Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104551
Jin Li , Jie Liu , Wei Xu , Lisheng Liu , Guangpeng Zhou , Yaoyuan Zhang , Wenyu Wang , Yue Wang , Boyan Zhang , Jiangyong He , Zhi Wang , Rui Wang , Zhengwei Li
In this study, we observed the dynamic process of the mutual conversion between soliton and noise-like pulse in a spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser. Solitons and noise-like pulse exhibit distinct group velocity, and the conversion process is accompanied by energy absorption and release. Through simulation, we further achieved the mutual conversion between soliton and noise-like pulse. The research reveals that when energy fluctuates, mode competition causes the soliton power to increase. Affected by the reverse saturable absorption effect, the soliton transforms into a noise-like pulse. Accompanied by the energy release of the noise-like pulse, it returns to a stable soliton state. The results of our research are of great significance for a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of noise-like pulse in spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber lasers.
{"title":"Dynamics of soliton and noise-like pulse conversion in spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber lasers","authors":"Jin Li , Jie Liu , Wei Xu , Lisheng Liu , Guangpeng Zhou , Yaoyuan Zhang , Wenyu Wang , Yue Wang , Boyan Zhang , Jiangyong He , Zhi Wang , Rui Wang , Zhengwei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we observed the dynamic process of the mutual conversion between soliton and noise-like pulse in a spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber laser. Solitons and noise-like pulse exhibit distinct group velocity, and the conversion process is accompanied by energy absorption and release. Through simulation, we further achieved the mutual conversion between soliton and noise-like pulse. The research reveals that when energy fluctuates, mode competition causes the soliton power to increase. Affected by the reverse saturable absorption effect, the soliton transforms into a noise-like pulse. Accompanied by the energy release of the noise-like pulse, it returns to a stable soliton state. The results of our research are of great significance for a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of noise-like pulse in spatiotemporal mode-locked fiber lasers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555
Kaile Li , Sicong Xu , Yifan Chen , Jianyu Long , Jianjun Yu
We propose a novel radio-over-fiber (ROF) architecture for base stations using dual hollow-core fibers, which relocates the local oscillator (LO) to the central office to enable a simplified, laser-source free base station design. Experimental demonstration of the system shows 25-GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) over-fiber multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Employing polarization division multiplexing (PDM), we achieve 8G/16G-baud QPSK signal delivery over 4 km of dual hollow-core fiber and a 0.1-m MIMO wireless link, satisfying the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10−3, corresponding to a net data rate of 16/32 Gbit/s. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of 2 × 2 MIMO wireless signal transmission using dual hollow-core fibers in a central-office-driven simplified base station.
{"title":"2 × 2 MIMO mm-wave wireless signal transmission based on a novel ROF architecture via dual hollow-core fibers","authors":"Kaile Li , Sicong Xu , Yifan Chen , Jianyu Long , Jianjun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a novel radio-over-fiber (ROF) architecture for base stations using dual hollow-core fibers, which relocates the local oscillator (LO) to the central office to enable a simplified, laser-source free base station design. Experimental demonstration of the system shows 25-GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) over-fiber multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission of quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). Employing polarization division multiplexing (PDM), we achieve 8G/16G-baud QPSK signal delivery over 4 km of dual hollow-core fiber and a 0.1-m MIMO wireless link, satisfying the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10<sup>−3</sup>, corresponding to a net data rate of 16/32 Gbit/s. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of 2 × 2 MIMO wireless signal transmission using dual hollow-core fibers in a central-office-driven simplified base station.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559
Ekaterina A. Evmenova , Ekaterina K. Kashirina , Kseniya V. Kolosova , Alexander V. Dostovalov , Sergey I. Kablukov
We report, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a 980 nm Yb-doped fiber laser with a single-mode pumping from a directly multimode-diode-pumped Raman fiber laser (RFL). A key advantage of this pump scheme is its compatibility with standard commercially available 10/125 µm ytterbium-doped fiber, which significantly simplifies the laser setup. The RFL wavelength was 954 nm, which is close to the absorption minimum of the ytterbium-doped fiber. Despite this, the laser achieved an output power of 2 W and a slope efficiency of up to 59%, a spectral linewidth of 25 pm, and a polarization extinction ratio of 8.5 dB. We observed that the intensity dynamics showed two-scale behavior: microsecond spikes caused by relaxation oscillations and 5-ns oscillations originating from longitudinal mode beating. Our results demonstrate a novel approach to design all-fiber Yb-doped fiber lasers operating near 980 nm using single-mode pumping.
{"title":"978 nm Yb-doped fiber laser pumped by a Raman fiber laser","authors":"Ekaterina A. Evmenova , Ekaterina K. Kashirina , Kseniya V. Kolosova , Alexander V. Dostovalov , Sergey I. Kablukov","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a 980 nm Yb-doped fiber laser with a single-mode pumping from a directly multimode-diode-pumped Raman fiber laser (RFL). A key advantage of this pump scheme is its compatibility with standard commercially available 10/125 µm ytterbium-doped fiber, which significantly simplifies the laser setup. The RFL wavelength was 954 nm, which is close to the absorption minimum of the ytterbium-doped fiber. Despite this, the laser achieved an output power of 2 W and a slope efficiency of up to 59%, a spectral linewidth of 25 pm, and a polarization extinction ratio of 8.5 dB. We observed that the intensity dynamics showed two-scale behavior: microsecond spikes caused by relaxation oscillations and 5-ns oscillations originating from longitudinal mode beating. Our results demonstrate a novel approach to design all-fiber Yb-doped fiber lasers operating near 980 nm using single-mode pumping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561
Shaojun Zhang , Ziyu Hu , Shaowa Lü , Xueyan Bi , Yanyang Lei
This study presents a novel optical fiber sensor based on a MoS2@Fe3O4@CTS ion-imprinted polymer (MFC-IIP) functionalized single-mode fiber-no-core fiber-multi-mode fiber-no-core fiber-single-mode fiber (SNMNS) structure for the quantitative detection of trace cadmium ions (Cd2+) in solution. The MFC-IIP nanomaterial was coated onto the surface of the SNMNS fiber structure as a selective sensing membrane to enable highly sensitive and specific detection of Cd2+. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensor achieves a maximum detection sensitivity of 119.06 nm/μM for cadmium ions, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.77 nM. This study introduces a novel detection approach applicable to real-time online water quality monitoring, early diagnosis of chronic cadmium poisoning, and the rapid analysis of heavy metal cadmium in complex traditional Chinese medicine matrices.
{"title":"An MFC-IIP functionalized SNMNS optical fiber sensor for Cd2+ detection","authors":"Shaojun Zhang , Ziyu Hu , Shaowa Lü , Xueyan Bi , Yanyang Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel optical fiber sensor based on a MoS<sub>2</sub>@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CTS ion-imprinted polymer (MFC-IIP) functionalized single-mode fiber-no-core fiber-multi-mode fiber-no-core fiber-single-mode fiber (SNMNS) structure for the quantitative detection of trace cadmium ions (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) in solution. The MFC-IIP nanomaterial was coated onto the surface of the SNMNS fiber structure as a selective sensing membrane to enable highly sensitive and specific detection of Cd<sup>2+</sup>. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensor achieves a maximum detection sensitivity of 119.06 nm/μM for cadmium ions, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.77 nM. This study introduces a novel detection approach applicable to real-time online water quality monitoring, early diagnosis of chronic cadmium poisoning, and the rapid analysis of heavy metal cadmium in complex traditional Chinese medicine matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549
Zijun Wang , Xinxiu Zhou , Zhan Ban , Wenxiang Xie , Zhaoyang Cao , Wenlei Zhao , Cong Cao
We demonstrate a single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1083 nm that employs a simplified master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture based on a distributed feedback (DFB) seed laser. The system is uniquely powered by a single 976 nm laser diode, whose output is efficiently split to simultaneously pump both the DFB seed and MOPA stages, eliminating the need for multiple pump sources. A robust theoretical model predicts a three-stage power scaling behavior, which is experimentally validated. The system achieves a maximum continuous-wave output power of 62.98 mW. The output exhibits high stability, with a peak-to-peak power fluctuation below 0.058% over 600 s and frequency stability better than 20 MHz over 17 min. The output maintains high polarization purity with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of 30.68 dB. This combination of simplified design, high stability, and robust performance highlights the system’s potential for applications in quantum technologies such as helium magnetometry.
{"title":"A stable, single-frequency 1083 nm ytterbium-doped fiber laser with a singly-pumped DFB-MOPA architecture","authors":"Zijun Wang , Xinxiu Zhou , Zhan Ban , Wenxiang Xie , Zhaoyang Cao , Wenlei Zhao , Cong Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate a single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser operating at 1083 nm that employs a simplified master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture based on a distributed feedback (DFB) seed laser. The system is uniquely powered by a single 976 nm laser diode, whose output is efficiently split to simultaneously pump both the DFB seed and MOPA stages, eliminating the need for multiple pump sources. A robust theoretical model predicts a three-stage power scaling behavior, which is experimentally validated. The system achieves a maximum continuous-wave output power of 62.98 mW. The output exhibits high stability, with a peak-to-peak power fluctuation below 0.058% over 600 s and frequency stability better than 20 MHz over 17 min. The output maintains high polarization purity with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 30.68 dB. This combination of simplified design, high stability, and robust performance highlights the system’s potential for applications in quantum technologies such as helium magnetometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104560
Wenjie Nie , Kai Zhang , Yanhong Li , Zhangwei Yu , Zhengtian Gu , Qiang Ling , Daru Chen
As a critical physiological parameter in health assessment, respiratory offers essential insights into the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disorders, serving as a non-invasive biomarker for disease screening and therapeutic monitoring. In this paper, a high-sensitivity, low-cost optical fiber respiratory measurement system based on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film-coated Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) has been presented. The measurement system operates by detecting humidity-induced changes in the PVA film’s refractive index, which modulates the FPI’s interference spectrum. The experimental results demonstrate a linear humidity response with a sensitivity of 59 pm/%RH in the 30–90 %RH, which is suitable for monitoring human respiration. The breath measurement system has been built based on the response characteristics to environmental humidity and an oscilloscope has been used to detect the intensity information at 1550 nm in real time and analyze the respiratory rate. The validation tests successfully captured various breathing patterns, including different frequencies, postures, and prolonged respiration which show good stability and practicality. This sensor demonstrates excellent response time and recovery time of 0.82 s and 0.89 s. The sensor’s compact design, high repeatability, and fast response make it ideal for clinical and home-based respiratory monitoring. This work provides a practical, non-invasive solution for respiratory monitoring, with potential applications in sleep apnea detection, pulmonary rehabilitation, and intensive care.
{"title":"Fiber optic respiratory monitoring: A novel approach for real-time breath analysis","authors":"Wenjie Nie , Kai Zhang , Yanhong Li , Zhangwei Yu , Zhengtian Gu , Qiang Ling , Daru Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a critical physiological parameter in health assessment, respiratory offers essential insights into the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disorders, serving as a non-invasive biomarker for disease screening and therapeutic monitoring. In this paper, a high-sensitivity, low-cost optical fiber respiratory measurement system based on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film-coated Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) has been presented. The measurement system operates by detecting humidity-induced changes in the PVA film’s refractive index, which modulates the FPI’s interference spectrum. The experimental results demonstrate a linear humidity response with a sensitivity of 59 pm/%RH in the 30–90 %RH, which is suitable for monitoring human respiration. The breath measurement system has been built based on the response characteristics to environmental humidity and an oscilloscope has been used to detect the intensity information at 1550 nm in real time and analyze the respiratory rate. The validation tests successfully captured various breathing patterns, including different frequencies, postures, and prolonged respiration which show good stability and practicality. This sensor demonstrates excellent response time and recovery time of 0.82 s and 0.89 s. The sensor’s compact design, high repeatability, and fast response make it ideal for clinical and home-based respiratory monitoring. This work provides a practical, non-invasive solution for respiratory monitoring, with potential applications in sleep apnea detection, pulmonary rehabilitation, and intensive care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104554
Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh
Multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing transmission capacity by exploiting multiple spectral bands. However, when spectrum allocation is performed without wavelength conversion, a fundamental trade-off arises between spectral efficiency per connection and throughput per connection. Specifically, as additional spectral band combinations are introduced, the throughput per connection improves due to increased available bandwidth, whereas the spectral efficiency per connection degrades because of rigid spectrum and band continuity constraints. The first part of this study investigates this trade-off by evaluating the performance of different multi-band combinations under a without-wavelength-conversion (woC) spectrum allocation framework. To address the resulting loss in spectral efficiency, a wavelength-conversion-enabled (wC) spectrum allocation scheme is proposed, assuming the availability of wavelength converters at all network nodes. The proposed approach relaxes both spectrum and band continuity constraints, thereby enabling flexible per-link spectrum assignment while prioritizing the C-band during allocation. The C-band supports higher-order modulation formats and offers superior transmission characteristics. When combined with wavelength conversion, it allows different links along a path to independently select favorable modulation formats and spectral bands. This flexibility reduces the mean number of frequency slots (FSs) required per connection, which directly improves spectral efficiency across all considered spectral band combinations compared to the woC case. Simulation results obtained on the NSFNET and USNET topologies confirm that the wavelength-conversion-enabled allocation effectively enhances spectral efficiency by efficiently exploiting prioritized C-band resources. In particular, for the C+L band combination, the proposed scheme achieves an average spectral efficiency improvement of at least 0.6% compared to woC, albeit with a marginal reduction in throughput per connection.
{"title":"Spectrum allocation with wavelength conversion for enhanced spectral efficiency in multi-band elastic optical networks","authors":"Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs) have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing transmission capacity by exploiting multiple spectral bands. However, when spectrum allocation is performed without wavelength conversion, a fundamental trade-off arises between spectral efficiency per connection and throughput per connection. Specifically, as additional spectral band combinations are introduced, the throughput per connection improves due to increased available bandwidth, whereas the spectral efficiency per connection degrades because of rigid spectrum and band continuity constraints. The first part of this study investigates this trade-off by evaluating the performance of different multi-band combinations under a without-wavelength-conversion (woC) spectrum allocation framework. To address the resulting loss in spectral efficiency, a wavelength-conversion-enabled (wC) spectrum allocation scheme is proposed, assuming the availability of wavelength converters at all network nodes. The proposed approach relaxes both spectrum and band continuity constraints, thereby enabling flexible per-link spectrum assignment while prioritizing the C-band during allocation. The C-band supports higher-order modulation formats and offers superior transmission characteristics. When combined with wavelength conversion, it allows different links along a path to independently select favorable modulation formats and spectral bands. This flexibility reduces the mean number of frequency slots (FSs) required per connection, which directly improves spectral efficiency across all considered spectral band combinations compared to the woC case. Simulation results obtained on the NSFNET and USNET topologies confirm that the wavelength-conversion-enabled allocation effectively enhances spectral efficiency by efficiently exploiting prioritized C-band resources. In particular, for the C+L band combination, the proposed scheme achieves an average spectral efficiency improvement of at least 0.6% compared to woC, albeit with a marginal reduction in throughput per connection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556
Shuaidong Chen , Bo Liu , Jianxin Ren , Dongxu Zhu , Yaya Mao , Lei Zhu , Mengtong Yin , Guoqing Chen , Jianye Zhao , Haitao Zhao , Xiumin Song , Guang Han , Houyuan Zhang , Yongcan Han
This paper proposes a high security quantum noise-like stream cipher (QNLSC) scheme with key accompanying transmission. Chaotic sequences generated by a 4D chaotic model are utilized to perform bitwise XOR, elevate the constellation order, and perturb the frequency. The initial values of the chaotic model are employed as key basis state, replacing the basis states traditionally generated by the linear feedback shift registers in quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC). It effectively avoids the security problems caused by the exposure of the linear shift register and the key basis state can be synchronously transmitted with the QNLSC signals. A 4.7 Gb/s QNLSC scheme with key accompanying transmission experiment was successfully implemented in an intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) system over 25 km of single-mode fiber (SMF). The masking signal power is consistent with the number of symbols at different received optical power levels, indicating that our signal achieves 100 % masking. The probability of erroneous detection for both the In-phase and Quadrature signals is above 0.999, and the detection error probability of the QAM signal is 1. Regardless of the number of key misalignments, the bit error rate (BER) for both In-phase and Quadrature signals remain around 0.49, and the BER of the 1024QAM signal is around 0.5. Moreover, the key masking degree for the In-phase, Quadrature, and QAM signals remain 38400, 38,400 and 57600, effectively ensuring the secure transmission of the key. QNLSC scheme is a potential method for future optical access systems due to its great performance.
{"title":"High security quantum noise-like stream cipher scheme with key accompanying transmission","authors":"Shuaidong Chen , Bo Liu , Jianxin Ren , Dongxu Zhu , Yaya Mao , Lei Zhu , Mengtong Yin , Guoqing Chen , Jianye Zhao , Haitao Zhao , Xiumin Song , Guang Han , Houyuan Zhang , Yongcan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a high security quantum noise-like stream cipher (QNLSC) scheme with key accompanying transmission. Chaotic sequences generated by a 4D chaotic model are utilized to perform bitwise XOR, elevate the constellation order, and perturb the frequency. The initial values of the chaotic model are employed as key basis state, replacing the basis states traditionally generated by the linear feedback shift registers in quantum noise stream cipher (QNSC). It effectively avoids the security problems caused by the exposure of the linear shift register and the key basis state can be synchronously transmitted with the QNLSC signals. A 4.7 Gb/s QNLSC scheme with key accompanying transmission experiment was successfully implemented in an intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) system over 25 km of single-mode fiber (SMF). The masking signal power is consistent with the number of symbols at different received optical power levels, indicating that our signal achieves 100 % masking. The probability of erroneous detection for both the In-phase and Quadrature signals is above 0.999, and the detection error probability of the QAM signal is 1. Regardless of the number of key misalignments, the bit error rate (BER) for both In-phase and Quadrature signals remain around 0.49, and the BER of the 1024QAM signal is around 0.5. Moreover, the key masking degree for the In-phase, Quadrature, and QAM signals remain 38400, 38,400 and 57600, effectively ensuring the secure transmission of the key. QNLSC scheme is a potential method for future optical access systems due to its great performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546
Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh
In multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) are critical for reducing connection blocking. This paper first proposes a multi-metric routing scheme, Path Length ＋ Spectrum Availability (PL＋SA), which jointly incorporates normalized link length and link resource availability for improved path selection. We then extend this approach to a dynamically adaptive version, Path Length ＋ Spectrum Availability with Weighted Penalty (PL＋SA-wP), by introducing link penalization and de-penalization to enhance load balancing and even spectrum distribution. The proposed methods are evaluated against three existing schemes: Path Length (PL), Spectrum Availability (SA), and the Fragmentation-Aware RSA scheme (Frag). Simulation results on NSFNET and USNET topologies show that PL＋SA-wP achieves the lowest blocking probability, and higher throughput. Additionally, analysis for PL＋SA-wP conducted across multiple k-shortest paths demonstrates that k=5 offers a reduced blocking probability than k=1 and k=3.
{"title":"Multi-link weight metric-based routing approaches incorporating link length, resource availability, and penalization in MB-EONs","authors":"Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) are critical for reducing connection blocking. This paper first proposes a multi-metric routing scheme, Path Length ＋ Spectrum Availability (PL＋SA), which jointly incorporates normalized link length and link resource availability for improved path selection. We then extend this approach to a dynamically adaptive version, Path Length ＋ Spectrum Availability with Weighted Penalty (PL＋SA-wP), by introducing link penalization and de-penalization to enhance load balancing and even spectrum distribution. The proposed methods are evaluated against three existing schemes: Path Length (PL), Spectrum Availability (SA), and the Fragmentation-Aware RSA scheme (Frag). Simulation results on NSFNET and USNET topologies show that PL＋SA-wP achieves the lowest blocking probability, and higher throughput. Additionally, analysis for PL＋SA-wP conducted across multiple k-shortest paths demonstrates that k=5 offers a reduced blocking probability than k=1 and k=3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2026.104557
Zhongxin Lin , Yuxiaoting Fan , Zihe Fan , Qi Zhao , Lang Sun , Shuangchen Ruan , Dalin Sun , Xintong Xu
Ultrafast erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) operating at 1.5 μm were essential for advanced photonic applications. Beyond merely pursuing the shortest pulse width, developing EDFLs with robust environmental adaptability and reliable operation under practical conditions has become a critical challenge for real-world deployment. We reported an erbium-doped fiber laser based on a novel carbon nanotube saturable absorber (CNT-SA), which achieved self-starting mode-locking at a pump power as low as 40 mW and, more importantly, exhibited exceptional robustness against cavity dispersion variations--a critical yet often overlooked attribute for practical ultrafast laser sources. The CNT-SA, engineered via hydrothermal synthesis using an AFI zeolite template, not only provided the laser with a low threshold advantage but, more importantly, its broadband response and ultrafast recovery dynamics enabled the laser to maintain stable mode-locked operation even when the cavity length was actively adjusted by over 40 m, with a spectral shift of less than 4 nm. This ability to combine low-power self-starting with superior dispersion tolerance had not been reported in previous studies, offering an ideal solution for applications requiring long cavities or environmental stability, such as distributed sensing and high-energy pulse accumulation systems. This work, therefore, prioritizes the balance among low threshold, high stability, and strong dispersion tolerance, aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory performance benchmarks and application-ready ultrafast sources.
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