Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104528
Wenfeng Luo , Tingting Zhang , Xiaohui Li , Shuyuan Lv , Yerou Wang , Yumeng Cao
Two-dimensional heterostructured materials have gained more and more attention in the field of ultrafast nonlinear optics due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this paper, CNT/In2Se3 heterostructures were successfully prepared by drop-coating In2Se3 dispersions onto the surface of carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol composite films. The modulation depth and loss of this heterostructure were 6.3 % and 26.5 %, respectively, as measured by a double-balance device. Three mode-locked states, i.e., a conventional soliton with a pulse width of 1.71 ps, a 2nd-order with a repetition frequency of 11.9 MHz, and a 13th-order harmonic soliton with a repetition frequency of 77.35 MHz, were realised by integrating it as a saturable absorber in a fibre-optic resonant cavity. These findings indicate that CNT/In2Se3 heterostructures show significant potential for applications in ultrafast nonlinear optical materials.
{"title":"Passively mode-locked fibre laser based on CNT/In2Se3 heterostructure","authors":"Wenfeng Luo , Tingting Zhang , Xiaohui Li , Shuyuan Lv , Yerou Wang , Yumeng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional heterostructured materials have gained more and more attention in the field of ultrafast nonlinear optics due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this paper, CNT/In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> heterostructures were successfully prepared by drop-coating In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> dispersions onto the surface of carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol composite films. The modulation depth and loss of this heterostructure were 6.3 % and 26.5 %, respectively, as measured by a double-balance device. Three mode-locked states, i.e., a conventional soliton with a pulse width of 1.71 ps, a 2nd-order with a repetition frequency of 11.9 MHz, and a 13th-order harmonic soliton with a repetition frequency of 77.35 MHz, were realised by integrating it as a saturable absorber in a fibre-optic resonant cavity. These findings indicate that CNT/In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> heterostructures show significant potential for applications in ultrafast nonlinear optical materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104543
Ling Chen , Minghong Wang , Liqiang Zhang , Zhen Tian , Fan Zhang , Qiang Wu
A high-precision dual-parameter simultaneous measurement sensor was proposed and developed by cascading a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a hollow-core Bragg fiber (HCBF) with a length of 5 mm. Due to the anti-resonant mode in the HCBF and its unique hollow structure, the transmission spectrum exhibits periodic resonance dips with high visibility and low transmission loss. Experimental results demonstrate that the resonance wavelength dips of the transmission spectrum are independent to the length of the HCBF. The HCBF sensor and FBG have different temperature (21.02 pm/℃ and 10.95 pm/℃, respectively) and strain sensitivities (−0.58 pm/με and 0.98 pm/με, respectively), which enables simultaneous measurement of both temperature and strain by employing a 2 × 2 sensitivity coefficient matrix.
{"title":"Dual-parameter simultaneous measurement sensor based on antiresonance mechanism","authors":"Ling Chen , Minghong Wang , Liqiang Zhang , Zhen Tian , Fan Zhang , Qiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-precision dual-parameter simultaneous measurement sensor was proposed and developed by cascading a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a hollow-core Bragg fiber (HCBF) with a length of 5 mm. Due to the anti-resonant mode in the HCBF and its unique hollow structure, the transmission spectrum exhibits periodic resonance dips with high visibility and low transmission loss. Experimental results demonstrate that the resonance wavelength dips of the transmission spectrum are independent to the length of the HCBF. The HCBF sensor and FBG have different temperature (21.02 pm/℃ and 10.95 pm/℃, respectively) and strain sensitivities (−0.58 pm/με and 0.98 pm/με, respectively), which enables simultaneous measurement of both temperature and strain by employing a 2 × 2 sensitivity coefficient matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531
Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh
As optical networking technology evolves toward multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient traffic assignment across all spectral bands has become a critical research focus. Band Usage Distribution (BUD) is employed as a key metric to assess the proportion of accepted connection requests across different bands. C-BUD, L-BUD, and S-BUD represent the usage distribution in the C-, L-, and S-bands, respectively. One of the key factors influencing BUD is the network topology. This paper explores how BUD is affected by variations in network topology, using average nodal degree (AND) as a representative measure. Topologies with higher AND generally provide greater routing diversity, which reduces blocking and results in a sequential band usage pattern at higher traffic loads. In the higher AND scenario, the prioritized C-band shows the highest BUD, followed by the L-band and then the S-band. However, lower-AND topologies often struggle to achieve a similar distribution due to limited path diversity and higher blocking. Simulations were performed on three network topologies: NSF-21, NSF-25, and NSF-28. The simulation results show that C-BUD consistently maintains the highest value, while the variations in L-BUD and S-BUD depend strongly on the average nodal degree of the topology. Specifically, NSF-21 (AND = 3) exhibits nearly equal distribution between L-BUD and S-BUD, NSF-25 (AND = 3.57) displays a moderate difference between L-BUD and S-BUD, and NSF-28 (AND = 4) reveals a pronounced difference, with L-BUD significantly higher than S-BUD at higher traffic load. Furthermore, in this work, we simulate NSF-21 under different average holding times, i.e., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 s, and the simulation results reveal that the lowest holding time (0.4 s) enables the lower-AND topology (NSF-21) to achieve a BUD distribution comparable to that of the higher-AND topology (NSF-28).
{"title":"Effect of average nodal degree and connection holding time on blocking probabilities and band usage distribution in multi-band EONs","authors":"Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As optical networking technology evolves toward multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient traffic assignment across all spectral bands has become a critical research focus. Band Usage Distribution (BUD) is employed as a key metric to assess the proportion of accepted connection requests across different bands. C-BUD, L-BUD, and S-BUD represent the usage distribution in the C-, L-, and S-bands, respectively. One of the key factors influencing BUD is the network topology. This paper explores how BUD is affected by variations in network topology, using average nodal degree (AND) as a representative measure. Topologies with higher AND generally provide greater routing diversity, which reduces blocking and results in a sequential band usage pattern at higher traffic loads. In the higher AND scenario, the prioritized C-band shows the highest BUD, followed by the L-band and then the S-band. However, lower-AND topologies often struggle to achieve a similar distribution due to limited path diversity and higher blocking. Simulations were performed on three network topologies: NSF-21, NSF-25, and NSF-28. The simulation results show that C-BUD consistently maintains the highest value, while the variations in L-BUD and S-BUD depend strongly on the average nodal degree of the topology. Specifically, NSF-21 (AND = 3) exhibits nearly equal distribution between L-BUD and S-BUD, NSF-25 (AND = 3.57) displays a moderate difference between L-BUD and S-BUD, and NSF-28 (AND = 4) reveals a pronounced difference, with L-BUD significantly higher than S-BUD at higher traffic load. Furthermore, in this work, we simulate NSF-21 under different average holding times, i.e., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 s, and the simulation results reveal that the lowest holding time (0.4 s) enables the lower-AND topology (NSF-21) to achieve a BUD distribution comparable to that of the higher-AND topology (NSF-28).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524
Vasily Koltashev , Andrei Pushkin , Maxim Sukhanov , Aleksander Velmuzhov , Sergei Sverchkov , Boris Galagan , Boris Denker , Mikhail Frolov , Fedor Potemkin , Victor Plotnichenko
Mid-infrared Ce3+-doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser is presented. Continuous wave output power of 100 mW is an order of magnitude higher than the previously achieved level. The lasing spectra contain several lines within 5.0–5.2 μm band. The slope efficiency reaches 16 % with respect to incoming pump power of a 4.15 µm Fe2+:ZnSe laser.
{"title":"100 mW mid-infrared Ce3+-doped chalcogenide fiber laser","authors":"Vasily Koltashev , Andrei Pushkin , Maxim Sukhanov , Aleksander Velmuzhov , Sergei Sverchkov , Boris Galagan , Boris Denker , Mikhail Frolov , Fedor Potemkin , Victor Plotnichenko","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mid-infrared Ce<sup>3+</sup>-doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser is presented. Continuous wave output power of 100 mW is an order of magnitude higher than the previously achieved level. The lasing spectra contain several lines within 5.0–5.2 μm band. The slope efficiency reaches 16 % with respect to incoming pump power of a 4.15 µm Fe<sup>2+</sup>:ZnSe laser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104517
Supu Xiu , Shuangshuang Han , Ying Zhang , Fang Wang , Xinyi Zhao , Yufang Liu
To investigate the effect of tapering position on the temperature detection sensitivity of single mode fiber–dispersion compensated fiber–single mode fiber (SDS) sensors, this paper fabricated four Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) fiber sensors based on dispersion-compensated fiber (DCF): the SDS fiber sensor, the SDS fiber sensor with tapering on single-mode fiber (STDS), the SDS sensor with tapering on DCF(SDTS), and the SDS sensor with tapering on both SMF and DCF (STDTS). Their temperature sensitivities are tested within the range of 30–300 °C. The results show that the sensitivities of the four sensors are 48.68 pm/°C, 51.04 pm/°C, 104.17 pm/°C, and 108.36 pm/°C, respectively. Notably, the STDTS fiber sensor exhibits approximately 2.2 times higher sensitivity than the SDS. Additionally, the optimization effect of tapering on DCF is significantly better than that on SMF. This indicates that tapering position is a key and effective factor in regulating the temperature measurement sensitivity of SDS fiber sensors, and reasonable design of the tapering position can greatly enhance their temperature measurement performance.
{"title":"The critical role of tapering position on the sensitivity of SDS fiber sensor for temperature detection","authors":"Supu Xiu , Shuangshuang Han , Ying Zhang , Fang Wang , Xinyi Zhao , Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the effect of tapering position on the temperature detection sensitivity of single mode fiber–dispersion compensated fiber–single mode fiber (SDS) sensors, this paper fabricated four Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) fiber sensors based on dispersion-compensated fiber (DCF): the SDS fiber sensor, the SDS fiber sensor with tapering on single-mode fiber (STDS), the SDS sensor with tapering on DCF(SDTS), and the SDS sensor with tapering on both SMF and DCF (STDTS). Their temperature sensitivities are tested within the range of 30–300 °C. The results show that the sensitivities of the four sensors are 48.68 pm/°C, 51.04 pm/°C, 104.17 pm/°C, and 108.36 pm/°C, respectively. Notably, the STDTS fiber sensor exhibits approximately 2.2 times higher sensitivity than the SDS. Additionally, the optimization effect of tapering on DCF is significantly better than that on SMF. This indicates that tapering position is a key and effective factor in regulating the temperature measurement sensitivity of SDS fiber sensors, and reasonable design of the tapering position can greatly enhance their temperature measurement performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529
Muhammad Zain Siddiqui , Kohei Chiba , Yoshiaki Kanamori , Mustafa Ordu
Terahertz (THz) frequencies, ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz, offer unique sensing, imaging, and high-speed communications applications. However, these electromagnetic radiations experience high attenuation in free-space transmission, emphasizing the need for a low-loss waveguiding solution, often limited by material absorption. Negative curvature hollow-core fibers offer a promising solution by confining the light within an air core region, further reducing material absorption losses. This study presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a simple bar-nested tubular hollow core fiber tailored for operation in the THz regime. The bar nested four-tube fiber design parameters are numerically optimized using finite element simulations. The cyclic olefin copolymer-based fiber is fabricated through fused deposition modeling in a 3D printer, enabling rapid prototyping and intricate fiber designs. The experimental results demonstrated a measured transmission loss of 7.6 dB/m for the fabricated fiber at 750 GHz with a bandwidth of 100 GHz. The differences observed between numerical and experimental losses are attributed to the fabrication imperfections, surface scattering losses, and coupling losses, highlighting the challenges and potential of 3D printing for THz waveguide development.
{"title":"Terahertz waveguiding through 3D-Printed Bar-Nested Hollow-Core optical fibers","authors":"Muhammad Zain Siddiqui , Kohei Chiba , Yoshiaki Kanamori , Mustafa Ordu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terahertz (THz) frequencies, ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz, offer unique sensing, imaging, and high-speed communications applications. However, these electromagnetic radiations experience high attenuation in free-space transmission, emphasizing the need for a low-loss waveguiding solution, often limited by material absorption. Negative curvature hollow-core fibers offer a promising solution by confining the light within an air core region, further reducing material absorption losses. This study presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a simple bar-nested tubular hollow core fiber tailored for operation in the THz regime. The bar nested four-tube fiber design parameters are numerically optimized using finite element simulations. The cyclic olefin copolymer-based fiber is fabricated through fused deposition modeling in a 3D printer, enabling rapid prototyping and intricate fiber designs. The experimental results demonstrated a measured transmission loss of 7.6 dB/m for the fabricated fiber at 750 GHz with a bandwidth of 100 GHz. The differences observed between numerical and experimental losses are attributed to the fabrication imperfections, surface scattering losses, and coupling losses, highlighting the challenges and potential of 3D printing for THz waveguide development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527
Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han
This paper proposes an optical transmission technique using a non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid (NODAH) signal. The hybrid system is designed to take advantage of the mature digital transmission infrastructure and the inherently high spectral efficiency of analog transmission. The NODAH signal was modulated using an in-phase-quadrature modulator with an appropriate bias and driving voltage and transmitted through an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion characteristics. After the photodetection process, dispersion-induced power fading results in the mitigation of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interference significantly. The proposed technique was analyzed mathematically based on optical transmission theory, and its performance in broadband communication was verified with experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted using 25 and 50 km-long commercial optical fibers to transmit and receive the hybrid signals confirm that the proposed technique satisfies the error vector magnitude requirements of relevant communication standards under the experimental condition.
{"title":"Non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid optical transmission using dispersion-induced power fading in multi-distance optical access network","authors":"Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an optical transmission technique using a non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid (NODAH) signal. The hybrid system is designed to take advantage of the mature digital transmission infrastructure and the inherently high spectral efficiency of analog transmission. The NODAH signal was modulated using an in-phase-quadrature modulator with an appropriate bias and driving voltage and transmitted through an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion characteristics. After the photodetection process, dispersion-induced power fading results in the mitigation of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interference significantly. The proposed technique was analyzed mathematically based on optical transmission theory, and its performance in broadband communication was verified with experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted using 25 and 50 km-long commercial optical fibers to transmit and receive the hybrid signals confirm that the proposed technique satisfies the error vector magnitude requirements of relevant communication standards under the experimental condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523
Tingting Song , Jinli Jiang , Yichen Ye , Ye Su , Cong Huang , Yi Zhu
Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has emerged as a promising on-chip interconnection solution due to its advantages in low latency and high bandwidth. However, existing routing algorithms rarely consider the inherent characteristic of optical circuit switching in ONoC, namely, the exclusive occupation of link bandwidth during communication. Failure to properly address this feature may exacerbate network congestion and degrade overall performance, particularly in long-distance communications that follow shortest-path routing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RLCAR), aiming to enhance network throughput and reduce communication latency. Unlike traditional approaches that rely solely on shortest-path selection, the proposed scheme routes path-setup packets dynamically by jointly considering queuing delays and the length of the prospective path. Furthermore, we employ the proposed algorithm to the VCmesh network and conduct simulations under different traffic patterns and network scales using OPNET. Simulation results demonstrate that, in the 6 × 6 network under uniform traffic, transpose traffic, hotspot-point traffic, and hotspot-area traffic pattern , the proposed routing approach achieves reducing and network average end-to-end delay by 14.9%, 17.9%, 14.1%, and 13.5%, respectively, while improving the maximum throughput by 12.4%, 0.8%, 13.7% and 12.8%, respectively, and increasing the optical path insertion loss by 4.64%, compared with length-optimized-routing-protocol (LORP) routing. As the network scales up, the proposed method exhibits even greater advantages in latency and throughput optimization, at the cost of a slight increase in optical insertion loss.
{"title":"A novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning for VCmesh-based optical network-on-chip","authors":"Tingting Song , Jinli Jiang , Yichen Ye , Ye Su , Cong Huang , Yi Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has emerged as a promising on-chip interconnection solution due to its advantages in low latency and high bandwidth. However, existing routing algorithms rarely consider the inherent characteristic of optical circuit switching in ONoC, namely, the exclusive occupation of link bandwidth during communication. Failure to properly address this feature may exacerbate network congestion and degrade overall performance, particularly in long-distance communications that follow shortest-path routing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RLCAR), aiming to enhance network throughput and reduce communication latency. Unlike traditional approaches that rely solely on shortest-path selection, the proposed scheme routes path-setup packets dynamically by jointly considering queuing delays and the length of the prospective path. Furthermore, we employ the proposed algorithm to the VCmesh network and conduct simulations under different traffic patterns and network scales using OPNET. Simulation results demonstrate that, in the 6 × 6 network under uniform traffic, transpose traffic, hotspot-point traffic, and hotspot-area traffic pattern , the proposed routing approach achieves reducing and network average end-to-end delay by 14.9%, 17.9%, 14.1%, and 13.5%, respectively, while improving the maximum throughput by 12.4%, 0.8%, 13.7% and 12.8%, respectively, and increasing the optical path insertion loss by 4.64%, compared with length-optimized-routing-protocol (LORP) routing. As the network scales up, the proposed method exhibits even greater advantages in latency and throughput optimization, at the cost of a slight increase in optical insertion loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526
Wenxi Wei , Xin Ding , Mengjie Wang , Haijuan Li , Nan Chen , Zhaocheng Tu , Suqi Liang , Chuxin Yang
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated with graphene oxide (GO) for relative humidity (RH) measurement has been proposed in this paper. The proposed sensor is fabricated using microstructured single-mode fiber and leverages the exceptional hydrophilicity of GO to achieve highly sensitive RH detection. Specifically, a microsphere-misalignment structure is first created by splicing to excite higher-order modes, followed by a tapering process to further enhance the interaction between the evanescent field and the surrounding environment. A GO film is then deposited on the tapered region via a physical deposition method to augment the response to water molecules. When ambient RH changes, RI of GO film correspondingly alters, leading to a shift in the phase difference. This phase shift ultimately manifests as a shift of resonant wavelength in interference spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that with a waist diameter of 18 μm, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 194.54 pm/%RH and a response time of 12.7 s within RH range of 37 % to 65 %. The proposed structure exhibits highly sensitivity, straightforward fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, showing promising potential for applications in chemical and biochemical sensing.
{"title":"A high-sensitivity humidity sensor featuring a graphene oxide functionalized microsphere-tapered fiber MZI","authors":"Wenxi Wei , Xin Ding , Mengjie Wang , Haijuan Li , Nan Chen , Zhaocheng Tu , Suqi Liang , Chuxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated with graphene oxide (GO) for relative humidity (RH) measurement has been proposed in this paper. The proposed sensor is fabricated using microstructured single-mode fiber and leverages the exceptional hydrophilicity of GO to achieve highly sensitive RH detection. Specifically, a microsphere-misalignment structure is first created by splicing to excite higher-order modes, followed by a tapering process to further enhance the interaction between the evanescent field and the surrounding environment. A GO film is then deposited on the tapered region via a physical deposition method to augment the response to water molecules. When ambient RH changes, RI of GO film correspondingly alters, leading to a shift in the phase difference. This phase shift ultimately manifests as a shift of resonant wavelength in interference spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that with a waist diameter of 18 μm, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 194.54 pm/%RH and a response time of 12.7 s within RH range of 37 % to 65 %. The proposed structure exhibits highly sensitivity, straightforward fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, showing promising potential for applications in chemical and biochemical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501
Hao-yu Yang, Xin-wei Li, Tian-rui Liao
Real-time monitoring of gas flow rate plays a crucial role in industrial production, environmental monitoring, and laboratory gas research. However, designing a high-precision gas flow rate sensor resistant to temperature interference remains a challenging research task. In this context, a novel gas flow velocity sensor based on symmetric FBGs is proposed, which fixes four FBGs in a symmetrical double-layer arrangement on a load-bearing beam to achieve gas flow velocity detection. The novelty of this design not only eliminates the interference of temperature, but also substantially improves the accuracy of detection. The experiment results demonstrated that the gas flow velocity response sensitivity of the four FBGs ranged from 0.045 nm·s/m to 0.0561 nm·s/m, the temperature flow velocity cross-sensitivity ranged from 0.000185 nm·s/m·℃ to 0.00605 nm·s/m·℃, and the humidity response sensitivity was almost zero. In addition, the detection accuracy is relatively ideal, with a detection result error of 0.046 m/s and a relative error of no more than 0.88 %. These data indicate that the sensor has superior anti-interference performance and high accuracy, coupled with the advantages of simple structure and low production cost, making it capable of mass production.
{"title":"A resistant to temperature interference gas flow velocity detection method based on symmetrical array FBGs","authors":"Hao-yu Yang, Xin-wei Li, Tian-rui Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time monitoring of gas flow rate plays a crucial role in industrial production, environmental monitoring, and laboratory gas research. However, designing a high-precision gas flow rate sensor resistant to temperature interference remains a challenging research task. In this context, a novel gas flow velocity sensor based on symmetric FBGs is proposed, which fixes four FBGs in a symmetrical double-layer arrangement on a load-bearing beam to achieve gas flow velocity detection. The novelty of this design not only eliminates the interference of temperature, but also substantially improves the accuracy of detection. The experiment results demonstrated that the gas flow velocity response sensitivity of the four FBGs ranged from 0.045 nm·s/m to 0.0561 nm·s/m, the temperature flow velocity cross-sensitivity ranged from 0.000185 nm·s/m·℃ to 0.00605 nm·s/m·℃, and the humidity response sensitivity was almost zero. In addition, the detection accuracy is relatively ideal, with a detection result error of 0.046 m/s and a relative error of no more than 0.88 %. These data indicate that the sensor has superior anti-interference performance and high accuracy, coupled with the advantages of simple structure and low production cost, making it capable of mass production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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