Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.82
C. Butts, H. Valentine
The art of engineering has had a major impact on agricultural production. Agricultural mechanization has been cited as one of the twenty most significant fetes of engineering in the 20th century. As we look through the titles of articles published in Peanut Science since its inception in 1974, we can see the breadth of engineering research and innovation that has impacted the peanut industry ranging from land preparation and seed handling to produce the crop to innovations in irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing, shelling, and transportation. While engineers have made significant impacts on the peanut industry during the 50-yr existence of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, they have not made those innovations in a vacuum, but have attacked problems with multidisciplinary teams that involved the expertise of agronomists, pathologists, entomologists, food scientists, and economists just to name a few. This article highlights some of the engineering innovations made in the peanut industry during the past 50 yr and looks ahead at what engineering obstacles must be overcome in the next 50 yr.
{"title":"Building on our Past to Engineer the Future","authors":"C. Butts, H. Valentine","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.82","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The art of engineering has had a major impact on agricultural production. Agricultural mechanization has been cited as one of the twenty most significant fetes of engineering in the 20th century. As we look through the titles of articles published in Peanut Science since its inception in 1974, we can see the breadth of engineering research and innovation that has impacted the peanut industry ranging from land preparation and seed handling to produce the crop to innovations in irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing, shelling, and transportation. While engineers have made significant impacts on the peanut industry during the 50-yr existence of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, they have not made those innovations in a vacuum, but have attacked problems with multidisciplinary teams that involved the expertise of agronomists, pathologists, entomologists, food scientists, and economists just to name a few. This article highlights some of the engineering innovations made in the peanut industry during the past 50 yr and looks ahead at what engineering obstacles must be overcome in the next 50 yr.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77011245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sidhu, E. Santen, S. George, I. Small, D. Wright
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been one of the most profitable crops in the southeastern coastal plains but with increasing cost of production, growers continually seek to lower inputs and enhance overall profitability of their farms. Peanut cultivars with high yield potential and disease resistance along with drought tolerance are therefore obvious choices for sustainable production. Runner-type peanut cultivars were evaluated for pod yield and grade for three yr. Five peanut cultivars were evaluated in 2014 and 2015 and six cultivars in 2016 at the North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL. Cultivar performance was observed at different planting dates, four in 2014 and three in 2015 and 2016, to evaluate impacts of early, mid, and late planting with and without irrigation. Georgia cultivar GA-12Y consistently yielded greater than the other varieties in all yr of the study. Average pod yield for GA-12Y was 5980 kg/ha for three yr compared to 5140 kg/ha, 4730 kg/ha, 4890 kg/ha for GA-06G, FloRun 107, and TUFRunner 511, respectively. Florida cultivar TUFRunner 297 yielded greater (5300 kg/ha) than the rest of Florida cultivars irrespective of the planting date and had higher proportion of total sound mature kernels (TSMK) compared to GA-12Y in two of the three yr. Planting date had no impact on peanut pod yield in 2014 and 2015. However, peanut yield for all the cultivars was higher at later planting dates in 2016. The advantage of irrigation was not always consistent in all the yr, likely due to high rainfall during the study yr, removing that advantage.
{"title":"Effects of Planting Date and Irrigation on Yield and Grade in Runner-type Peanut Cultivars in North Florida","authors":"S. Sidhu, E. Santen, S. George, I. Small, D. Wright","doi":"10.3146/ps19-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been one of the most profitable crops in the southeastern coastal plains but with increasing cost of production, growers continually seek to lower inputs and enhance overall profitability of their farms. Peanut cultivars with high yield potential and disease resistance along with drought tolerance are therefore obvious choices for sustainable production. Runner-type peanut cultivars were evaluated for pod yield and grade for three yr. Five peanut cultivars were evaluated in 2014 and 2015 and six cultivars in 2016 at the North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL. Cultivar performance was observed at different planting dates, four in 2014 and three in 2015 and 2016, to evaluate impacts of early, mid, and late planting with and without irrigation. Georgia cultivar GA-12Y consistently yielded greater than the other varieties in all yr of the study. Average pod yield for GA-12Y was 5980 kg/ha for three yr compared to 5140 kg/ha, 4730 kg/ha, 4890 kg/ha for GA-06G, FloRun 107, and TUFRunner 511, respectively. Florida cultivar TUFRunner 297 yielded greater (5300 kg/ha) than the rest of Florida cultivars irrespective of the planting date and had higher proportion of total sound mature kernels (TSMK) compared to GA-12Y in two of the three yr. Planting date had no impact on peanut pod yield in 2014 and 2015. However, peanut yield for all the cultivars was higher at later planting dates in 2016. The advantage of irrigation was not always consistent in all the yr, likely due to high rainfall during the study yr, removing that advantage.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90784276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.104
J. Davis
Peanut quality is influenced by a complex web of factors with scales ranging from the molecular to global weather patterns impacting climate. In some cases these quality factors are well understood, measured and controlled. In others, due to time, technological or resource limitations, this is not the case. Success in current and future markets will depend on the capacity of a supply base to reliably deliver the most important quality factors, which must be well defined for a given application and cost balanced. New technologies and systems are needed to more efficiently provide data across the relevant quality scales, which will allow for better predictive tools, drive more differentiation/value in the supply base, and catalyze new market applications.
{"title":"Rethinking Scales for Measuring Peanut Quality","authors":"J. Davis","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Peanut quality is influenced by a complex web of factors with scales ranging from the molecular to global weather patterns impacting climate. In some cases these quality factors are well understood, measured and controlled. In others, due to time, technological or resource limitations, this is not the case. Success in current and future markets will depend on the capacity of a supply base to reliably deliver the most important quality factors, which must be well defined for a given application and cost balanced. New technologies and systems are needed to more efficiently provide data across the relevant quality scales, which will allow for better predictive tools, drive more differentiation/value in the supply base, and catalyze new market applications.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88787523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Carter, D. Rowland, B. Tillman, J. Erickson, T. Grey, J. Gillett-Kaufman, M. W. Clark, Y. Tseng
Peanut is an important oilseed crop and legume species, with more than 1.9 M tons produced annually in the U.S. Being indeterminate, peanut continually flowers and sets pods throughout the growing season, leading to the potential harvest of both mature and immature pods. To quantify the physiological impacts of peanut seed maturity, a two-year field study was conducted to elucidate the difference in canopy structure and reproductive characteristics, including flower production, yield, and grade between seed obtained from immature and mature seed of two commercial peanut cultivars: TUFRunner™ ‘727’ and FloRun™ ‘107’. Data indicated that seed from the yellow class of pods have lower vigor and overall plant development and performance; further, plants developed from immature seed never achieved a level of performance comparable to that of the mature brown/black pod classes. There were differences between cultivars in the severity of the impact of immaturity, with larger detrimental effects on immature TUFRunner™ ‘727’, which exhibited reduced emergence. Despite these cultivar differences, this study illustrated that mature seed performs better in a field setting than immature seed. These results are critically important to disproving the ‘catch-up' assumption: seed maturity not only has an impact on emergence, but on subsequent life history and performance traits through the remainder of the season.
{"title":"An analysis of the physiological impacts on life history traits of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) related to seed maturity","authors":"E. Carter, D. Rowland, B. Tillman, J. Erickson, T. Grey, J. Gillett-Kaufman, M. W. Clark, Y. Tseng","doi":"10.3146/ps18-20.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps18-20.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Peanut is an important oilseed crop and legume species, with more than 1.9 M tons produced annually in the U.S. Being indeterminate, peanut continually flowers and sets pods throughout the growing season, leading to the potential harvest of both mature and immature pods. To quantify the physiological impacts of peanut seed maturity, a two-year field study was conducted to elucidate the difference in canopy structure and reproductive characteristics, including flower production, yield, and grade between seed obtained from immature and mature seed of two commercial peanut cultivars: TUFRunner™ ‘727’ and FloRun™ ‘107’. Data indicated that seed from the yellow class of pods have lower vigor and overall plant development and performance; further, plants developed from immature seed never achieved a level of performance comparable to that of the mature brown/black pod classes. There were differences between cultivars in the severity of the impact of immaturity, with larger detrimental effects on immature TUFRunner™ ‘727’, which exhibited reduced emergence. Despite these cultivar differences, this study illustrated that mature seed performs better in a field setting than immature seed. These results are critically important to disproving the ‘catch-up' assumption: seed maturity not only has an impact on emergence, but on subsequent life history and performance traits through the remainder of the season.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79898503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.91
K. Chamberlin
The peanut producer has realized a 130% increase in yield since 1969, with production averaging 4,563 kgha−1 nationwide for the US in 2017. Advances in agricultural engineering, agricultural practices, and chemicals for pests, diseases and weed management have all contributed to increased peanut production efficiency and profitability. Perhaps greatest contribution to sustainable peanut production has been made by area-targeted peanut breeding programs. Charged with hitting the moving target of a 'perfect peanut cultivar', peanut breeders have managed to deliver to their customers by focusing on developing cultivars with traits of high importance such as disease resistance, high oleic acid content, early maturity, and drought tolerance, while advancing essential traits such as yield and grade. Conventional peanut breeding has provided a continuous supply of improved cultivars over the last 50 years. However, this success may be difficult to exceed if only conventional technologies continue to be used. Fortunately, recent advances in molecular technologies have resulted in the sequencing of both the ancestral and cultivated peanut genomes, opening the door for the mapping of traits and molecular marker development. By extensively phenotyping populations designed for trait mapping, steps can now be taken over the next decade to develop trait-specific markers for use in rapidly mining vast germplasm collections, efficiently identifying useful breeding material, pyramiding traits into cultivars and drastically reducing time and resources required for cultivar development. Future generations of peanut breeders will undoubtedly be well-trained in the use of such markers and will finally have the tools necessary to break through the bottle-neck of the cultivated peanut narrow genetic base. The age of peanut breeding by design may be just around the corner.
{"title":"Not Your Grandma's Goobers: Designing the Future of Peanut Breeding","authors":"K. Chamberlin","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.91","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The peanut producer has realized a 130% increase in yield since 1969, with production averaging 4,563 kgha−1 nationwide for the US in 2017. Advances in agricultural engineering, agricultural practices, and chemicals for pests, diseases and weed management have all contributed to increased peanut production efficiency and profitability. Perhaps greatest contribution to sustainable peanut production has been made by area-targeted peanut breeding programs. Charged with hitting the moving target of a 'perfect peanut cultivar', peanut breeders have managed to deliver to their customers by focusing on developing cultivars with traits of high importance such as disease resistance, high oleic acid content, early maturity, and drought tolerance, while advancing essential traits such as yield and grade. Conventional peanut breeding has provided a continuous supply of improved cultivars over the last 50 years. However, this success may be difficult to exceed if only conventional technologies continue to be used. Fortunately, recent advances in molecular technologies have resulted in the sequencing of both the ancestral and cultivated peanut genomes, opening the door for the mapping of traits and molecular marker development. By extensively phenotyping populations designed for trait mapping, steps can now be taken over the next decade to develop trait-specific markers for use in rapidly mining vast germplasm collections, efficiently identifying useful breeding material, pyramiding traits into cultivars and drastically reducing time and resources required for cultivar development. Future generations of peanut breeders will undoubtedly be well-trained in the use of such markers and will finally have the tools necessary to break through the bottle-neck of the cultivated peanut narrow genetic base. The age of peanut breeding by design may be just around the corner.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87972283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jwalit J. Nayak, Pranavkumar Gajjar, S. M. Basha, K. Naik
Stilbenes are phytoalexins expressed by plants to avoid/resist certain biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was envisioned to determine the interrelationship between stilbenes producing ability of peanut genotypes and Aspergillus colonization level. Stilbenes were induced in peanut cotyledon in vitro by soaking in water, cutting them into thin slices, and subsequently challenging them with Aspergillus flavus. Fungal colonization was then measured in the cotyledon slices. The results showed major differences in fungal colonization levels between the control (seed without stilbene induction) and stilbenes-induced seeds. This finding was further validated using twenty peanut genotypes to ensure the relationship between stilbenes producing ability of the seed and fungal colonization level. The result showed that of the 20 genotypes tested, seeds of genotypes K1504, K1620 and K1632 showed minimal fungal colonization compared to control seed (without stilbenes induction), while genotypes DRT40, Kadiri-7, Narayani, DRT43 and Tirupati-3 showed no fungal colonization. The differences in stilbenes content and composition of cotyledon slices was determined by HPLC to assess genetic differences in their stilbenes producing ability. Comparative evaluation of these data showed that the genotypes that showed no fungal colonization expressed significantly higher amounts of stilbenes compared to genotypes which expressed relatively lower amounts of stilbenes. Overall, these data suggest that the genotypes expressing high amounts of stilbenes were able to mitigate fungal colonization while the genotypes expressing relatively lower amounts of stilbenes sustained fungal colonization, which indicates that this technique may be useful for screening breeding population to identify genotypes capable of avoiding Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination.
{"title":"Interrelationship between stilbene producing ability and Aspergillus colonization on selected peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes","authors":"Jwalit J. Nayak, Pranavkumar Gajjar, S. M. Basha, K. Naik","doi":"10.3146/ps19-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Stilbenes are phytoalexins expressed by plants to avoid/resist certain biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was envisioned to determine the interrelationship between stilbenes producing ability of peanut genotypes and Aspergillus colonization level. Stilbenes were induced in peanut cotyledon in vitro by soaking in water, cutting them into thin slices, and subsequently challenging them with Aspergillus flavus. Fungal colonization was then measured in the cotyledon slices. The results showed major differences in fungal colonization levels between the control (seed without stilbene induction) and stilbenes-induced seeds. This finding was further validated using twenty peanut genotypes to ensure the relationship between stilbenes producing ability of the seed and fungal colonization level. The result showed that of the 20 genotypes tested, seeds of genotypes K1504, K1620 and K1632 showed minimal fungal colonization compared to control seed (without stilbenes induction), while genotypes DRT40, Kadiri-7, Narayani, DRT43 and Tirupati-3 showed no fungal colonization. The differences in stilbenes content and composition of cotyledon slices was determined by HPLC to assess genetic differences in their stilbenes producing ability. Comparative evaluation of these data showed that the genotypes that showed no fungal colonization expressed significantly higher amounts of stilbenes compared to genotypes which expressed relatively lower amounts of stilbenes. Overall, these data suggest that the genotypes expressing high amounts of stilbenes were able to mitigate fungal colonization while the genotypes expressing relatively lower amounts of stilbenes sustained fungal colonization, which indicates that this technique may be useful for screening breeding population to identify genotypes capable of avoiding Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79273690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.107
N. Dufault, M. Paret, I. Small
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad-based approach for pest control that has been used since the 1950s. This approach uses a variety of management tactics to keep pest levels below an economic threshold level. However, choosing the appropriate tactics in a timely manner can be difficult in many agricultural production systems. Technology is continually revolutionizing agricultural decision making by transforming large quantities of data into useful and timely information. The focus of this article will be on what makes a successful IPM strategy, and how novel technologies can possibly be incorporated. Pests impacting peanut production are continually adapting and evolving, thus the tools used to manage them must also have this capability. The future of pest management lies with finding ways to incorporate novel information into established IPM programs and adapting them for future changes in pest populations.
{"title":"Future of peanut pest management: A plant pathologist's perspective.","authors":"N. Dufault, M. Paret, I. Small","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad-based approach for pest control that has been used since the 1950s. This approach uses a variety of management tactics to keep pest levels below an economic threshold level. However, choosing the appropriate tactics in a timely manner can be difficult in many agricultural production systems. Technology is continually revolutionizing agricultural decision making by transforming large quantities of data into useful and timely information. The focus of this article will be on what makes a successful IPM strategy, and how novel technologies can possibly be incorporated. Pests impacting peanut production are continually adapting and evolving, thus the tools used to manage them must also have this capability. The future of pest management lies with finding ways to incorporate novel information into established IPM programs and adapting them for future changes in pest populations.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84800627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.99
R. Tubbs
Many guidelines for agronomic management of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are well-established when considered individually. However, crop productivity is typically driven by more than one variable and the interactions of multiple practices are not as easily derived. With an ever-changing availability of new cultivars with greater disease resistance, improved yield and/or grade potential, and varying growth characteristics, there is a steady need for agronomic research in both the immediate and distant futures. In some cases, traditional agronomic experimentation on variables such as rotations, tillage and land management, timing of planting, row pattern and spacing, seeding rate, irrigation, plant growth regulators, inoculant/biological products and fertilization need to be revisited every several years when a new cultivar becomes commercially relevant. This is especially true with differing climates and soil types in various growing regions. The effects of climate and weather along with pest pressure, pest management programs, and maturity characteristics of cultivars are also drawing the attention of peanut agronomists to improve predictability of optimum maturity. Yet, peanut agronomists are also attempting to adapt new ideas to assist with management decisions and increase revenue potential for growers to stay competitive in a very volatile commodity market domestically and with fluctuating export opportunities. The adoption of technologies such as GPS guidance, seed monitors, aerial imagery, and variable rate planting or spraying equipment are becoming more common to assist growers with better precision in planting and digging practices, ensuring proper seed placement, and assessing problematic areas in the field for site-specific in-season management decisions. So many excellent achievements have been made through the collaborations of scientists of the American Peanut Research and Education Society over the last 50 years, and there is no doubt that similar collaborations remain strong throughout the current membership to lead us into the future.
{"title":"The Future of Peanut Agronomic Research - The Sky is Not the Limit","authors":"R. Tubbs","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.99","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many guidelines for agronomic management of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are well-established when considered individually. However, crop productivity is typically driven by more than one variable and the interactions of multiple practices are not as easily derived. With an ever-changing availability of new cultivars with greater disease resistance, improved yield and/or grade potential, and varying growth characteristics, there is a steady need for agronomic research in both the immediate and distant futures. In some cases, traditional agronomic experimentation on variables such as rotations, tillage and land management, timing of planting, row pattern and spacing, seeding rate, irrigation, plant growth regulators, inoculant/biological products and fertilization need to be revisited every several years when a new cultivar becomes commercially relevant. This is especially true with differing climates and soil types in various growing regions. The effects of climate and weather along with pest pressure, pest management programs, and maturity characteristics of cultivars are also drawing the attention of peanut agronomists to improve predictability of optimum maturity. Yet, peanut agronomists are also attempting to adapt new ideas to assist with management decisions and increase revenue potential for growers to stay competitive in a very volatile commodity market domestically and with fluctuating export opportunities. The adoption of technologies such as GPS guidance, seed monitors, aerial imagery, and variable rate planting or spraying equipment are becoming more common to assist growers with better precision in planting and digging practices, ensuring proper seed placement, and assessing problematic areas in the field for site-specific in-season management decisions. So many excellent achievements have been made through the collaborations of scientists of the American Peanut Research and Education Society over the last 50 years, and there is no doubt that similar collaborations remain strong throughout the current membership to lead us into the future.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81774658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.73
C. Holbrook
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (APRES) we examined the changes in average yields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during that time period. Before APRES, yields had never been greater than 2242 kg/ha (2,000 lb/ac). In 1967 the average yield was 1978 kg/ha (1967 lb/ac). In 2017 the average peanut yield was 4566 kg/ha (4074 lb/ac). Average yield gains for the first 50 years of APRES was 51.8 kg/ha/yr (46.2 lb/ac/yr). APRES played critical roles in facilitating research and extension to achieve these yield advances for the U.S. peanut industry.
{"title":"Peanut Yield Gains Over the Past Fifty Years","authors":"C. Holbrook","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.73","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (APRES) we examined the changes in average yields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during that time period. Before APRES, yields had never been greater than 2242 kg/ha (2,000 lb/ac). In 1967 the average yield was 1978 kg/ha (1967 lb/ac). In 2017 the average peanut yield was 4566 kg/ha (4074 lb/ac). Average yield gains for the first 50 years of APRES was 51.8 kg/ha/yr (46.2 lb/ac/yr). APRES played critical roles in facilitating research and extension to achieve these yield advances for the U.S. peanut industry.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89821805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.68
K. L. Beasley
From its early days when the Peanut Improvement Working Group (PIWG) became the American Peanut Research and Education Association (APREA), and later, the American Peanut Research and Education Society (APRES), this organization has evolved into a vital foundation within the peanut industry. For the past fifty years, the APRES meeting has become a juncture that brings together a diverse group of individuals from industry, academia, research, and business, to name a few, creating a space where the latest research, ideas, and concepts are produced, discussed, and shared. Most importantly, APRES is also about family. It is like having a yearly family reunion. This family-centric orientation makes the society and its yearly meeting very different from other organizations. Each year means seeing old friends, as well as watching children and grandchildren grow up, and strengthening that bond of being part of the APRES family through this connection. The evolution of APRES and the subsequent generations of new graduate students, scientists, researchers, and others continues to shape the direction of the society. APRES facilitates this connection between science, industry and friendship in an environment that mentors and cultivates the next generation of scientists and individuals in peanut production. By tracing the history of APRES, the role of the society emerges as a reflection of how the peanut industry is evolving, and with it, how the function and role of APRES evolves alongside it. For fifty years, this society and its yearly meeting continues to develop its place as a cornerstone of the peanut industry, as well as create a family atmosphere among its membership.
{"title":"An Organization, a Family, and Fifty Years of Homecomings: A Historical Reflection of American Peanut Research and Education Society","authors":"K. L. Beasley","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.68","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 From its early days when the Peanut Improvement Working Group (PIWG) became the American Peanut Research and Education Association (APREA), and later, the American Peanut Research and Education Society (APRES), this organization has evolved into a vital foundation within the peanut industry. For the past fifty years, the APRES meeting has become a juncture that brings together a diverse group of individuals from industry, academia, research, and business, to name a few, creating a space where the latest research, ideas, and concepts are produced, discussed, and shared. Most importantly, APRES is also about family. It is like having a yearly family reunion. This family-centric orientation makes the society and its yearly meeting very different from other organizations. Each year means seeing old friends, as well as watching children and grandchildren grow up, and strengthening that bond of being part of the APRES family through this connection. The evolution of APRES and the subsequent generations of new graduate students, scientists, researchers, and others continues to shape the direction of the society. APRES facilitates this connection between science, industry and friendship in an environment that mentors and cultivates the next generation of scientists and individuals in peanut production. By tracing the history of APRES, the role of the society emerges as a reflection of how the peanut industry is evolving, and with it, how the function and role of APRES evolves alongside it. For fifty years, this society and its yearly meeting continues to develop its place as a cornerstone of the peanut industry, as well as create a family atmosphere among its membership.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73327265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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