Optical Fiber Technology最新文献

英文中文

Sturdy-multistage noise-shaping delta-sigma modulator with enhanced noise-coupling and NTF-optimized strategy for intermediate frequency digital mobile fronthaul

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104110

Anting Xu , Mingzhu Yin , Wei Wang , Liming Chen , Fan Li

In this paper, digital mobile fronthaul (MFH) based on the enhanced noise-coupling structure for intermediate frequency (IF) scenarios and noise transfer function (NTF)-optimized strategy sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping delta-sigma (SMASH) modulator is proposed. Without the need for additional integrators, the SMASH modulator with enhanced noise-coupling (SMASH-NC) gains two extra zeros in the signal band, improving the second-order noise shaping capability and achieving a 13.6 dB signal-to-noise rate (SNR) improvement. The NTF-optimized strategy based on genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to design SMASH-NC. Compared with the SMASH-NC obtained by traditional method, the stability of SMASH-NC of GA method is higher, which supports larger input signals, with a 4.1 dB SNR improvement. We experimentally demonstrate the transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in MFH with the fourth-order SMASH-NC modulator. The OFMD signals at the center frequency of 1.5 GHz are modulated to 5-Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signals through the SMASH-NC modulator and transmitted over the intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) link and 20 km single-mode fiber (SMF). Experimental results show that OFDM signals can be transmitted up to 65,536 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with the SNR of 52.41 dB. In addition, the fourth-order SMASH-NC scheme has 9.52 % less adders and 29.17 % less multipliers, respectively, in comparison to the traditional fourth-order single-loop delta-sigma modulator (SDSM) scheme.

{"title":"Sturdy-multistage noise-shaping delta-sigma modulator with enhanced noise-coupling and NTF-optimized strategy for intermediate frequency digital mobile fronthaul","authors":"Anting Xu , Mingzhu Yin , Wei Wang , Liming Chen , Fan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, digital mobile fronthaul (MFH) based on the enhanced noise-coupling structure for intermediate frequency (IF) scenarios and noise transfer function (NTF)-optimized strategy sturdy multi-stage noise-shaping delta-sigma (SMASH) modulator is proposed. Without the need for additional integrators, the SMASH modulator with enhanced noise-coupling (SMASH-NC) gains two extra zeros in the signal band, improving the second-order noise shaping capability and achieving a 13.6 dB signal-to-noise rate (SNR) improvement. The NTF-optimized strategy based on genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to design SMASH-NC. Compared with the SMASH-NC obtained by traditional method, the stability of SMASH-NC of GA method is higher, which supports larger input signals, with a 4.1 dB SNR improvement. We experimentally demonstrate the transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in MFH with the fourth-order SMASH-NC modulator. The OFMD signals at the center frequency of 1.5 GHz are modulated to 5-Gbaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signals through the SMASH-NC modulator and transmitted over the intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) link and 20 km single-mode fiber (SMF). Experimental results show that OFDM signals can be transmitted up to 65,536 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with the SNR of 52.41 dB. In addition, the fourth-order SMASH-NC scheme has 9.52 % less adders and 29.17 % less multipliers, respectively, in comparison to the traditional fourth-order single-loop delta-sigma modulator (SDSM) scheme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance analysis of geometrically shaped 16/32/64/128QAM based on swarm intelligence algorithm

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104111

Jia Lu , Tianshuo Wang , Jie Ma , Jianfei Liu , Xiangye Zeng , Yang Wang

In this paper, an optimization scheme for geometrically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (GS-QAM) based on swarm intelligence algorithms is proposed. The swarm intelligence algorithms of the marine predator algorithm (MPA), nonlinear marine predator algorithm (NMPA), mountain gazelle optimizer (MGO), dog optimization algorithm (DOA), and honey badger algorithm (HBA) are used to optimize the geometrical locations of the constellation points to reduce the damage caused by phase noise and improve the system performance. The results show that the scheme improves the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) gain by 1.4 dB/1.6 dB/2.8 dB/4.3 dB, compared with the standard 16/32/64/128 QAM signals and the optimization effect becomes more obvious as the modulation order increases. The five algorithms also significantly improve the performance of the system in terms of transmission distance and transmission rate. In addition, the scheme further validates the universality of the proposed optimization scheme for different modulation formats and demonstrates its potential application to higher-order signals.

{"title":"Performance analysis of geometrically shaped 16/32/64/128QAM based on swarm intelligence algorithm","authors":"Jia Lu , Tianshuo Wang , Jie Ma , Jianfei Liu , Xiangye Zeng , Yang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an optimization scheme for geometrically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (GS-QAM) based on swarm intelligence algorithms is proposed. The swarm intelligence algorithms of the marine predator algorithm (MPA), nonlinear marine predator algorithm (NMPA), mountain gazelle optimizer (MGO), dog optimization algorithm (DOA), and honey badger algorithm (HBA) are used to optimize the geometrical locations of the constellation points to reduce the damage caused by phase noise and improve the system performance. The results show that the scheme improves the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) gain by 1.4 dB/1.6 dB/2.8 dB/4.3 dB, compared with the standard 16/32/64/128 QAM signals and the optimization effect becomes more obvious as the modulation order increases. The five algorithms also significantly improve the performance of the system in terms of transmission distance and transmission rate. In addition, the scheme further validates the universality of the proposed optimization scheme for different modulation formats and demonstrates its potential application to higher-order signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Valve internal leakage detection technology using fiber optic accelerometers for vibration sensing

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104106

Chang-Jia Wang, Xin Gui, Xue-Lei Fu, Yi-Bing Wang, Zheng-Ying Li

This paper introduces a technique for detecting internal leaks in valves based on fiber optic vibration sensing in oil and gas transfer stations, where traditional electrical sensors are limited due to safety concerns. The study establishes a link between the vibration signals and the leak’s characteristics, showing that a larger pipeline diameter or Young’s modulus results in higher characteristic frequencies, and smaller leak orifices or higher pressures increase the signal amplitude. A high-sensitivity fiber optic accelerometer sensor is developed, capable of detecting vibrations from 10 Hz to 2 kHz with a sensitivity of 26.5 dB and a flatness of

\pm

1 dB. Experiments confirmed that the sensor can detect leaks as low as 75 mL/min. This method has been successfully implemented in oil and gas pipeline transfer stations, providing accurate and sensitive leak detection. Its anti-electromagnetic interference and intrinsic safety make it suitable for flammable and explosive detection environments.

引用次数: 0

Broadband tunable PM holmium doped ring fiber laser for the 2000–2100 nm band

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104105

Juan A. Zepeda-Galvez, Wiktor Walasik, Robert E. Tench, Alexandre Amavigan, Jean-Marc Delavaux

We report the experimental performance of a tunable polarization-maintaining (PM) holmium-doped fiber ring laser, followed by a single-clad single-stage holmium-doped fiber amplifier. An average output power of 1.6 W over a tuning range of 100 nm (from 2000 to 2100 nm) was obtained for 6.5 W of total launched pump power at 1860 nm, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 32 %. We measured an optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) larger than 42 dB/0.05 nm and a polarization extinction ratio (PER) larger than 19.6 dB. The long-term power stability exhibited a peak-to-peak variation of 1.2 % over 2 h, and the experimentally measured spectral width of the laser was 530 MHz.

引用次数: 0

Network performance evaluation criterion model based on large connections for low latency in industrial 50G-PON network

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104107

Bingyao Cao, Qianqian Zhao, Yiming Hong, Xiwen Fan

In this paper, a new evaluation criterion model for user and service satisfaction is proposed. The application of 50G-PON networks in Industry 4.0 is explored to enhance user experience and network efficiency by integrating 50G-PON in Industry 4.0. Facing the demand for high-bandwidth and low-latency networks for robotic assembly, laser cutting, sensors, and other devices in production lines. We propose the MF-DWBA (Multi Factor Dynamic Wavelength Bandwidth Allocation) algorithm, which aims to enhance user experience and network efficiency in industrial environments. Then, a user satisfaction evaluation criterion based on reinforcement learning is constructed through a mathematical model, and the satisfaction value calculated by this model can accurately identify network performance bottlenecks and further enhance the resource scheduling efficiency in the production environment. In addition, a (4,M) service satisfaction evaluation criterion based on utility function is proposed, which makes the satisfaction assessment of different service types in industrial scenarios more comprehensive and can reflect the service priority between critical and non-critical devices. Finally, the calculated satisfaction values are compared with the actual user feedback, and the simulation results prove the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed satisfaction model. This study provides an important reference and guidance for the optimization of large-connection 50G-PON networks, and also provides a feasible path to solve the problem of network performance optimization in the smart shop environment. The combination of this satisfaction model and the MF-DWBA algorithm not only meets the practical needs of smart factories, but also brings important inspirations to other industrial manufacturing entities for network applications in Industry 4.0.

{"title":"Network performance evaluation criterion model based on large connections for low latency in industrial 50G-PON network","authors":"Bingyao Cao, Qianqian Zhao, Yiming Hong, Xiwen Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new evaluation criterion model for user and service satisfaction is proposed. The application of 50G-PON networks in Industry 4.0 is explored to enhance user experience and network efficiency by integrating 50G-PON in Industry 4.0. Facing the demand for high-bandwidth and low-latency networks for robotic assembly, laser cutting, sensors, and other devices in production lines. We propose the MF-DWBA (Multi Factor Dynamic Wavelength Bandwidth Allocation) algorithm, which aims to enhance user experience and network efficiency in industrial environments. Then, a user satisfaction evaluation criterion based on reinforcement learning is constructed through a mathematical model, and the satisfaction value calculated by this model can accurately identify network performance bottlenecks and further enhance the resource scheduling efficiency in the production environment. In addition, a (4,M) service satisfaction evaluation criterion based on utility function is proposed, which makes the satisfaction assessment of different service types in industrial scenarios more comprehensive and can reflect the service priority between critical and non-critical devices. Finally, the calculated satisfaction values are compared with the actual user feedback, and the simulation results prove the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed satisfaction model. This study provides an important reference and guidance for the optimization of large-connection 50G-PON networks, and also provides a feasible path to solve the problem of network performance optimization in the smart shop environment. The combination of this satisfaction model and the MF-DWBA algorithm not only meets the practical needs of smart factories, but also brings important inspirations to other industrial manufacturing entities for network applications in Industry 4.0.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing fiber specklegrams for speed and weight recognition of toy model vehicle using deep learning method

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104109

Nikhil Vangety, Anirban Majee, Sourabh Roy

In this paper, we present a fiber specklegram study-based application of deep learning in the field of traffic management. By leveraging the capabilities of AlexNet, a well-known deep convolutional neural network (CNN), we propose a straightforward method to classify the average speeds and weight of a toy model vehicle through multimode fiber (MMF) specklegram analysis. We have accumulated and trained the dataset comprising a myriad of specklegram images that are collected for 30 and 18 fiber bends with 632.8 nm and 532 nm wavelength of He-Ne laser respectively. We have achieved a classification accuracy of 100 % in both average speeds and weights. Furthermore, to establish the robustness of the model, we have mixed and shuffled these datasets of the aforementioned fiber bends and laser sources. We have achieved an optimal classification accuracy of 98.2 % for the average speed range and 100 % for weight classification which signifies the efficacy of the model in recognizing the speeds and weights in complex randomized situations. In addition, we have also included an analysis to classify the simultaneous weights and speed ranges of the toy vehicle where a classification accuracy of 98.8 % is achieved. This real-time efficacious study lays the groundwork for AI-assisted vehicular speed and weight detection in real-world applications for traffic management.

{"title":"Analyzing fiber specklegrams for speed and weight recognition of toy model vehicle using deep learning method","authors":"Nikhil Vangety, Anirban Majee, Sourabh Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we present a fiber specklegram study-based application of deep learning in the field of traffic management. By leveraging the capabilities of AlexNet, a well-known deep convolutional neural network (CNN), we propose a straightforward method to classify the average speeds and weight of a toy model vehicle through multimode fiber (MMF) specklegram analysis. We have accumulated and trained the dataset comprising a myriad of specklegram images that are collected for 30 and 18 fiber bends with 632.8 nm and 532 nm wavelength of He-Ne laser respectively. We have achieved a classification accuracy of 100 % in both average speeds and weights. Furthermore, to establish the robustness of the model, we have mixed and shuffled these datasets of the aforementioned fiber bends and laser sources. We have achieved an optimal classification accuracy of 98.2 % for the average speed range and 100 % for weight classification which signifies the efficacy of the model in recognizing the speeds and weights in complex randomized situations. In addition, we have also included an analysis to classify the simultaneous weights and speed ranges of the toy vehicle where a classification accuracy of 98.8 % is achieved. This real-time efficacious study lays the groundwork for AI-assisted vehicular speed and weight detection in real-world applications for traffic management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

120 W high-gain 1120 nm Nd-doped fiber laser

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104108

Zhiquan Lin , Yinggang Chen , Meng Wang , Shuzhen Cui , Yafei Wang , Lei Zhang , Shikai Wang , Yan Feng , Chunlei Yu , Lili Hu

In this work, we present a high-gain Nd-doped fiber (NDF) amplifier delivering up to 121 W at 1120 nm with a gain coefficient of 20.4 dB. The slope efficiency is 37.5 %, and the energy ratio of ASE from 1060 nm to 1100 nm is only 0.6 %. This excellent gain performance is attributed to the luminescence enhancement of iodine-doped NDF, which enhances emission in the range of 1090 nm – 1150 nm while reducing emission intensity deference between them and the 1060 nm peak, thus effectively avoiding the parasitic oscillation at 1060 nm. The NDF addresses the issue of the low gain in Yb-doped fibers at 1120 nm and will provide a new gain fiber choice for research on single-frequency fiber lasers and ultrafast fiber lasers in the 1100 nm band.

引用次数: 0

Stable narrow linewidth single-longitudinal-mode Tm3+-doped fiber laser with compound cavity filter and self-injection feedback

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095

Qiuyu Huang , Fengping Yan , Ting Feng , Dandan Yang , Haoyu Tan , Ting Li , Yuezhi Cai , Siyu Peng , Youchao Jiang

A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Tm³⁺-doped fiber laser based on self-injection feedback with narrow linewidth and high stability is proposed and demonstrated. The effective free spectral range is effectively expanded using a traditional ring main cavity structure combined with a triple-coupler double-ring compound-cavity (TCDR-CC) filter. The TCDR-CC filter cooperates with a uniform fiber Bragg grating (UFBG) to improve mode-selection and enable SLM operation. Delay fibers with different lengths are introduced outside of the main cavity to form self-injection feedback, and the linewidth compression effect of the self-injection feedback is explored by varying the power of the feedback and the length of the delay fiber. A SLM fiber laser operating at 2048.42 nm is obtained with an optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 77.30 dB. In addition, this laser has high stability because the output power and wavelength fluctuate only slightly — by less than 0.2 mW and 0.02 nm, respectively. It has been confirmed that after the addition of different lengths of delay fiber, the linewidth can be effectively compressed. In particular, the linewidth for a 100-m delay fiber and an integration time of 0.001 s is the least, 1.3 kHz.

{"title":"Stable narrow linewidth single-longitudinal-mode Tm3+-doped fiber laser with compound cavity filter and self-injection feedback","authors":"Qiuyu Huang , Fengping Yan , Ting Feng , Dandan Yang , Haoyu Tan , Ting Li , Yuezhi Cai , Siyu Peng , Youchao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Tm<sup>3+</sup>-doped fiber laser based on self-injection feedback with narrow linewidth and high stability is proposed and demonstrated. The effective free spectral range is effectively expanded using a traditional ring main cavity structure combined with a triple-coupler double-ring compound-cavity (TCDR-CC) filter. The TCDR-CC filter cooperates with a uniform fiber Bragg grating (UFBG) to improve mode-selection and enable SLM operation. Delay fibers with different lengths are introduced outside of the main cavity to form self-injection feedback, and the linewidth compression effect of the self-injection feedback is explored by varying the power of the feedback and the length of the delay fiber. A SLM fiber laser operating at 2048.42 nm is obtained with an optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 77.30 dB. In addition, this laser has high stability because the output power and wavelength fluctuate only slightly — by less than 0.2 mW and 0.02 nm, respectively. It has been confirmed that after the addition of different lengths of delay fiber, the linewidth can be effectively compressed. In particular, the linewidth for a 100-m delay fiber and an integration time of 0.001 s is the least, 1.3 kHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A breathing rate sensor with diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot interferometer

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104098

Chuanzheng Jia , Zhihao Chen , Xueliang Lin , Huicheng Yang , Xianzeng Zhang

We present a new application of a diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor with a ultraviolet (UV) adhesive thin film for monitoring respiratory rate. Pressure sensing experiments show that the fiber-optic FPI sensor achieves a sensitivity of − 2.3 nm/kPa (0 − 5 kPa) with temperature crosstalk of 0.14 kPa/℃, ensuring reliable performance. We propose a novel application for precisely measuring respiratory rate, inhalation duration and amplitude, as well as exhalation duration and amplitude, by monitoring the intensity response to pressure changes caused by breathing. This method offers a more convenient, compact, and cost-effective approach for vital sign measurement. Results indicate that the sensor’s respiratory rate measurements are consistent with those obtained from commercial physiological devices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sensor, heartbeat signals were also detected, suggesting that the proposed sensor is promising for long-term and non-invasive vital sign monitoring.

引用次数: 0

Online optimization of bidirectional amplifiers in long-haul fiber-optic time transfer systems based on improved genetic algorithm

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104102

Bo Liu , Xinxing Guo , Tao Liu , Ruifang Dong , Shougang Zhang

Bidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (Bi-EDFAs) are widely adopted in long-haul fiber-optic time transfer systems to compensate for the optical loss in the fiber links. The optical gains of the Bi-EDFAs should be elaborately optimized as they will induce unwanted noises at the same time, resulting in significant deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the practical long-distance fiber links with multiple Bi-EDFAs involved, the online optimization of the optical gains for the best SNR becomes a hard task. In this paper, we proposed a novel method of optimizing the optical gains of the working Bi-EDFAs in the fiber link by using an improved genetic algorithm, which can achieve an equivalent SNR result to that with the idealized solution based on the enumerative method meanwhile with the calculation time no long increases exponentially with the increased number of Bi-EDFAs. This method was further verified experimentally on 276 and 439 km-long coiled fiber links, in which three and five Bi-EDFAs were respectively incorporated. For both cases, the achieved SNRs showed more than 15 dB improvement compared with the original strategy of fixing the optical gains. Furthermore, compared with the results based on the idealized enumerative method, the SNRs were only 2 dB lower, while the iteration time was shortened by three orders of magnitude.

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引用次数: 0

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