Optical Fiber Technology最新文献

英文中文

A bi-level model and evolution algorithm for virtual network functions deployment in inter-datacenters elastic optical networks 数据中心间弹性光网络虚拟网络功能部署的双层模型及演化算法

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104530

Erping Song , Ziping Yao

Virtual network function (VNF) service chains can be implemented in inter-datacenter (DC) elastic optical networks (EONs). However, when the placement of datacenters (including their quantity and locations) is uncertain, it becomes challenging to deploy DC resources, network paths, and VNFs for VNF service chains (VNF-SCs). To effectively address the aforementioned deployment issues, this paper establishes a bi-level optimization model and proposes a hybrid algorithm (HBiEA) by integrating the distributed estimation algorithm (DEA) and differential evolution (DE). Specifically, the upper-level objective functions take into account the costs of DCs and VNF deployment, while the lower-level objective functions focus on the spectrum allocation problem in EONs. Additionally, the correlation coefficient is employed to select excellent individuals from the lower level, thereby reducing computational costs.

This paper performs simulation experiments on two representative networks, namely NSFNET and US Backbone, in which the proposed HBiEA is employed to address the problems of data center (DC) placement and spectrum allocation. Comparative experiments against five classic evolutionary algorithms show that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior performance in achieving a more uniform distribution of network resources.

VNF （Virtual network function）业务链可以在数据中心间弹性光网络（eon）中实现。然而，当数据中心的布局（包括数量和位置）不确定时，VNF服务链（VNF- scs）的数据中心资源、网络路径和VNF的部署就变得具有挑战性。为了有效解决上述部署问题，本文建立了双层优化模型，并将分布式估计算法（DEA）和差分进化算法（DE）相结合，提出了一种混合算法（HBiEA）。其中，上层目标函数主要考虑数据中心和VNF部署的成本，下层目标函数主要关注eon中的频谱分配问题。此外，利用相关系数从较低的层次中选择优秀的个体，从而减少了计算成本。本文在NSFNET和US Backbone这两个具有代表性的网络上进行了仿真实验，采用所提出的HBiEA解决了数据中心（DC）布局和频谱分配问题。与五种经典进化算法的对比实验表明，该算法在实现更均匀的网络资源分配方面表现出优越的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Micro-distance measurement based on multi-core fibers 基于多芯光纤的微距离测量

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104550

Haoran Li, Xin Ma

Optical fiber-based micro-distance measurement offers advantages such as non-contact operation and small probe size. This makes it widely applicable in high precision measurement. However, traditional optical fiber measurement techniques such as fiber bundles suffer from low integration and are vulnerable to external interferences such as light fluctuation. To address those issues, a micro-distance measurement method based on multi-core fibers (MCFs) is proposed in this study. First, the principles of the MCF-based micro-distance measurement system are introduced. Next, simulation analysis of the coupling efficiency of MCFs is performed. Finally, the experiment was conducted to demonstrate that our method can effectively overcome the adverse effects of factors such as light intensity fluctuations, reflectivity changes, and bending losses on measurement results. This measurement method offers higher measurement accuracy while featuring a more miniature probe. These two advantages make the technology possess broader application value.

基于光纤的微距离测量具有非接触式操作和探头尺寸小等优点。这使得它广泛适用于高精度测量。然而，传统的光纤测量技术，如光纤束，存在集成度低、易受光波动等外部干扰的问题。为了解决这些问题，本研究提出了一种基于多芯光纤的微距离测量方法。首先，介绍了基于mcf的微距离测量系统的原理。其次，对mcf的耦合效率进行了仿真分析。最后通过实验验证了该方法能够有效克服光强波动、反射率变化、弯曲损耗等因素对测量结果的不利影响。这种测量方法提供了更高的测量精度，同时具有更小的探头。这两个优点使得该技术具有更广泛的应用价值。

引用次数: 0

Sampling frequency offset in IM/DD DCI Systems: Analysis and compensation for PAM signals IM/DD DCI系统的采样频率偏移：PAM信号的分析与补偿

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104547

Li Zhao , Jianyu Long , Jianjun Yu

O-band IM/DD systems offer a cost-efficient solution for high-speed data center interconnects (DCIs) spanning tens of kilometers without additional dispersion management. Yet, sampling frequency offset (SFO) resulting from DAC and ADC sampling rate mismatches significantly challenges PAM signals. Conventional methods like Gardner interpolation, which rely on neighboring samples, have limited SFO correction capabilities. Moreover, Gardner’s approach may obscure SFO effects in PAM signals, often misleadingly attributed solely to the sampling phase of timing recovery issues, with scant research dedicated to the underlying SFO analysis and compensation in PAM systems. In this work, we analyze SFO-induced inter-symbol interference (ISI) and demonstrate how it disrupts digital equalizers and universal clock recovery algorithms like Gardner’s method for PAM signals. We propose a digital interpolation-based SFO compensation method for O-band IM/DD PAM-4 systems over a 40-km SSMF link. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves BER performance, ensuring stable operation for long signal frames where SFO leads to significant errors.

o波段IM/DD系统为跨越数十公里的高速数据中心互连（dci）提供了一种经济高效的解决方案，而无需额外的分散管理。然而，由DAC和ADC采样率不匹配引起的采样频率偏移（SFO）严重挑战了PAM信号。Gardner插值等传统方法依赖于邻近样本，SFO校正能力有限。此外，Gardner的方法可能会模糊PAM信号中的SFO效应，通常会将其错误地仅仅归因于定时恢复问题的采样阶段，而对PAM系统中潜在的SFO分析和补偿的研究很少。在这项工作中，我们分析了sfo引起的符号间干扰（ISI），并演示了它如何破坏数字均衡器和通用时钟恢复算法，如PAM信号的Gardner方法。针对40 km SSMF链路上的o波段IM/DD PAM-4系统，提出了一种基于数字插值的SFO补偿方法。实验结果表明，该方法提高了误码率，保证了SFO误差较大的长信号帧的稳定运行。

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引用次数: 0

Mach-Zehnder interferometer temperature sensor based on inner cladding fiber and the Vernier effect 基于内包层光纤和游标效应的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪温度传感器

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104544

Olga N. Egorova , Yaroslav V. Kravchenko , Sergey G. Zhuravlev , Vladimir V. Velmiskin , Valery M. Mashinsky , Andrey E. Levchenko , Sergey L. Semjonov

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a high-sensitivity temperature sensor based on in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometers exploiting the Vernier effect. Individual in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometers were fabricated by splicing a segment of inner-cladding fiber between two conventional single-mode fibers. The inner-cladding fiber is designed to support only a few cladding modes, which are insensitive to the ambient refractive index. This results in a regular and stable interference spectrum for each Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The fiber core was doped with 75 mol% germanium dioxide. High core doping produces a large effective refractive index difference between the core mode and the inner-cladding modes, providing a high density of interference points (dips or peaks of the superimposed spectrum) per unit wavelength interval, which is beneficial for envelope calculation. The temperature sensitivity of a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer was measured to be 53 pm/°C. By connecting two Mach-Zehnder interferometer with slightly different free spectral ranges in parallel, a 22-fold sensitivity enhancement via the Vernier effect was achieved, resulting in a temperature sensitivity of 1.16 nm/°C over the range of 23–200 °C.

在本文中，我们提出并演示了一种基于在线马赫-曾德尔干涉仪利用游标效应的高灵敏度温度传感器。通过在两根普通单模光纤之间拼接一段内包层光纤，制备了单列马赫-曾德尔干涉仪。内包层光纤被设计成只支持几种包层模式，这些模式对环境折射率不敏感。这使得每个马赫-曾德干涉仪的干涉光谱规律而稳定。纤维芯中掺杂了75%的二氧化锗。高芯掺杂使芯模和内包层模之间的有效折射率差较大，在单位波长间隔内提供高密度的干涉点（叠加光谱的低谷或峰值），这有利于包络计算。测量了一台马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的温度灵敏度为53 pm/°C。通过平行连接两个自由光谱范围略有不同的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪，通过游标效应实现了22倍的灵敏度增强，在23-200°C范围内获得了1.16 nm/°C的温度灵敏度。

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引用次数: 0

A Dual-Channel optical fiber sensor based on sodium film for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature 一种同时测量折射率和温度的基于钠膜的双通道光纤传感器

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104525

Yanqi Feng , Anliang Feng , Mengmeng Zhao , Xiting Wang , Sixing Xi , Xiaolei Wang , Nana Yu

A novel dual-channel optical fiber sensor based on sodium film is proposed for the simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature. In comparison to gold and silver films, sodium film-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors exhibit significant advantages in resonance wavelength tunability, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intrinsic loss. Therefore, a dual-channel sensor structure employing a D-shaped no-core fiber coated with two sodium layers of different thicknesses has been designed. The proposed structure is not only simple and facile to fabricate but also exhibits performance that is highly robust to structural parameter variations. Furthermore, it delivers an ultra-wide sensing bandwidth ranging from 500 to 1600 nm. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the two channels operate independently: one channel, functionalized with a stable PMMA layer, is dedicated to refractive index sensing, achieving a maximum sensitivity of 10400 nm/RIU within the refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.42; the other channel, coated with a thermally sensitive PDMS layer, is designed for temperature sensing, exhibiting a sensitivity of 15.5 nm/°C over the range of 0 to 50°C. Owing to its extremely low inter-channel crosstalk and high sensitivity, this dual-channel optical fiber sensor demonstrates promising application potential in various fields such as food safety inspection, industrial process monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics.

提出了一种基于钠膜的双通道光纤传感器，用于同时测量折射率和温度。与金薄膜和银薄膜相比，钠薄膜表面等离子体共振（SPR）传感器在共振波长可调性、半最大全宽度（FWHM）和本征损耗方面具有显著优势。因此，设计了一种采用涂有两层不同厚度钠的d型无芯光纤的双通道传感器结构。所提出的结构不仅简单易于制造，而且对结构参数的变化具有高度的鲁棒性。此外，它还提供500至1600纳米的超宽传感带宽。数值模拟结果表明，两个通道独立工作：一个通道被稳定的PMMA层功能化，专用于折射率传感，在折射率1.33 ~ 1.42范围内实现了10400 nm/RIU的最大灵敏度；另一个通道涂有热敏PDMS层，设计用于温度传感，在0至50°C范围内的灵敏度为15.5 nm/°C。该双通道光纤传感器具有极低的通道间串扰和高灵敏度，在食品安全检测、工业过程监控、生物医学诊断等领域具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Towards open-set intrusion recognition in railway environments: Multi-task learning meets fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing 面向铁路环境的开放集入侵识别：多任务学习与光纤分布式声传感的融合

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104542

Yuewen Yin , Xiangqian Liu , Zhenshan Zhang , Hongze Xu

The vast extent of railway networks and their complex environmental dynamics pose significant challenges for traditional intrusion recognition methods. Fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology offers a promising solution due to its capabilities in distributed, long-distance, and continuous vibration monitoring. However, most existing research focuses on improving recognition accuracy under the closed-set assumption, overlooking the open-set nature of real-world scenarios and limiting practical applicability. To address this, we propose a novel open-set railway intrusion recognition method based on multi-task learning. Specifically, the closed-set classification and open-set rejection task branches share a common backbone feature extractor, while soft-attention modules are integrated into each task branch to extract task-specific features. Compared with conventional single-task open-set recognition methods, information sharing across tasks enhances the model’s generalization ability. Furthermore, the decoupled design of classification and rejection enables dedicated optimization and decision-making for each objective, improving both classification and rejection performance. Experimental results on railway field data demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an overall recognition accuracy of 92.43% and an AUROC of 0.9791, significantly outperforming traditional approaches and showcasing its substantial potential for railway intrusion recognition applications.

铁路网络的广泛性及其复杂的环境动态对传统的入侵识别方法提出了重大挑战。光纤分布式声传感（DAS）技术具有分布式、远距离、连续的振动监测能力，是一种很有前途的解决方案。然而，现有的研究大多侧重于在闭集假设下提高识别精度，忽略了现实场景的开集性质，限制了实际适用性。针对这一问题，提出了一种基于多任务学习的开放集铁路入侵识别方法。具体而言，闭集分类和开集拒绝任务分支共享一个主干特征提取器，而软注意模块集成到每个任务分支中以提取任务特定的特征。与传统的单任务开集识别方法相比，跨任务的信息共享增强了模型的泛化能力。此外，分类和拒绝的解耦设计使每个目标都能进行专门的优化和决策，从而提高了分类和拒绝的性能。铁路现场数据的实验结果表明，该方法的总体识别准确率为92.43%，AUROC为0.9791，显著优于传统方法，在铁路入侵识别应用中具有很大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Passively mode-locked fibre laser based on CNT/In2Se3 heterostructure 基于CNT/In2Se3异质结构的被动锁模光纤激光器

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104528

Wenfeng Luo , Tingting Zhang , Xiaohui Li , Shuyuan Lv , Yerou Wang , Yumeng Cao

Two-dimensional heterostructured materials have gained more and more attention in the field of ultrafast nonlinear optics due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this paper, CNT/In₂Se₃ heterostructures were successfully prepared by drop-coating In₂Se₃ dispersions onto the surface of carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol composite films. The modulation depth and loss of this heterostructure were 6.3 % and 26.5 %, respectively, as measured by a double-balance device. Three mode-locked states, i.e., a conventional soliton with a pulse width of 1.71 ps, a 2nd-order with a repetition frequency of 11.9 MHz, and a 13th-order harmonic soliton with a repetition frequency of 77.35 MHz, were realised by integrating it as a saturable absorber in a fibre-optic resonant cavity. These findings indicate that CNT/In₂Se₃ heterostructures show significant potential for applications in ultrafast nonlinear optical materials.

二维异质结构材料以其独特的物理化学性质在超快非线性光学领域受到越来越多的关注。本文通过在碳纳米管-聚乙烯醇复合薄膜表面滴涂In2Se3分散体，成功制备了CNT/In2Se3异质结构。用双平衡装置测量该异质结构的调制深度和损耗分别为6.3%和26.5%。将脉冲宽度为1.71 ps的常规孤子、重复频率为11.9 MHz的二阶孤子和重复频率为77.35 MHz的13阶谐波孤子作为可饱和吸收体集成在光纤谐振腔中，实现了三种锁模状态。这些发现表明，CNT/In2Se3异质结构在超快非线性光学材料中具有重要的应用潜力。

引用次数: 0

Dual-parameter simultaneous measurement sensor based on antiresonance mechanism 基于反共振机制的双参数同步测量传感器

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104543

Ling Chen , Minghong Wang , Liqiang Zhang , Zhen Tian , Fan Zhang , Qiang Wu

A high-precision dual-parameter simultaneous measurement sensor was proposed and developed by cascading a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a hollow-core Bragg fiber (HCBF) with a length of 5 mm. Due to the anti-resonant mode in the HCBF and its unique hollow structure, the transmission spectrum exhibits periodic resonance dips with high visibility and low transmission loss. Experimental results demonstrate that the resonance wavelength dips of the transmission spectrum are independent to the length of the HCBF. The HCBF sensor and FBG have different temperature (21.02 pm/℃ and 10.95 pm/℃, respectively) and strain sensitivities (−0.58 pm/με and 0.98 pm/με, respectively), which enables simultaneous measurement of both temperature and strain by employing a 2 × 2 sensitivity coefficient matrix.

提出并研制了一种光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）与长度为5 mm的空心布拉格光纤（HCBF）级联的高精度双参数同步测量传感器。由于HCBF的抗谐振模式及其独特的空心结构，透射光谱呈现周期性的共振衰减，具有高可见度和低传输损耗。实验结果表明，透射光谱的共振波长衰减与HCBF的长度无关。HCBF传感器和FBG具有不同的温度（分别为21.02 pm/℃和10.95 pm/℃）和应变灵敏度（分别为- 0.58 pm/με和0.98 pm/με），采用2 × 2的灵敏度系数矩阵可以同时测量温度和应变。

引用次数: 0

Effect of average nodal degree and connection holding time on blocking probabilities and band usage distribution in multi-band EONs 平均节点度和连接保持时间对多频带eon阻塞概率和频带使用分布的影响

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104531

Ruchi Srivastava , Yatindra Nath Singh

As optical networking technology evolves toward multi-band elastic optical networks (MB-EONs), efficient traffic assignment across all spectral bands has become a critical research focus. Band Usage Distribution (BUD) is employed as a key metric to assess the proportion of accepted connection requests across different bands. C-BUD, L-BUD, and S-BUD represent the usage distribution in the C-, L-, and S-bands, respectively. One of the key factors influencing BUD is the network topology. This paper explores how BUD is affected by variations in network topology, using average nodal degree (AND) as a representative measure. Topologies with higher AND generally provide greater routing diversity, which reduces blocking and results in a sequential band usage pattern at higher traffic loads. In the higher AND scenario, the prioritized C-band shows the highest BUD, followed by the L-band and then the S-band. However, lower-AND topologies often struggle to achieve a similar distribution due to limited path diversity and higher blocking. Simulations were performed on three network topologies: NSF-21, NSF-25, and NSF-28. The simulation results show that C-BUD consistently maintains the highest value, while the variations in L-BUD and S-BUD depend strongly on the average nodal degree of the topology. Specifically, NSF-21 (AND = 3) exhibits nearly equal distribution between L-BUD and S-BUD, NSF-25 (AND = 3.57) displays a moderate difference between L-BUD and S-BUD, and NSF-28 (AND = 4) reveals a pronounced difference, with L-BUD significantly higher than S-BUD at higher traffic load. Furthermore, in this work, we simulate NSF-21 under different average holding times, i.e., 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 s, and the simulation results reveal that the lowest holding time (0.4 s) enables the lower-AND topology (NSF-21) to achieve a BUD distribution comparable to that of the higher-AND topology (NSF-28).

随着光网络技术向多频段弹性光网络（MB-EONs）发展，跨频谱的高效业务分配已成为一个重要的研究热点。采用频带使用分布（Band Usage Distribution， BUD）作为评估跨不同频带接受连接请求比例的关键指标。C- bud、L- bud和S-BUD分别表示C-、L-和s -波段的使用分布。影响BUD的关键因素之一是网络拓扑结构。本文以平均节点度（AND）作为代表性度量，探讨了网络拓扑变化对BUD的影响。具有更高AND的拓扑结构通常提供更大的路由多样性，从而减少阻塞并在更高的流量负载下产生顺序频带使用模式。在高与场景下，优先级为c波段的BUD最高，其次是l波段，最后是s波段。然而，由于有限的路径多样性和更高的阻塞，低与拓扑往往难以实现类似的分布。在三种网络拓扑：NSF-21、NSF-25和NSF-28上进行了模拟。仿真结果表明，C-BUD始终保持最大值，而L-BUD和S-BUD的变化强烈依赖于拓扑的平均节点度。其中，NSF-21 （AND = 3）在L-BUD和S-BUD之间表现出几乎相等的分布，NSF-25 （AND = 3.57）在L-BUD和S-BUD之间表现出中等差异，NSF-28 （AND = 4）表现出显著差异，在较高的流量负载下，L-BUD显著高于S-BUD。此外，我们在不同的平均保持时间（0.4、0.6、0.8和1 s）下对NSF-21进行了仿真，仿真结果表明，最低保持时间（0.4 s）可以使低与与拓扑（NSF-21）实现与高与与拓扑（NSF-28）相当的BUD分布。

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引用次数: 0

100 mW mid-infrared Ce3+-doped chalcogenide fiber laser 100mw中红外掺Ce3+硫系化物光纤激光器

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104524

Vasily Koltashev , Andrei Pushkin , Maxim Sukhanov , Aleksander Velmuzhov , Sergei Sverchkov , Boris Galagan , Boris Denker , Mikhail Frolov , Fedor Potemkin , Victor Plotnichenko

Mid-infrared Ce³⁺-doped chalcogenide glass fiber laser is presented. Continuous wave output power of 100 mW is an order of magnitude higher than the previously achieved level. The lasing spectra contain several lines within 5.0–5.2 μm band. The slope efficiency reaches 16 % with respect to incoming pump power of a 4.15 µm Fe²⁺:ZnSe laser.

介绍了中红外掺Ce3+硫系玻璃光纤激光器。100兆瓦的连续波输出功率比以前达到的水平高一个数量级。激光光谱在5.0 ~ 5.2 μm波段有多条谱线。相对于4.15µm Fe2+:ZnSe激光器的入射泵浦功率，斜率效率达到16%。

引用次数: 0

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