One of the core challenges of space-division-multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs), as a cutting-edge technology for future optical backbone networks, lies in efficiently dealing with the complexities of routing, modulation, spectrum and core allocation (RMSCA). In this framework, spectrum fragmentation and inter-core crosstalk become the key constraints on network performance. In this paper, we innovatively propose a crosstalk representation and design dynamic spectrum fragmentation optimization and accurate combinatorial shunt optimization algorithms. These algorithms effectively mitigate the spectrum fragmentation problem by intelligently integrating the abandoned spectrum fragments in the network. Simulation verification shows that the two algorithms proposed in this paper exhibit significant advantages in significantly reducing the bandwidth blocking probability.
{"title":"A crosstalk-consideration spectrum assignment algorithm in SDM-EONs based on exact multi-flow strategy","authors":"Junling Yuan , Xuyang Hao , Xuhong Li , Qikun Zhang , Zixuan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the core challenges of space-division-multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs), as a cutting-edge technology for future optical backbone networks, lies in efficiently dealing with the complexities of routing, modulation, spectrum and core allocation (RMSCA). In this framework, spectrum fragmentation and inter-core crosstalk become the key constraints on network performance. In this paper, we innovatively propose a crosstalk representation and design dynamic spectrum fragmentation optimization and accurate combinatorial shunt optimization algorithms. These algorithms effectively mitigate the spectrum fragmentation problem by intelligently integrating the abandoned spectrum fragments in the network. Simulation verification shows that the two algorithms proposed in this paper exhibit significant advantages in significantly reducing the bandwidth blocking probability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104031
Haoyu Liu , Kun Jin , Jun Li , Jian Wu , Yanxing Ma , Rongtao Su , Jinyong Leng , Pu Zhou
We developed an advanced active phase control method for coherent beam combining using a lightweight residual neural network architecture (ResNet18), based on single local intensity patterns at non-focal plane. By estimating the phases only from a localized intensity image patch, the camera frame rate can be significantly improved, thereby ensuring more robust phase locking against larger-scale noise. Simulated experiments demonstrated that our technique achieves effective phase locking for coherent beam combination across scales of 19, 37, and 61 channels.
{"title":"Learning to estimate phases from single local patterns for coherent beam combination","authors":"Haoyu Liu , Kun Jin , Jun Li , Jian Wu , Yanxing Ma , Rongtao Su , Jinyong Leng , Pu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We developed an advanced active phase control method for coherent beam combining using a lightweight residual neural network architecture (ResNet18), based on single local intensity patterns at non-focal plane. By estimating the phases only from a localized intensity image patch, the camera frame rate can be significantly improved, thereby ensuring more robust phase locking against larger-scale noise. Simulated experiments demonstrated that our technique achieves effective phase locking for coherent beam combination across scales of 19, 37, and 61 channels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104034
Fubin Pang , Xianghong Gu , Xing Deng , Yingxin Chen , Shaoyi Xu
This paper focuses on the temperature reliability of phase modulators and their impact on the error of sensing systems by conducting a study on the temperature variation mechanism of key parameters and error suppression methods for phase modulators. Initially, a model correlating half-wave voltage with temperature was established and the source of polarization crosstalk was analyzed. Subsequently, tests were conducted on the half-wave voltage and polarization crosstalk of phase modulators at various temperatures to determine the relationship between temperature and these critical parameters. Then, a simulation analysis was performed to assess the impact of half-wave voltage variation and polarization crosstalk on the sensing system, revealing the pattern of system error changes. Finally, research on error suppression due to half-wave voltage changes and polarization crosstalk was carried out. A temperature variation error compensation method based on radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) was proposed and experimentally verified. The sensor temperature, half-wave voltage, and polarization crosstalk were taken as neural network inputs, with system error as the output. The results indicate that the error in the sensing system during temperature cycling from −30 °C to + 70 °C is less than 0.04 %, which meets the 0.2 class requirements for current sensors as stipulated by national standards. This provides a reference for the application of phase modulators in fiber optic sensing and other network communication systems.
本文通过研究相位调制器关键参数的温度变化机理和误差抑制方法，重点探讨相位调制器的温度可靠性及其对传感系统误差的影响。首先，建立了半波电压与温度的相关模型，并分析了极化串扰的来源。随后，对相位调制器在不同温度下的半波电压和极化串扰进行了测试，以确定温度与这些关键参数之间的关系。然后，进行模拟分析，评估半波电压变化和极化串扰对传感系统的影响，揭示系统误差的变化规律。最后，对半波电压变化和极化串扰引起的误差抑制进行了研究。提出了一种基于径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）的温度变化误差补偿方法，并进行了实验验证。传感器温度、半波电压和极化串扰作为神经网络的输入，系统误差作为输出。结果表明，在 -30 °C 至 + 70 °C 的温度循环过程中，传感系统的误差小于 0.04 %，符合国家标准对电流传感器 0.2 级的要求。这为相位调制器在光纤传感和其他网络通信系统中的应用提供了参考。
{"title":"Temperature variation mechanism and error suppression of key parameters of phase modulator in fiber optic current sensing system","authors":"Fubin Pang , Xianghong Gu , Xing Deng , Yingxin Chen , Shaoyi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the temperature reliability of phase modulators and their impact on the error of sensing systems by conducting a study on the temperature variation mechanism of key parameters and error suppression methods for phase modulators. Initially, a model correlating half-wave voltage with temperature was established and the source of polarization crosstalk was analyzed. Subsequently, tests were conducted on the half-wave voltage and polarization crosstalk of phase modulators at various temperatures to determine the relationship between temperature and these critical parameters. Then, a simulation analysis was performed to assess the impact of half-wave voltage variation and polarization crosstalk on the sensing system, revealing the pattern of system error changes. Finally, research on error suppression due to half-wave voltage changes and polarization crosstalk was carried out. A temperature variation error compensation method based on radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) was proposed and experimentally verified. The sensor temperature, half-wave voltage, and polarization crosstalk were taken as neural network inputs, with system error as the output. The results indicate that the error in the sensing system during temperature cycling from −30 °C to + 70 °C is less than 0.04 %, which meets the 0.2 class requirements for current sensors as stipulated by national standards. This provides a reference for the application of phase modulators in fiber optic sensing and other network communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104034"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104030
Yingfu Wang , Jiahao Zhou , Rongfeng Chen , Jiacheng Xie , Kai Yun , Hongzhuan Hu , Jianping Wang , Zhigang Liu , Jiaru Chu , Yong Zhang , Haotong Zhang , Zengxiang Zhou
The integration of multiple optical fibers for directing starlight into telescope spectrographs is pivotal for spectral analysis in expansive multitarget spectroscopic surveys. Exceptional fiber positioning accuracy is needed for the attainment of high precision in stellar spectral acquisition. Current leading optical fiber positioning solutions often utilize back-illumination illuminating fibers and rely on photogrammetry systems to provide precise position feedback in a closed-loop configuration. While these photogrammetry-based methods are effective, they capture images lacking features essential for differentiating between the fiber positioner (FP) and individual light spots; this especially applies to the differentiation between the fiducial fiber positioner (FFP) and scientific fiber positioner (SFP) against a uniformly dark background. In this study, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network is used as a feature extractor to analyze the back-illuminated light spot images and FP operation data for the development a Siamese network model. By comparing the feature similarities between the back-illuminated light spot images and the operational target data within the Siamese network, a reliable mapping is established between each light spot and its corresponding FP. When applied to Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope (LAMOST) observations, this methodology overcomes the pivotal challenges of mapping FFP light spots affected by focal plane rotation. This method further achieves complete mapping of SFP light spots in a heavily cluttered environment of scientific fibers. Our approach provides an important reference for fiber light spot mapping methodologies in prospective multitarget spectroscopic survey instruments.
{"title":"Light spot mapping algorithm for optical fiber based on Siamese network","authors":"Yingfu Wang , Jiahao Zhou , Rongfeng Chen , Jiacheng Xie , Kai Yun , Hongzhuan Hu , Jianping Wang , Zhigang Liu , Jiaru Chu , Yong Zhang , Haotong Zhang , Zengxiang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of multiple optical fibers for directing starlight into telescope spectrographs is pivotal for spectral analysis in expansive multitarget spectroscopic surveys. Exceptional fiber positioning accuracy is needed for the attainment of high precision in stellar spectral acquisition. Current leading optical fiber positioning solutions often utilize back-illumination illuminating fibers and rely on photogrammetry systems to provide precise position feedback in a closed-loop configuration. While these photogrammetry-based methods are effective, they capture images lacking features essential for differentiating between the fiber positioner (FP) and individual light spots; this especially applies to the differentiation between the fiducial fiber positioner (FFP) and scientific fiber positioner (SFP) against a uniformly dark background. In this study, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network is used as a feature extractor to analyze the back-illuminated light spot images and FP operation data for the development a Siamese network model. By comparing the feature similarities between the back-illuminated light spot images and the operational target data within the Siamese network, a reliable mapping is established between each light spot and its corresponding FP. When applied to Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope (LAMOST) observations, this methodology overcomes the pivotal challenges of mapping FFP light spots affected by focal plane rotation. This method further achieves complete mapping of SFP light spots in a heavily cluttered environment of scientific fibers. Our approach provides an important reference for fiber light spot mapping methodologies in prospective multitarget spectroscopic survey instruments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104038
Xing Fu , Tianhao Liu , Tuo Zhang , Jiankang Song
Optical fiber sensors are widely used in long-term monitoring in complex environments due to their advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. In view of the challenge of supporting structure stability brought by deep mining, the traditional electric measuring bolt system has the disadvantages of electromagnetic interference and complex installation, and more reliable monitoring technology is urgently needed. In this paper, a mine-used fiber Bragg grating anchor sensor technology is proposed. The Bragg grating chain is connected and embedded into the anchor rod, which solves the problems that the surface-mounted grating anchor rod cannot be reused and is easily affected by the environment, and has the ability to monitor the stress state of the anchor rod in real time and for a long time. Through the monitoring of the axial force of the end anchor and the full anchor bolt in the 12,511 working face of Bulianta Coal Mine, it is found that the average axial force of the end anchor body is 77.24 kN, and the full anchor is 67.90 kN. The axial force of the end anchor bolt is 1.14 times that of the full anchor bolt. For broken coal, the full anchor bolt shows higher reliability, which provides reference value for mine support design.
{"title":"Bolt axial force monitoring based on fiber grating technology","authors":"Xing Fu , Tianhao Liu , Tuo Zhang , Jiankang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical fiber sensors are widely used in long-term monitoring in complex environments due to their advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. In view of the challenge of supporting structure stability brought by deep mining, the traditional electric measuring bolt system has the disadvantages of electromagnetic interference and complex installation, and more reliable monitoring technology is urgently needed. In this paper, a mine-used fiber Bragg grating anchor sensor technology is proposed. The Bragg grating chain is connected and embedded into the anchor rod, which solves the problems that the surface-mounted grating anchor rod cannot be reused and is easily affected by the environment, and has the ability to monitor the stress state of the anchor rod in real time and for a long time. Through the monitoring of the axial force of the end anchor and the full anchor bolt in the 12,511 working face of Bulianta Coal Mine, it is found that the average axial force of the end anchor body is 77.24 kN, and the full anchor is 67.90 kN. The axial force of the end anchor bolt is 1.14 times that of the full anchor bolt. For broken coal, the full anchor bolt shows higher reliability, which provides reference value for mine support design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104036
Sarah Pulikottil Alex , Rafal Kasztelanic , Grzegorz Stepniewski , Andrius Baltuška , Ryszard Buczynski , Ignác Bugár
We present a novel fiber optics sensor approach using an intentionally designed silica fiber that requires no additional processing after fabrication. The fiber, drawn from a D-shaped preform, maintains a D-shape cross-section along its entire length, ensuring high uniformity of geometrical parameters such as core diameter and the flattened surface distance from the core. The primary advantage of our approach is its unique ability to sense analytes at arbitrary distances from the fiber end and at any interaction length using the evanescent wave effect. We demonstrate the sensing performance by exposing a short fiber section (4 cm) to a liquid analyte in its pure form without using any signal-enhancing interlayer. Importantly, the output signal remains unchanged when water is applied as the medium, while exposure to an alcoholic medium significantly increases transmission. We further analyze the refractive index sensitivity of the technique by varying the water-isopropyl alcohol mixture ratio at a 1030 nm wavelength in a few-mode propagation regime. The results, interpreted in terms of the elimination of Rayleigh scattering losses of the higher-order modes by index matching between the fiber and the sensing medium, underscore the potential of our approach for water contamination sensing in both biological and environmental applications with distributed sensing capability, thereby addressing a critical need in the field.
我们提出了一种新颖的光纤传感器方法，它使用了一种有意设计的二氧化硅光纤，制造后无需额外加工。这种光纤由 D 型预型件拉制而成，在整个长度上保持 D 型横截面，确保了纤芯直径和扁平表面与纤芯距离等几何参数的高度一致性。我们的方法的主要优势在于其独特的能力，能够利用蒸发波效应在距离光纤末端任意距离和任意相互作用长度上感应分析物。我们在不使用任何信号增强夹层的情况下，将一段较短的光纤（4 厘米）暴露在纯液态分析物中，展示了这种传感性能。重要的是，当以水作为介质时，输出信号保持不变，而暴露在酒精介质中则会显著增加传输。我们进一步分析了该技术的折射率敏感性，方法是在少数模式传播机制下，在 1030 纳米波长处改变水和异丙醇的混合比例。通过光纤和传感介质之间的折射率匹配消除了高阶模式的瑞利散射损耗，这些结果强调了我们的方法在具有分布式传感能力的生物和环境应用中进行水污染传感的潜力，从而满足了这一领域的关键需求。
{"title":"Refractive index sensor based on the natural roughness of a directly fabricated D-shape fiber for biological and environmental monitoring purposes","authors":"Sarah Pulikottil Alex , Rafal Kasztelanic , Grzegorz Stepniewski , Andrius Baltuška , Ryszard Buczynski , Ignác Bugár","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel fiber optics sensor approach using an intentionally designed silica fiber that requires no additional processing after fabrication. The fiber, drawn from a D-shaped preform, maintains a D-shape cross-section along its entire length, ensuring high uniformity of geometrical parameters such as core diameter and the flattened surface distance from the core. The primary advantage of our approach is its unique ability to sense analytes at arbitrary distances from the fiber end and at any interaction length using the evanescent wave effect. We demonstrate the sensing performance by exposing a short fiber section (4 cm) to a liquid analyte in its pure form without using any signal-enhancing interlayer. Importantly, the output signal remains unchanged when water is applied as the medium, while exposure to an alcoholic medium significantly increases transmission. We further analyze the refractive index sensitivity of the technique by varying the water-isopropyl alcohol mixture ratio at a 1030 nm wavelength in a few-mode propagation regime. The results, interpreted in terms of the elimination of Rayleigh scattering losses of the higher-order modes by index matching between the fiber and the sensing medium, underscore the potential of our approach for water contamination sensing in both biological and environmental applications with distributed sensing capability, thereby addressing a critical need in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104029
A.S. Yasukevich, V.E. Kisel, A.I. Lazarchuk
A new iterative numerical model of continuous wave fiber lasers doped with rare-earth ions is proposed. The main advantage of this model is its stability to the choice of initial values of the generated power at the fiber boundaries. The algorithm for solving the system of rate equations is discussed in detail. Simulation results of double-clad fiber lasers obtained using the proposed model are compared with those reported in the literature. The output characteristics of single-mode fiber lasers were modeled and compared with experimentally obtained data.
{"title":"Iterative model for CW fiber lasers","authors":"A.S. Yasukevich, V.E. Kisel, A.I. Lazarchuk","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new iterative numerical model of continuous wave fiber lasers doped with rare-earth ions is proposed. The main advantage of this model is its stability to the choice of initial values of the generated power at the fiber boundaries. The algorithm for solving the system of rate equations is discussed in detail. Simulation results of double-clad fiber lasers obtained using the proposed model are compared with those reported in the literature. The output characteristics of single-mode fiber lasers were modeled and compared with experimentally obtained data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scene of fiber laser has progressed very rapidly with the demonstration of various materials as saturable absorbers in a near- and mid-infrared laser cavity. However, the researchers focused on erbium-, ytterbium-, and thulium-doped fiber as a gain medium. Here, we proposed a neodymium-doped fiber laser setup to generate a Q-switched laser in a 1-μm regime. The laser utilized bismuth telluride, a topological insulator as a Q-switcher for pulse generation. With a linear absorption of approximately 5 dB at 1089 nm, this SA can generate a stable Q-switched laser in a neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity. It generates a stable Q-switched laser at 1089 nm when the pump intensity is adjusted between 167 and 190 mW. The pulsed laser owns the shortest pulse width of 6.48 μs with a maximum repetition rate of 40 kHz. The stability of the laser is promising since it has a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB. In the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of bismuth telluride as a saturable absorber in an all-fiberized neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity.
{"title":"Bismuth telluride as a passive Q-switcher for neodymium-doped fiber laser","authors":"A.H.A. Rosol , A.A.A. Jafry , N.F. Zulkipli , F.S.M. Samsamnun , S.W. Harun , A. Hamzah","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scene of fiber laser has progressed very rapidly with the demonstration of various materials as saturable absorbers in a near- and mid-infrared laser cavity. However, the researchers focused on erbium-, ytterbium-, and thulium-doped fiber as a gain medium. Here, we proposed a neodymium-doped fiber laser setup to generate a Q-switched laser in a 1-μm regime. The laser utilized bismuth telluride, a topological insulator as a Q-switcher for pulse generation. With a linear absorption of approximately 5 dB at 1089 nm, this SA can generate a stable Q-switched laser in a neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity. It generates a stable Q-switched laser at 1089 nm when the pump intensity is adjusted between 167 and 190 mW. The pulsed laser owns the shortest pulse width of 6.48 μs with a maximum repetition rate of 40 kHz. The stability of the laser is promising since it has a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB. In the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of bismuth telluride as a saturable absorber in an all-fiberized neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104018
QingXia Zhuo , LinFei Zhang , Lei Wang , QinKai Liu , Sen Zhang , Guanjun Wang , Chenyang Xue
Silica microresonators (microbubbles) are considered excellent candidates due to the realization of ultrahigh quality factors in whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMs), which can confine significant optical powers in small spaces. The challenge in the optimal design of microbubbles is to calculate their unique properties and enhance their capabilities as devices by understanding their physical mechanisms. Machine learning (ML) strategies have been employed for microbubble design. However, these approaches are often considered ‘black boxes’ due to the model’s lack of explanations for their predictions. This study introduces a feedforward neural network (FFNN) model that accurately forecasts the optical properties of microbubbles. Utilizing the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method, an analytical tool offering explanations, we delineate the precise impact of microbubble geometric parameters on the predictions of FFNN model and pinpoint the critical factors influencing their optical properties. By employing reverse engineering, we can deduce the geometric parameters of microbubbles from desired outcomes, thus providing an approach to the optimal design of these structures. This research not only equips us with a powerful instrument for a nuanced comprehension of microbubble structures and performance optimization but also paves new avenues for exploration in the realms of optics and photonics.
{"title":"Elucidating microbubble structure behavior with a Shapley Additive Explanations neural network algorithm","authors":"QingXia Zhuo , LinFei Zhang , Lei Wang , QinKai Liu , Sen Zhang , Guanjun Wang , Chenyang Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silica microresonators (microbubbles) are considered excellent candidates due to the realization of ultrahigh quality factors in whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMs), which can confine significant optical powers in small spaces. The challenge in the optimal design of microbubbles is to calculate their unique properties and enhance their capabilities as devices by understanding their physical mechanisms. Machine learning (ML) strategies have been employed for microbubble design. However, these approaches are often considered ‘black boxes’ due to the model’s lack of explanations for their predictions. This study introduces a feedforward neural network (FFNN) model that accurately forecasts the optical properties of microbubbles. Utilizing the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method, an analytical tool offering explanations, we delineate the precise impact of microbubble geometric parameters on the predictions of FFNN model and pinpoint the critical factors influencing their optical properties. By employing reverse engineering, we can deduce the geometric parameters of microbubbles from desired outcomes, thus providing an approach to the optimal design of these structures. This research not only equips us with a powerful instrument for a nuanced comprehension of microbubble structures and performance optimization but also paves new avenues for exploration in the realms of optics and photonics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 104018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104026
Régis Donald Hontinfinde , Marc Amour Ayela , Gaston Edah
In this paper, two new solution-type solutions have been presented for the Hirota equation used to describe the propagation of an ultrashort optical pulse in the context of long-distance optical fiber communications. The evolution of these pulses is calculated by means of the Anderson variational method coupled with the Runge–Kutta method of order 4 (RK4) using super-Gaussian and cosh-Gaussian pulses as test functions. The results obtained in this work show that the two solutions presented propagate without distortions and are temporally stable and can be used to overcome the effects of signal distortion in the context of very high data rate transmissions optical communications over homogeneous fiber. The results obtained also show that the central position of the pulse does not affect the dynamics of the different parameters and that only the soliton power and the linear momentum are conserved quantities. Moreover, it should be noted that that the choice between super-Gaussian and chirped cosh-Gaussian profiles has no obvious difference on the propagation dynamics of an ultrashort solitonic pulse in the context of long-haul optical fiber communications. The results of the current paper have not been widely reported before.
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