Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104108
Zhiquan Lin , Yinggang Chen , Meng Wang , Shuzhen Cui , Yafei Wang , Lei Zhang , Shikai Wang , Yan Feng , Chunlei Yu , Lili Hu
In this work, we present a high-gain Nd-doped fiber (NDF) amplifier delivering up to 121 W at 1120 nm with a gain coefficient of 20.4 dB. The slope efficiency is 37.5 %, and the energy ratio of ASE from 1060 nm to 1100 nm is only 0.6 %. This excellent gain performance is attributed to the luminescence enhancement of iodine-doped NDF, which enhances emission in the range of 1090 nm – 1150 nm while reducing emission intensity deference between them and the 1060 nm peak, thus effectively avoiding the parasitic oscillation at 1060 nm. The NDF addresses the issue of the low gain in Yb-doped fibers at 1120 nm and will provide a new gain fiber choice for research on single-frequency fiber lasers and ultrafast fiber lasers in the 1100 nm band.
{"title":"120 W high-gain 1120 nm Nd-doped fiber laser","authors":"Zhiquan Lin , Yinggang Chen , Meng Wang , Shuzhen Cui , Yafei Wang , Lei Zhang , Shikai Wang , Yan Feng , Chunlei Yu , Lili Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we present a high-gain Nd-doped fiber (NDF) amplifier delivering up to 121 W at 1120 nm with a gain coefficient of 20.4 dB. The slope efficiency is 37.5 %, and the energy ratio of ASE from 1060 nm to 1100 nm is only 0.6 %. This excellent gain performance is attributed to the luminescence enhancement of iodine-doped NDF, which enhances emission in the range of 1090 nm – 1150 nm while reducing emission intensity deference between them and the 1060 nm peak, thus effectively avoiding the parasitic oscillation at 1060 nm. The NDF addresses the issue of the low gain in Yb-doped fibers at 1120 nm and will provide a new gain fiber choice for research on single-frequency fiber lasers and ultrafast fiber lasers in the 1100 nm band.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095
Qiuyu Huang , Fengping Yan , Ting Feng , Dandan Yang , Haoyu Tan , Ting Li , Yuezhi Cai , Siyu Peng , Youchao Jiang
A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Tm3+-doped fiber laser based on self-injection feedback with narrow linewidth and high stability is proposed and demonstrated. The effective free spectral range is effectively expanded using a traditional ring main cavity structure combined with a triple-coupler double-ring compound-cavity (TCDR-CC) filter. The TCDR-CC filter cooperates with a uniform fiber Bragg grating (UFBG) to improve mode-selection and enable SLM operation. Delay fibers with different lengths are introduced outside of the main cavity to form self-injection feedback, and the linewidth compression effect of the self-injection feedback is explored by varying the power of the feedback and the length of the delay fiber. A SLM fiber laser operating at 2048.42 nm is obtained with an optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 77.30 dB. In addition, this laser has high stability because the output power and wavelength fluctuate only slightly — by less than 0.2 mW and 0.02 nm, respectively. It has been confirmed that after the addition of different lengths of delay fiber, the linewidth can be effectively compressed. In particular, the linewidth for a 100-m delay fiber and an integration time of 0.001 s is the least, 1.3 kHz.
{"title":"Stable narrow linewidth single-longitudinal-mode Tm3+-doped fiber laser with compound cavity filter and self-injection feedback","authors":"Qiuyu Huang , Fengping Yan , Ting Feng , Dandan Yang , Haoyu Tan , Ting Li , Yuezhi Cai , Siyu Peng , Youchao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Tm<sup>3+</sup>-doped fiber laser based on self-injection feedback with narrow linewidth and high stability is proposed and demonstrated. The effective free spectral range is effectively expanded using a traditional ring main cavity structure combined with a triple-coupler double-ring compound-cavity (TCDR-CC) filter. The TCDR-CC filter cooperates with a uniform fiber Bragg grating (UFBG) to improve mode-selection and enable SLM operation. Delay fibers with different lengths are introduced outside of the main cavity to form self-injection feedback, and the linewidth compression effect of the self-injection feedback is explored by varying the power of the feedback and the length of the delay fiber. A SLM fiber laser operating at 2048.42 nm is obtained with an optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 77.30 dB. In addition, this laser has high stability because the output power and wavelength fluctuate only slightly — by less than 0.2 mW and 0.02 nm, respectively. It has been confirmed that after the addition of different lengths of delay fiber, the linewidth can be effectively compressed. In particular, the linewidth for a 100-m delay fiber and an integration time of 0.001 s is the least, 1.3 kHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104098
Chuanzheng Jia , Zhihao Chen , Xueliang Lin , Huicheng Yang , Xianzeng Zhang
We present a new application of a diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor with a ultraviolet (UV) adhesive thin film for monitoring respiratory rate. Pressure sensing experiments show that the fiber-optic FPI sensor achieves a sensitivity of − 2.3 nm/kPa (0 − 5 kPa) with temperature crosstalk of 0.14 kPa/℃, ensuring reliable performance. We propose a novel application for precisely measuring respiratory rate, inhalation duration and amplitude, as well as exhalation duration and amplitude, by monitoring the intensity response to pressure changes caused by breathing. This method offers a more convenient, compact, and cost-effective approach for vital sign measurement. Results indicate that the sensor’s respiratory rate measurements are consistent with those obtained from commercial physiological devices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sensor, heartbeat signals were also detected, suggesting that the proposed sensor is promising for long-term and non-invasive vital sign monitoring.
{"title":"A breathing rate sensor with diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot interferometer","authors":"Chuanzheng Jia , Zhihao Chen , Xueliang Lin , Huicheng Yang , Xianzeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a new application of a diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor with a ultraviolet (UV) adhesive thin film for monitoring respiratory rate. Pressure sensing experiments show that the fiber-optic FPI sensor achieves a sensitivity of − 2.3 nm/kPa (0 − 5 kPa) with temperature crosstalk of 0.14 kPa/℃, ensuring reliable performance. We propose a novel application for precisely measuring respiratory rate, inhalation duration and amplitude, as well as exhalation duration and amplitude, by monitoring the intensity response to pressure changes caused by breathing. This method offers a more convenient, compact, and cost-effective approach for vital sign measurement. Results indicate that the sensor’s respiratory rate measurements are consistent with those obtained from commercial physiological devices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sensor, heartbeat signals were also detected, suggesting that the proposed sensor is promising for long-term and non-invasive vital sign monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104102
Bo Liu , Xinxing Guo , Tao Liu , Ruifang Dong , Shougang Zhang
Bidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (Bi-EDFAs) are widely adopted in long-haul fiber-optic time transfer systems to compensate for the optical loss in the fiber links. The optical gains of the Bi-EDFAs should be elaborately optimized as they will induce unwanted noises at the same time, resulting in significant deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the practical long-distance fiber links with multiple Bi-EDFAs involved, the online optimization of the optical gains for the best SNR becomes a hard task. In this paper, we proposed a novel method of optimizing the optical gains of the working Bi-EDFAs in the fiber link by using an improved genetic algorithm, which can achieve an equivalent SNR result to that with the idealized solution based on the enumerative method meanwhile with the calculation time no long increases exponentially with the increased number of Bi-EDFAs. This method was further verified experimentally on 276 and 439 km-long coiled fiber links, in which three and five Bi-EDFAs were respectively incorporated. For both cases, the achieved SNRs showed more than 15 dB improvement compared with the original strategy of fixing the optical gains. Furthermore, compared with the results based on the idealized enumerative method, the SNRs were only 2 dB lower, while the iteration time was shortened by three orders of magnitude.
{"title":"Online optimization of bidirectional amplifiers in long-haul fiber-optic time transfer systems based on improved genetic algorithm","authors":"Bo Liu , Xinxing Guo , Tao Liu , Ruifang Dong , Shougang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (Bi-EDFAs) are widely adopted in long-haul fiber-optic time transfer systems to compensate for the optical loss in the fiber links. The optical gains of the Bi-EDFAs should be elaborately optimized as they will induce unwanted noises at the same time, resulting in significant deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the practical long-distance fiber links with multiple Bi-EDFAs involved, the online optimization of the optical gains for the best SNR becomes a hard task. In this paper, we proposed a novel method of optimizing the optical gains of the working Bi-EDFAs in the fiber link by using an improved genetic algorithm, which can achieve an equivalent SNR result to that with the idealized solution based on the enumerative method meanwhile with the calculation time no long increases exponentially with the increased number of Bi-EDFAs. This method was further verified experimentally on 276 and 439 km-long coiled fiber links, in which three and five Bi-EDFAs were respectively incorporated. For both cases, the achieved SNRs showed more than 15 dB improvement compared with the original strategy of fixing the optical gains. Furthermore, compared with the results based on the idealized enumerative method, the SNRs were only 2 dB lower, while the iteration time was shortened by three orders of magnitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104103
Junjie Ren , Yunfeng Qi , Zhenxing He , Ting Yu , Xisheng Ye
As one of the most critical applications, high peak power, all-fiberized nanosecond Tm-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFA) are extensively used as the pump source for ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillator (ZGP-OPO) system due to their compact structure and flexibility. However, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and modulation instability (MI) are the main constraints on the power scaling of nanosecond TDFAs. In this work, a method of modulating the content of the MI from the seed is proposed to suppress the ASE in the 2043 nm amplifier. Experimental observations indicate that with consistent MI noise content in the seed spectrum, an increase in the seed laser power correlates with stronger ASE in the amplifier. To address this, reducing the fiber link length before the main amplifier is conducted to enhance the spectral purity of the seed laser rather than its power, thereby effectively mitigating ASE and MI in the amplifier. The authors simplified and designed a single-stage amplification configuration that employs a high spectral purity seed laser to verify this approach. The single-stage 2043 nm amplifier achieved pulsed output with 186 ns pulse width and 1 mJ energy at a 50 kHz repetition rate. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is more than 45 dB. Compared to the two-stage amplifier with higher seed laser power, the single-stage amplifier exhibits a similar slope efficiency, and shows an improvement of 3 dB in the signal-to-ASE noise ratio (SANR) and 10 dB in the signal-to-MI noise ratio (SMNR) at maximum output. This novel ASE suppression approach potentially facilitates the achievement of high energy and SNR output in nanosecond TDFAs using a compact all-fiber configuration.
{"title":"Investigation of suppressing ASE in all-fiber TDFA by modulating MI from seed and realization of a 2043 nm, 45 dB, 1 mJ amplifier with single-stage structure","authors":"Junjie Ren , Yunfeng Qi , Zhenxing He , Ting Yu , Xisheng Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the most critical applications, high peak power, all-fiberized nanosecond Tm-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFA) are extensively used as the pump source for ZnGeP<sub>2</sub> optical parametric oscillator (ZGP-OPO) system due to their compact structure and flexibility. However, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and modulation instability (MI) are the main constraints on the power scaling of nanosecond TDFAs. In this work, a method of modulating the content of the MI from the seed is proposed to suppress the ASE in the 2043 nm amplifier. Experimental observations indicate that with consistent MI noise content in the seed spectrum, an increase in the seed laser power correlates with stronger ASE in the amplifier. To address this, reducing the fiber link length before the main amplifier is conducted to enhance the spectral purity of the seed laser rather than its power, thereby effectively mitigating ASE and MI in the amplifier. The authors simplified and designed a single-stage amplification configuration that employs a high spectral purity seed laser to verify this approach. The single-stage 2043 nm amplifier achieved pulsed output with 186 ns pulse width and 1 mJ energy at a 50 kHz repetition rate. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is more than 45 dB. Compared to the two-stage amplifier with higher seed laser power, the single-stage amplifier exhibits a similar slope efficiency, and shows an improvement of 3 dB in the signal-to-ASE noise ratio (SANR) and 10 dB in the signal-to-MI noise ratio (SMNR) at maximum output. This novel ASE suppression approach potentially facilitates the achievement of high energy and SNR output in nanosecond TDFAs using a compact all-fiber configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104100
Shi-Jun Li , Ling-Xin Kong , Hao Sun , Hu Liang , Kui-Hua Ding , Zhou-Xiang Wang , Yuan Xu
In this paper, an optical fiber sensor with flexible skin is introduced for measuring liquid velocity and temperature. The sensor is composed of polyurethane membrane and Ʊ-typed few-mode fiber (FMF). By converting the change in liquid velocity into the pressure change borne by the polyurethane diaphragm, the interference spectrum shifts due to micro deformation of the Ʊ-typed FMF. The research results indicate that the sensitivity of the liquid velocity sensor is 0.545 nm/(m/s). At the same time, we proposed a temperature self-decoupling scheme, and solved the cross-sensitivity problem by discussing the influence of temperature on the double interference dips. The temperature measurement compensation accuracy can reach 0.348 nm/°C。Finally, we conducted experiments by placing the sensor in an actual pipeline, and the results showed that the sensor has excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. This work is beneficial for exploring compact and high-sensitivity fiber optic flow velocity detection methods.
{"title":"Pressure-typed flowmeter based on Ʊ-typed few-mode fiber with temperature self-correction","authors":"Shi-Jun Li , Ling-Xin Kong , Hao Sun , Hu Liang , Kui-Hua Ding , Zhou-Xiang Wang , Yuan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an optical fiber sensor with flexible skin is introduced for measuring liquid velocity and temperature. The sensor is composed of polyurethane membrane and Ʊ-typed few-mode fiber (FMF). By converting the change in liquid velocity into the pressure change borne by the polyurethane diaphragm, the interference spectrum shifts due to micro deformation of the Ʊ-typed FMF. The research results indicate that the sensitivity of the liquid velocity sensor is 0.545 nm/(m/s). At the same time, we proposed a temperature self-decoupling scheme, and solved the cross-sensitivity problem by discussing the influence of temperature on the double interference dips. The temperature measurement compensation accuracy can reach<!--> <!-->0.348 nm/°C。Finally, we conducted experiments by placing the sensor in an actual pipeline, and the results showed that the sensor has excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. This work is beneficial for exploring compact and high-sensitivity fiber optic flow velocity detection methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104093
A.M. Ramzia Salem , R. Ramli , M.T. Alresheedi , N.H. Zainol Abidin , E.K. Ng , M.A. Mahdi
This work demonstrates a wideband multiwavelength laser using bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber with fiber coils of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a large effective area fiber (LEAF) in cascaded configuration. The generation of the multiwavelength laser was based on the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. The tunability of the laser-based PCF that was initially limited due to four-wave mixing induced spectral broadening was enhanced by adding a coil of LEAF. A flawless tuning range in the L-band spanning 53 nm was achieved with a set of six laser lines. This multiwavelength laser could be tuned from 1567 to 1620 nm at 350 mW pump power and 5 mW Brillouin pump power. The generated output channels were very stable, showing a maximum peak power fluctuation of 0.75 dB over the duration of 60 min. This work showcases a technique to enhance the tuning range of Brillouin-based lasers for photonics applications in general.
{"title":"Enhanced tunability of a multiwavelength Brillouin-Erbium laser using cascaded photonic crystal and large effective area fibers","authors":"A.M. Ramzia Salem , R. Ramli , M.T. Alresheedi , N.H. Zainol Abidin , E.K. Ng , M.A. Mahdi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work demonstrates a wideband multiwavelength laser using bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber with fiber coils of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a large effective area fiber (LEAF) in cascaded configuration. The generation of the multiwavelength laser was based on the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect. The tunability of the laser-based PCF that was initially limited due to four-wave mixing induced spectral broadening was enhanced by adding a coil of LEAF. A flawless tuning range in the L-band spanning 53 nm was achieved with a set of six laser lines. This multiwavelength laser could be tuned from 1567 to 1620 nm at 350 mW pump power and 5 mW Brillouin pump power. The generated output channels were very stable, showing a maximum peak power fluctuation of 0.75 dB over the duration of 60 min. This work showcases a technique to enhance the tuning range of Brillouin-based lasers for photonics applications in general.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104093"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104099
Xiao Han, Liang Shang, Sujuan Feng, Guangqiang Liu
We demonstrate a long period fiber grating (LPFG) with two prominent resonant dips for eliminating the temperature cross-sensitivity in torsion and curvature measurements. The versatile LPFG is fabricated on a conventional single mode fiber (SMF) using the arc discharge method. Due to the resonant coupling between the core mode and antisymmetric cladding modes, the transmission spectrum shows the polarization dependence, which is proved to be useful in improving the sensing performances. The different torsion sensitivities and similar temperature sensitivities for the resonant wavelengths of both dips indicate that the LPFG has the ability of temperature-independent torsion sensing. By optimizing the state of polarization (SOP), a torsion sensitivity of 0.104 nm/(rad/m) can be achieved with the discrimination of twist direction. Notably, the influence of temperature on the resonant contrast for the dip with a higher contrast can be negligible. Thus, its contrast variation is merely determined by curvature, meaning that the LPFG is intrinsically suitable for temperature-independent curvature sensing. The curvature sensitivity can be up to about 55 dB/m−1 by adjusting the SOP. The demonstrations show that our fabricated LPFG can realize the elimination of cross-sensitivity induced by temperature in both torsion and curvature measurements. Additionally, the SMF-based LPFG has the advantages of low fabrication difficulty and cost, providing a simple and economic way for temperature-independent sensing.
{"title":"Elimination of temperature cross-sensitivity in torsion and curvature measurements based on arc-induced long period fiber gratings","authors":"Xiao Han, Liang Shang, Sujuan Feng, Guangqiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate a long period fiber grating (LPFG) with two prominent resonant dips for eliminating the temperature cross-sensitivity in torsion and curvature measurements. The versatile LPFG is fabricated on a conventional single mode fiber (SMF) using the arc discharge method. Due to the resonant coupling between the core mode and antisymmetric cladding modes, the transmission spectrum shows the polarization dependence, which is proved to be useful in improving the sensing performances. The different torsion sensitivities and similar temperature sensitivities for the resonant wavelengths of both dips indicate that the LPFG has the ability of temperature-independent torsion sensing. By optimizing the state of polarization (SOP), a torsion sensitivity of 0.104 nm/(rad/m) can be achieved with the discrimination of twist direction. Notably, the influence of temperature on the resonant contrast for the dip with a higher contrast can be negligible. Thus, its contrast variation is merely determined by curvature, meaning that the LPFG is intrinsically suitable for temperature-independent curvature sensing. The curvature sensitivity can be up to about 55 dB/m<sup>−1</sup> by adjusting the SOP. The demonstrations show that our fabricated LPFG can realize the elimination of cross-sensitivity induced by temperature in both torsion and curvature measurements. Additionally, the SMF-based LPFG has the advantages of low fabrication difficulty and cost, providing a simple and economic way for temperature-independent sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104047
Andrej Rode , Mohammad Farsi , Vincent Lauinger , Magnus Karlsson , Erik Agrell , Laurent Schmalen , Christian Häger
As the bedrock of the Internet, optical fibers are ubiquitously deployed and historically dedicated to ensuring robust data transmission. Leveraging their extensive installation, recent endeavors have focused on utilizing these telecommunication fibers also for environmental sensing, exploiting their inherent sensitivity to various environmental disturbances. In this paper, we consider integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems that combine data transmission and sensing functionalities, by monitoring the state of polarization to detect environmental changes. In particular, we investigate various machine learning techniques to enhance the performance and capabilities of such polarization-based ISAC systems. Gradient-based techniques such as adaptive zero-forcing equalization are examined for their potential to enhance sensing accuracy at the expense of communication performance, with strategies discussed for mitigating this trade-off. Additionally, the paper reviews novel machine-learning-based approaches for blind channel estimation using variational autoencoders, aimed at improving channel estimates compared to traditional adaptive equalization methods. We also discuss the problem of distributed polarization sensing and review a recent physics-based learning approach for Jones matrix factorization, potentially enabling spatial resolution of sensed events. Lastly, we discuss the potential of leveraging dual-functional autoencoders to optimize ISAC transmitters and the corresponding transmit waveforms. Our paper underscores the potential of telecom fibers for joint data transmission and environmental sensing, facilitated by advancements in digital signal processing and machine learning.
{"title":"Machine learning opportunities for integrated polarization sensing and communication in optical fibers","authors":"Andrej Rode , Mohammad Farsi , Vincent Lauinger , Magnus Karlsson , Erik Agrell , Laurent Schmalen , Christian Häger","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the bedrock of the Internet, optical fibers are ubiquitously deployed and historically dedicated to ensuring robust data transmission. Leveraging their extensive installation, recent endeavors have focused on utilizing these telecommunication fibers also for environmental sensing, exploiting their inherent sensitivity to various environmental disturbances. In this paper, we consider integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems that combine data transmission and sensing functionalities, by monitoring the state of polarization to detect environmental changes. In particular, we investigate various machine learning techniques to enhance the performance and capabilities of such polarization-based ISAC systems. Gradient-based techniques such as adaptive zero-forcing equalization are examined for their potential to enhance sensing accuracy at the expense of communication performance, with strategies discussed for mitigating this trade-off. Additionally, the paper reviews novel machine-learning-based approaches for blind channel estimation using variational autoencoders, aimed at improving channel estimates compared to traditional adaptive equalization methods. We also discuss the problem of distributed polarization sensing and review a recent physics-based learning approach for Jones matrix factorization, potentially enabling spatial resolution of sensed events. Lastly, we discuss the potential of leveraging dual-functional autoencoders to optimize ISAC transmitters and the corresponding transmit waveforms. Our paper underscores the potential of telecom fibers for joint data transmission and environmental sensing, facilitated by advancements in digital signal processing and machine learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104085
Mohamad Hafizal Mad Zahir , Suzalina Zainal , Chean Lin Lew , Ridhwan Zhafri Kamarul Bahrim , Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff , Hairul Azhar Abdul Rashid
Enhanced and Improved Oil Recovery (EOR/IOR) projects critically depend on effective tracking and monitoring of fluid mobility in the reservoir for optimal operation. Traditional fluid tracking methods often struggle with low spatial resolution and fail to accurately monitor low-contrast fluids in complex reservoirs, leading to gaps in understanding fluid movement. This paper introduces an innovative subsurface monitoring approach for EOR/IOR that leverages magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) combined with a cobalt-coated fiber optic (CoF) sensing system installed along the borehole. The CoF system is optimized for high magnetic sensitivity (10-5 T) and sub-meter spatial resolution, enabling precise detection of MNP movements within the reservoir. Our research includes a sensitivity analysis that identifies the ideal magnetic permeability (μ between 10 and 100) for effective MNP injection and laboratory-scale experiments in a sand column setup to validate magnetic modeling. The CoF sensors demonstrated a 30 % improvement in magnetic field sensitivity compared to nickel-coated fibers, while effectively distinguishing between magnetic field changes and minor temperature variations, with a tolerance threshold of ± 2°C. The results show that CoF sensors can reliably track MNPs, map fluid flow along the borehole, and provide continuous, real-time data on fluid dynamics. Additionally, the study addresses the impact of temperature fluctuations on sensor performance and proposes mitigation strategies. These findings suggest that this novel approach significantly enhances the accuracy and reliability of EOR/IOR monitoring, leading to improved reservoir management, operational efficiency, and oil recovery.
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