstrates the use of a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanolaminate as a polarization-dependent loss element to control the frequency repetition rate in a passive mode-locked fiber laser. The ZnO nanolaminate was deposited via the atomic layer deposition technique. The system achieves repetition frequencies ranging from 2.2 to 6.6 MHz, with emission peaks occurring at wavelengths between 1569.1 nm and 1570.8 nm, exhibiting three to four peaks. The fiber exhibits a minimal pulse duration of around 9.78 ns; the maximal pulse-to-pulse separation was 452 ns. The fiber laser demonstrates excellent stability in both power and wavelength emission. The compact experimental setup leverages the properties of the thin film of zinc oxide, offering a versatile laser system capable of quickly altering pulse repetition rates by simply adjusting the polarization state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104046
Jianing Ma , Zhiguo Jiang , Shuxia Qian , Bingchen Yan , Xianchao Zhang
Evaluating the quality of ballistocardiogram (BCG) is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of subsequent physiological parameter extraction. The micro-bend fiber optic BCG sensor and fiber Bragg grating BCG sensor are designed and manufactured, and experiments show that they can effectively acquire BCG. A BCG quality evaluation model based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is established, which uses four BCG evaluation indicators in time-domain and frequency-domain, including ratio of coefficient of variation, matching degree of J-wave detection, ratio of power spectral density, coefficient of template matching. By analyzing the quality of 800 manually labeled signal samples, the fuzzy membership functions for the four BCG evaluation indicators are determined. Considering the different noise features of various fiber optic sensors, different weight distributions are applied to BCG evaluation indicators for the micro-bend fiber optic BCG sensor and fiber Bragg grating BCG sensor. Applying the quality evaluation model to signals acquired at different times from two types of fiber optic sensors, and classifying them into excellent, average, and poor categories, the accuracy of BCG quality determination for the two types of sensors is 84.50% and 85.25%, respectively.
{"title":"Quality evaluation of ballistocardiogram from fiber optic sensors using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method","authors":"Jianing Ma , Zhiguo Jiang , Shuxia Qian , Bingchen Yan , Xianchao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluating the quality of ballistocardiogram (BCG) is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of subsequent physiological parameter extraction. The micro-bend fiber optic BCG sensor and fiber Bragg grating BCG sensor are designed and manufactured, and experiments show that they can effectively acquire BCG. A BCG quality evaluation model based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is established, which uses four BCG evaluation indicators in time-domain and frequency-domain, including ratio of coefficient of variation, matching degree of J-wave detection, ratio of power spectral density, coefficient of template matching. By analyzing the quality of 800 manually labeled signal samples, the fuzzy membership functions for the four BCG evaluation indicators are determined. Considering the different noise features of various fiber optic sensors, different weight distributions are applied to BCG evaluation indicators for the micro-bend fiber optic BCG sensor and fiber Bragg grating BCG sensor. Applying the quality evaluation model to signals acquired at different times from two types of fiber optic sensors, and classifying them into excellent, average, and poor categories, the accuracy of BCG quality determination for the two types of sensors is 84.50% and 85.25%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104039
Jian Geng, Naoto Kishi
A high-sensitivity refractive index (RI) sensor is proposed and designed, which is an in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer (IMZI) with a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and multilevel micro spindle structures fabricated by the arc-discharging and tapering method. To improve the sensitivity, a tapered multimode fiber (MMF) is inserted into the PCF. The performance of RI and temperature detection has been analyzed and discussed. The maximum RI sensitivity of −2958.875 nm/RIU is achieved by detecting the NaCl solution. In addition, the maximum temperature sensitivity is 6.4 pm/ in the range of 25 –65 , and the maximum measurement error changes caused by temperature is −0.0170‰/. It shows that the sensor is very sensitive to RI yet insensitive to temperature.
本文提出并设计了一种高灵敏度折射率（RI）传感器，它是一种在线马赫-泽恩德干涉仪（IMZI），带有光子晶体光纤（PCF）和通过电弧放电和锥形方法制造的多级微主轴结构。为了提高灵敏度，在 PCF 中插入了锥形多模光纤 (MMF)。对 RI 和温度检测的性能进行了分析和讨论。通过检测 NaCl 溶液，RI 灵敏度达到最大值 -2958.875 nm/RIU。此外，在 25 oC-65 oC 范围内，最大温度灵敏度为 6.4 pm/oC，温度引起的最大测量误差变化为 -0.0170‰/oC。这表明该传感器对 RI 非常敏感，但对温度不敏感。
{"title":"A temperature-insensitive refractive index sensor based on in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer with micro spindle structures and photonic crystal fibers","authors":"Jian Geng, Naoto Kishi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-sensitivity refractive index (RI) sensor is proposed and designed, which is an in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer (IMZI) with a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and multilevel micro spindle structures fabricated by the arc-discharging and tapering method. To improve the sensitivity, a tapered multimode fiber (MMF) is inserted into the PCF. The performance of RI and temperature detection has been analyzed and discussed. The maximum RI sensitivity of −2958.875 nm/RIU is achieved by detecting the NaCl solution. In addition, the maximum temperature sensitivity is 6.4 pm/<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span> in the range of 25 <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span>–65 <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span>, and the maximum measurement error changes caused by temperature is −0.0170‰/<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span>. It shows that the sensor is very sensitive to RI yet insensitive to temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104066
Yong Zheng , Lei Liu , Wang Xiao , Chao Yang
The paper presents an innovative fiber optic displacement sensor with a wide and linear measurement range, which capitalizes on the principle of macro-bending loss. The sensor incorporates a single optical fiber that is spirally wound around a non-standard spring, creating a unique sensing element. It functions in tandem with a standard spring, connected in series. The working mechanism of the sensor is thoroughly explained, and a corresponding mathematical model has been developed. An in-depth experimental analysis of the sensor’s performance has been conducted. The findings indicate a strong linear correlation between the displacement measurements and the macro-bending loss of the optical fiber. It boasts a substantial measurement range of 90 mm, with a minimal displacement resolution of 0.150 mm. The sensor also exhibits a maximum hysteresis error of 4.81 % and a maximum repeatability error of 8.62 %. Additionally, a soil drainage model test utilizing two of these sensors to assess their capability in detecting soil compression deformation was performed in details. The experimental results underscore the potential of these sensors to be interconnected on a single optical link, enabling quasi-distributed sensing monitoring. This research paves the way for the promising application of such sensors in real-time monitoring of soil settlement deformation and related phenomena.
{"title":"Design and investigation of a novel optic fiber sensor based on OTDR for land subsidence monitoring","authors":"Yong Zheng , Lei Liu , Wang Xiao , Chao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper presents an innovative fiber optic displacement sensor with a wide and linear measurement range, which capitalizes on the principle of macro-bending loss. The sensor incorporates a single optical fiber that is spirally wound around a non-standard spring, creating a unique sensing element. It functions in tandem with a standard spring, connected in series. The working mechanism of the sensor is thoroughly explained, and a corresponding mathematical model has been developed. An in-depth experimental analysis of the sensor’s performance has been conducted. The findings indicate a strong linear correlation between the displacement measurements and the macro-bending loss of the optical fiber. It boasts a substantial measurement range of 90 mm, with a minimal displacement resolution of 0.150 mm. The sensor also exhibits a maximum hysteresis error of 4.81 % and a maximum repeatability error of 8.62 %. Additionally, a soil drainage model test utilizing two of these sensors to assess their capability in detecting soil compression deformation was performed in details. The experimental results underscore the potential of these sensors to be interconnected on a single optical link, enabling quasi-distributed sensing monitoring. This research paves the way for the promising application of such sensors in real-time monitoring of soil settlement deformation and related phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104066"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104059
Junyan Chen , Xinmei Li , Jingwen Wu , Yang Zheng , Wei Xiao
As a result of rapid development of network communication technology, optical transport network (OTN) traffic has also experienced rapid growth in terms of information volume scale, traffic complexity, and spatiotemporal distribution dynamics. Because the OTN traffic demand has complex spatiotemporal fluctuations, the traditional deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm has been applied to the routing optimization of software-defined OTNs. However, the traditional DRL algorithm has problems such as slow convergence, weak generalization ability, and load imbalance when performing routine tasks. To address these issues, we propose a graph sampling and aggregation (GraphSAGE)-based dueling deep Q-network (GSADDQN) algorithm for software-defined OTN routing optimization. First, we design a DRL-based routing decision model to find the best routing strategy for each optical network’s source–destination traffic demand. Second, considering the sparse connection characteristics of optical network nodes, we use sampling neighbors and a deep aggregation mechanism as the neural network model of the Dueling Deep Q-Network (Dueling DQN) algorithm so that the reinforcement learning agent can consciously aggregate important network information and improve the model’s convergence performance and generalization ability. Finally, we design simulation routing experiments based on Gym and evaluate the algorithm’s load balancing and generalization capabilities for different network topologies. The experimental results show that the GSADDQN algorithm has good convergence performance and load balancing ability in routing optimization of optical transmission networks and can generalize new network structures, maintaining good decision-making ability even during network node failures.
{"title":"GSADDQN: Combining GraphSAGE and reinforcement learning for routing optimization in software-defined optical transport network","authors":"Junyan Chen , Xinmei Li , Jingwen Wu , Yang Zheng , Wei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a result of rapid development of network communication technology, optical transport network (OTN) traffic has also experienced rapid growth in terms of information volume scale, traffic complexity, and spatiotemporal distribution dynamics. Because the OTN traffic demand has complex spatiotemporal fluctuations, the traditional deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm has been applied to the routing optimization of software-defined OTNs. However, the traditional DRL algorithm has problems such as slow convergence, weak generalization ability, and load imbalance when performing routine tasks. To address these issues, we propose a graph sampling and aggregation (GraphSAGE)-based dueling deep Q-network (GSADDQN) algorithm for software-defined OTN routing optimization. First, we design a DRL-based routing decision model to find the best routing strategy for each optical network’s source–destination traffic demand. Second, considering the sparse connection characteristics of optical network nodes, we use sampling neighbors and a deep aggregation mechanism as the neural network model of the Dueling Deep Q-Network (Dueling DQN) algorithm so that the reinforcement learning agent can consciously aggregate important network information and improve the model’s convergence performance and generalization ability. Finally, we design simulation routing experiments based on Gym and evaluate the algorithm’s load balancing and generalization capabilities for different network topologies. The experimental results show that the GSADDQN algorithm has good convergence performance and load balancing ability in routing optimization of optical transmission networks and can generalize new network structures, maintaining good decision-making ability even during network node failures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104059"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104056
Kang Zhang , Yangyang Ren , Ming Feng , Jinyue Xie , Xu Sang , Feng Song
In this work, we first investigate bulk-structured vanadium telluride (VTe2) saturable absorption properties and its application in the Q-Switched pulse generation. Bulk-structured VTe2 flakes have been obtained by the liquid phase exfoliation method. The prepared VTe2-SA has good saturable absorption characteristics whose saturable intensity is 0.24 MW/cm2, and the modulation depth is 2.73 % at 1.5 μm region. Furthermore, a Q-switched pulsed fiber laser based on VTe2-SA is constructed. The repetition rate of the Q-switched pulses can be increased from 16.3 kHz to 28.2 kHz, and the corresponding pulse duration decreases from 6.8 to 3.5 μs. The maximum Q-switched single pulse energy is 91.5 nJ. This work suggests that bulk-structured VTe2 can serve as a novel low-cost SA material and open up a new platform for expanding the applications of VTe2 for ultrafast photonics.
{"title":"Bulk-structured VTe2 as a novel low-cost saturable absorber for pulsed fiber lasers","authors":"Kang Zhang , Yangyang Ren , Ming Feng , Jinyue Xie , Xu Sang , Feng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we first investigate bulk-structured vanadium telluride (VTe<sub>2</sub>) saturable absorption properties and its application in the Q-Switched pulse generation. Bulk-structured VTe<sub>2</sub> flakes have been obtained by the liquid phase exfoliation method. The prepared VTe<sub>2</sub>-SA has good saturable absorption characteristics whose saturable intensity is 0.24 MW/cm<sup>2</sup>, and the modulation depth is 2.73 % at 1.5 μm region. Furthermore, a Q-switched pulsed fiber laser based on VTe<sub>2</sub>-SA is constructed. The repetition rate of the Q-switched pulses can be increased from 16.3 kHz to 28.2 kHz, and the corresponding pulse duration decreases from 6.8 to 3.5 μs. The maximum Q-switched single pulse energy is 91.5 nJ. This work suggests that bulk-structured VTe<sub>2</sub> can serve as a novel low-cost SA material and open up a new platform for expanding the applications of VTe<sub>2</sub> for ultrafast photonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104056"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104049
Jian Xu , Sa Yang , Tigang Ning , Hongwei Yue , Yan Chen , Renlong Zhou , Tao Liao
This paper proposed and experimentally demonstrated a useful technology to improve the sensitivity of magnetic field sensing system based on the beat frequency demodulation of fiber laser. The sensing principle of the proposed system is detecting the beat frequency variation which is caused by the length change of laser cavity. A 3D-printed transducer was used in this paper to convert the magnetic field change to the beat frequency variation, which is the essential sensing part as well. Besides, we found that, mode locking technology could conduce to advance the signal-to-noise ratio of the beat frequency signal, which could further significantly improve the sensing sensitivity and frequency resolution. Experiment results demonstrate that the magnetic field sensitivity is −3.52 kHz/mT, and the actual resolution of the mode-locked laser sensing system is one hundred times higher than it in continuous-wave laser.
本文提出并通过实验证明了一种基于光纤激光器节拍频率解调的有用技术，可提高磁场传感系统的灵敏度。该系统的传感原理是检测由激光腔长度变化引起的拍频变化。本文使用 3D 打印换能器将磁场变化转换为拍频变化，这也是必不可少的传感部分。此外，我们还发现，模式锁定技术可以提高拍频信号的信噪比，从而进一步显著提高传感灵敏度和频率分辨率。实验结果表明，锁模激光传感系统的磁场灵敏度为 -3.52 kHz/mT，实际分辨率是连续波激光的一百倍。
{"title":"Improving the sensitivity of magnetic field sensing system based on fiber mode-lock laser","authors":"Jian Xu , Sa Yang , Tigang Ning , Hongwei Yue , Yan Chen , Renlong Zhou , Tao Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposed and experimentally demonstrated a useful technology to improve the sensitivity of magnetic field sensing system based on the beat frequency demodulation of fiber laser. The sensing principle of the proposed system is detecting the beat frequency variation which is caused by the length change of laser cavity. A 3D-printed transducer was used in this paper to convert the magnetic field change to the beat frequency variation, which is the essential sensing part as well. Besides, we found that, mode locking technology could conduce to advance the signal-to-noise ratio of the beat frequency signal, which could further significantly improve the sensing sensitivity and frequency resolution. Experiment results demonstrate that the magnetic field sensitivity is −3.52 kHz/mT, and the actual resolution of the mode-locked laser sensing system is one hundred times higher than it in continuous-wave laser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104049"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104062
Chuang Li, Li Sun, Zhaoqi Liu, Kai Wang, Weidong Yan
Structural damage has the characteristics of concealment and low response, therefore, how to improve the accuracy and stability of damage identification has always been a challenge for the researchers. An innovative approach (PCA-KNN) for structural damage identification and anomaly localization was proposed based on monitoring data. Firstly, traditional principal component analysis (PCA) was completed on the monitoring data matrix with taking into account the contribution of error subspaces. Secondly, the sigmoid function was assigned corresponding weights in terms of the sensitivity of the principal components. Finally, the comprehensive differential index was developed with the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm for less noise interference. In terms of sensor monitoring, the wide range FBG strain sensor and FBG tilt sensor were developed to perceive structural mechanical parameters. The innovative approach and sensors were applied to the benchmark model of Base Excited 3-Story Structure and shaking table testing to implement the comprehensive index calculation, which could effectively identify structural damage with abnormal monitoring data from the sensor nearby. Through comparison and analysis, the new technology could promote the ability of quantitative damage identification and localization.
{"title":"Structural damage identification and experiment based on FBG sensors and PCA-KNN approach","authors":"Chuang Li, Li Sun, Zhaoqi Liu, Kai Wang, Weidong Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural damage has the characteristics of concealment and low response, therefore, how to improve the accuracy and stability of damage identification has always been a challenge for the researchers. An innovative approach (PCA-KNN) for structural damage identification and anomaly localization was proposed based on monitoring data. Firstly, traditional principal component analysis (PCA) was completed on the monitoring data matrix with taking into account the contribution of error subspaces. Secondly, the sigmoid function was assigned corresponding weights in terms of the sensitivity of the principal components. Finally, the comprehensive differential index was developed with the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm for less noise interference. In terms of sensor monitoring, the wide range FBG strain sensor and FBG tilt sensor were developed to perceive structural mechanical parameters. The innovative approach and sensors were applied to the benchmark model of Base Excited 3-Story Structure and shaking table testing to implement the comprehensive index calculation, which could effectively identify structural damage with abnormal monitoring data from the sensor nearby. Through comparison and analysis, the new technology could promote the ability of quantitative damage identification and localization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104062"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104058
Kefeng Ding , Lihua Ye , Chunguang Lu , Yujie Zhao , Dapeng Yan
This paper proposes an Interlayer Air-hole Photonic Crystal Fiber (IA-PCF) consisting of five air-hole layers with a single material, which means compatibility checking between the core and cladding material need not be required. The optical fiber is designed using COMSOL software. Further more, the dispersion, nonlinearity, effective mode area, and confinement loss characteristics of the proposed IA-PCF structure are numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The results indicate that the proposed IA-PCF has three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) within 800–2400 nm. Through continuous structural optimization, a flat dispersion optimal IA-PCF with a dispersion fluctuation of ± 2.05 (ps/nm·km) in the range of 1509 nm-1955 nm is obtained. The three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) of the optimal IA-PCF are 1061 nm, 1598 nm, and 1904 nm, respectively. Four input 50 fs pulses both in the normal and anomalous dispersion regimes are explored to analyze the spectral evolution process of SC in a 30 cm lenth IA-PCF. The results indicate that the continuous SC exists in the range of 750 nm-2430 nm at the pump wavelength of 1064 nm with power range of −40 dB. While the continuous broadband SC exists in the range of 1235 nm-3470 nm at the pump wavelength of 1550 nm with power range of −43 dB. In addition, a broadband, flat SC spectrum with a power range of −26.8 dB to −18.6 dB is obtained in the wavelength range of 1331 nm-2315 nm at a pump wavelength of 1080 nm. The IA-PCF provides a new structure and approach for generating a broadband, flat and SC spectrum. The supercontinuum belongs to a wide range of applications in optical communication, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency comb etc.
{"title":"Interlayer air-hole photonic crystal fiber with flat dispersion and three zero dispersion wavelengths for supercontinuum generation","authors":"Kefeng Ding , Lihua Ye , Chunguang Lu , Yujie Zhao , Dapeng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an Interlayer Air-hole Photonic Crystal Fiber (IA-PCF) consisting of five air-hole layers with a single material, which means compatibility checking between the core and cladding material need not be required. The optical fiber is designed using COMSOL software. Further more, the dispersion, nonlinearity, effective mode area, and confinement loss characteristics of the proposed IA-PCF structure are numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The results indicate that the proposed IA-PCF has three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) within 800–2400 nm. Through continuous structural optimization, a flat dispersion optimal IA-PCF with a dispersion fluctuation of ± 2.05 (ps/nm·km) in the range of 1509 nm-1955 nm is obtained. The three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) of the optimal IA-PCF are 1061 nm, 1598 nm, and 1904 nm, respectively. Four input 50 fs pulses both in the normal and anomalous dispersion regimes are explored to analyze the spectral evolution process of SC in a 30 cm lenth IA-PCF. The results indicate that the continuous SC exists in the range of 750 nm-2430 nm at the pump wavelength of 1064 nm with power range of −40 dB. While the continuous broadband SC exists in the range of 1235 nm-3470 nm at the pump wavelength of 1550 nm with power range of −43 dB. In addition, a broadband, flat SC spectrum with a power range of −26.8 dB to −18.6 dB is obtained in the wavelength range of 1331 nm-2315 nm at a pump wavelength of 1080 nm. The IA-PCF provides a new structure and approach for generating a broadband, flat and SC spectrum. The supercontinuum belongs to a wide range of applications in optical communication, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency comb etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 104058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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