B. Jordan, W. D. Branch, A. Coffin, C. M. Smith, A. Culbreath
Four field experiments conducted in 2015 were used to examine the relationships among normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements from two canopy crop sensors and visual estimates of defoliation by late leaf spot (Nothopassalora personata) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) the predominant foliar disease in this study. For each evaluation, reflectance was measured with each the two meters, and leaf spot severity was measured visually within as short a time as possible. Linear and quadratic regression models were used to characterize the relationships between percent defoliation from late leaf spot and NDVI measured with the GreenSeeker (NDVIGS) and Crop Circle (NDVICC) instruments and the relationships between NDVIGS and NDVICC. NDVIGS decreased with increasing percent defoliation according to linear or quadratic functions in three of the four trials, NDVICC decreased with increasing percent defoliation according to linear functions in three of four trials. In two of the four trials, NDVICC increased with increasing NDVIGS according to quadratic functions, but there was no significant regression for those variables in two trials. In three of the four trials, NDVICC linear regression had a better fit for predicting percent defoliation according to the coefficient of determination (R2). There was no indication for either instrument that the same NDVI reading corresponded with the same level of defoliation across trials. Results indicated that NDVI measurements from the two instruments are not interchangeable.
利用2015年进行的4项田间试验，研究了两种冠层作物传感器测量的归一化植被指数(NDVI)与花生(arachhis hypogaea)晚叶斑病(Nothopassalora personata)落叶的视觉估计之间的关系。每次评价均在每两米测量反射率，并在尽可能短的时间内目测叶斑病严重程度。利用线性和二次回归模型分析了GreenSeeker (NDVIGS)和Crop Circle (NDVICC)测量的晚叶斑病落叶率与NDVI之间的关系，以及NDVIGS和NDVICC之间的关系。在4个试验中，有3个试验的NDVIGS根据线性函数或二次函数随落叶率的增加而下降，在4个试验中有3个试验的NDVICC根据线性函数随落叶率的增加而下降。4个试验中有2个试验的ndvic随NDVIGS的增加呈二次函数关系增加，但2个试验的这些变量均无显著回归。根据决定系数(R2)，在4个试验中有3个试验中，ndvic线性回归对预测落叶率有较好的拟合效果。两种仪器均未发现相同的NDVI读数与不同试验中相同的落叶水平相对应。结果表明，两种仪器的NDVI测量值不可互换。
{"title":"Comparison of Trimble GreenSeeker and Crop Circle (Model ACS-210) Reflectance Meters for Assessment of Severity of Late Leaf Spot","authors":"B. Jordan, W. D. Branch, A. Coffin, C. M. Smith, A. Culbreath","doi":"10.3146/ps18-19.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps18-19.1","url":null,"abstract":"Four field experiments conducted in 2015 were used to examine the relationships among normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements from two canopy crop sensors and visual estimates of defoliation by late leaf spot (Nothopassalora personata) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) the predominant foliar disease in this study. For each evaluation, reflectance was measured with each the two meters, and leaf spot severity was measured visually within as short a time as possible. Linear and quadratic regression models were used to characterize the relationships between percent defoliation from late leaf spot and NDVI measured with the GreenSeeker (NDVIGS) and Crop Circle (NDVICC) instruments and the relationships between NDVIGS and NDVICC. NDVIGS decreased with increasing percent defoliation according to linear or quadratic functions in three of the four trials, NDVICC decreased with increasing percent defoliation according to linear functions in three of four trials. In two of the four trials, NDVICC increased with increasing NDVIGS according to quadratic functions, but there was no significant regression for those variables in two trials. In three of the four trials, NDVICC linear regression had a better fit for predicting percent defoliation according to the coefficient of determination (R2). There was no indication for either instrument that the same NDVI reading corresponded with the same level of defoliation across trials. Results indicated that NDVI measurements from the two instruments are not interchangeable.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87828834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During 2011 at Tifton and Plains, GA, there was an early-season drought stress period during May and June. A few drought-tolerant plants were identified and tagged which appeared green and turgid amongst otherwise dry and severely-wilted plants within the pure-line, runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar, ‘Georgia-10T'. Pod and seeds were harvested from these drought-tolerant individual plant selections (IPS) for increase and testing. During autumn and winter of 2014 to 2015, a greenhouse drought study was utilized to test these IPS's compared to the parental check cultivar. Green and turgid plants were identified within the same check cultivar after exposing the plants to an early-season two-wk drought stress period at 60 and 90 d after planting. Seed from IPS of naturally occurring and artificially drought-induced plants produced similar normal and small-plants. Replicated preliminary yield tests were conducted during 2017 to compare progeny rows from these IPS's to the check cultivar, Georgia-10T. Field trial data indicated that the smaller-plants produced from early-season drought stress had significantly reduced yield, grade, pod size, and seed size as compared to larger plant selections and Georgia-10T parental cultivar. In a greenhouse study conducted during autumn and winter of 2017 to 2018, these small plants had significantly shorter internode length and mainstem height compared to the same small plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) which were taller and had longer internode lengths after one and two months. Small plants resulted from artificially and naturally occurring early-season drought-induced stress within the pure-line runner-type peanut cultivar, Georgia-10T, were caused by lack of GA3. The normal and small-plants each have bred true-to-type following several self-generations. The ramification of these findings suggest the importance of early-season irrigation, especially for seed production of peanut cultivars to avoid subsequent development of low-yielding, small-plants induced by drought-stress.
{"title":"Naturally and Artificially Drought-Induced Small-Plants within the Pure-Line Runner-Type Peanut Cultivar ‘Georgia-10T’","authors":"W. D. Branch, C. Kvien, A. Culbreath","doi":"10.3146/ps19-1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-1.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During 2011 at Tifton and Plains, GA, there was an early-season drought stress period during May and June. A few drought-tolerant plants were identified and tagged which appeared green and turgid amongst otherwise dry and severely-wilted plants within the pure-line, runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar, ‘Georgia-10T'. Pod and seeds were harvested from these drought-tolerant individual plant selections (IPS) for increase and testing. During autumn and winter of 2014 to 2015, a greenhouse drought study was utilized to test these IPS's compared to the parental check cultivar. Green and turgid plants were identified within the same check cultivar after exposing the plants to an early-season two-wk drought stress period at 60 and 90 d after planting. Seed from IPS of naturally occurring and artificially drought-induced plants produced similar normal and small-plants. Replicated preliminary yield tests were conducted during 2017 to compare progeny rows from these IPS's to the check cultivar, Georgia-10T. Field trial data indicated that the smaller-plants produced from early-season drought stress had significantly reduced yield, grade, pod size, and seed size as compared to larger plant selections and Georgia-10T parental cultivar. In a greenhouse study conducted during autumn and winter of 2017 to 2018, these small plants had significantly shorter internode length and mainstem height compared to the same small plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) which were taller and had longer internode lengths after one and two months. Small plants resulted from artificially and naturally occurring early-season drought-induced stress within the pure-line runner-type peanut cultivar, Georgia-10T, were caused by lack of GA3. The normal and small-plants each have bred true-to-type following several self-generations. The ramification of these findings suggest the importance of early-season irrigation, especially for seed production of peanut cultivars to avoid subsequent development of low-yielding, small-plants induced by drought-stress.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88643226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pierre, M. Mulvaney, D. Rowland, B. Tillman, T. Grey, J. Iboyi, R. León, D. Perondi, C. Wood
Foliar application of nutrients is used by growers to remediate crop nutrient deficiencies, but anecdotal reports indicate there may be associated effects of accelerated crop maturity, particularly for irrigated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research was conducted to determine whether application of foliar fertilizers during early pod set could increase the proportion of early-maturing pods, and thereby increase the mature proportion of the profile under irrigated conditions. Field experiments were conducted in Florida at Citra in 2016, Jay in 2016 and 2017with a randomized complete block with four foliar fertilizer treatments, applied to GA-06G at R1 and again two wks later at R2. Treatments consisted of no foliar fertilizer (control), 10.0 kg N/ha, 1.0 kg P2O5/ha, and 0.34 kg B/ha at each application and two harvest timings. Harvest treatments were based on the adjusted growing degree d model for peanut and were timed to represent early and optimal crop maturity. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were determined from samples collected 24h after each foliar treatment application. Yield and proportion of mature pods were quantified after each digging date. Normalized difference vegetation index data showed no treatment differences. The maturity profile (percentage of mature pods present in the sample) was not consistently different from respective controls during either harvest period. Results indicate foliar fertilizer applied during flowering had little effect on maturity acceleration in peanut, though foliar fertilization may still be effective at alleviating in-season nutrient deficiencies. Within site-year, application of foliar fertilizer did not increase yield. Under sound soil fertility management programs, foliar fertilizers did not increase yield or the maturity profile of peanut.
种植者利用叶面施用营养物来弥补作物营养不足，但轶事报告表明，可能存在加速作物成熟的相关影响，特别是对灌溉花生(arachhis hypogaea L.)。研究在灌溉条件下，早期结荚期施用叶面肥是否能提高早熟荚果比例，从而提高剖面成熟比例。2016年、2016年和2017年分别在佛罗里达州的Citra、Jay进行了田间试验，采用随机完全区组，分别在R1和R2两周后对GA-06G施用四种叶面肥料。不施叶面肥(对照)，每次施用10.0 kg N/ hm2, 1.0 kg P2O5/ hm2, 0.34 kg B/ hm2，两次收获。收获处理以花生的调整生长度模型为基础，时间安排代表作物早熟和最佳成熟。在每次叶面处理后24小时采集样品，测定叶片组织营养物质浓度。每个挖掘日期后对成熟豆荚的产量和比例进行量化。归一化差异植被指数数据无处理差异。成熟度曲线(样品中成熟豆荚的百分比)在两个收获期间与各自的对照没有一致的不同。结果表明，开花期施用叶面肥对加速花生成熟的影响不大，但叶面肥仍可有效缓解当季养分缺乏。在立地年内，施用叶面肥并没有提高产量。在合理的土壤肥力管理方案下，叶面施肥对花生的产量和成熟期没有显著的促进作用。
{"title":"Foliar Fertilization as a Strategy to Increase the Proportion of Mature Pods in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"A. Pierre, M. Mulvaney, D. Rowland, B. Tillman, T. Grey, J. Iboyi, R. León, D. Perondi, C. Wood","doi":"10.3146/ps17-20.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps17-20.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Foliar application of nutrients is used by growers to remediate crop nutrient deficiencies, but anecdotal reports indicate there may be associated effects of accelerated crop maturity, particularly for irrigated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research was conducted to determine whether application of foliar fertilizers during early pod set could increase the proportion of early-maturing pods, and thereby increase the mature proportion of the profile under irrigated conditions. Field experiments were conducted in Florida at Citra in 2016, Jay in 2016 and 2017with a randomized complete block with four foliar fertilizer treatments, applied to GA-06G at R1 and again two wks later at R2. Treatments consisted of no foliar fertilizer (control), 10.0 kg N/ha, 1.0 kg P2O5/ha, and 0.34 kg B/ha at each application and two harvest timings. Harvest treatments were based on the adjusted growing degree d model for peanut and were timed to represent early and optimal crop maturity. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were determined from samples collected 24h after each foliar treatment application. Yield and proportion of mature pods were quantified after each digging date. Normalized difference vegetation index data showed no treatment differences. The maturity profile (percentage of mature pods present in the sample) was not consistently different from respective controls during either harvest period. Results indicate foliar fertilizer applied during flowering had little effect on maturity acceleration in peanut, though foliar fertilization may still be effective at alleviating in-season nutrient deficiencies. Within site-year, application of foliar fertilizer did not increase yield. Under sound soil fertility management programs, foliar fertilizers did not increase yield or the maturity profile of peanut.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87465074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calcium improves seed formation and development of peanut kernels. Two primary sources of Ca fertilization in peanut are gypsum (CaSO4) and dolomitic lime (CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3). Objectives of this research are to determine whether gypsum, lime, or application of both influences pH, extractable [Ca], [Mg], and [K] in the soil along with nutrient absorption, yield, and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) in peanut pods in irrigated compared to non-irrigated conditions. Experiments conducted in Tifton, GA in 2016 and 2017 evaluated Ca treatments with no supplemental Ca fertilizer, gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom, lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting, and lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting followed by gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom. Irrigating increased soil pH, [Ca] and [Mg] in pods, plus yield and TSMK of peanut. Irrigation also decreased [K] in pods, which was correlated with increased pod [Ca]. Soil pH and soil [Ca], [Mg], and [K] were influenced by fertilizer treatment, along with [Ca] and [Mg] in pods. Applications of lime increased pH and soil [Ca]. Lime also increased soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when gypsum was also included. Application of gypsum reduced soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when lime was included. The inclusion of both lime and gypsum reduced soil [K] compared to no application. These results display the competition of cations in soil. In peanut pods, using lime and gypsum increased [Ca] compared to no application, or only lime. However, when only gypsum was used, it reduced [Mg] in pods compared to a lime application or no fertilization. Although Ca fertilization did not affect yield, TSMK was greater when lime followed by gypsum were applied in sequence than where neither were applied in 2016. It is important to realize that applications of Ca can also influence concentrations of other cations important for growth. Peanut growers are encouraged to conduct soil tests to ensure soil [Mg] is not deficient or borderline before choosing to apply gypsum, and may require a supplemental Mg fertilizer if dolomitic lime was not applied.
钙促进花生籽粒的形成和发育。花生钙肥的两个主要来源是石膏(CaSO4)和白云质石灰(CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3)。本研究的目的是确定石膏、石灰或两者的应用是否会影响土壤中的pH值、可提取的[Ca]、[Mg]和[K]，以及灌溉条件下与非灌溉条件下花生豆荚的养分吸收、产量和总健全成熟粒(TSMK)。2016年和2017年在佐治亚州蒂夫顿进行的试验评估了不添加钙肥、首次开花时施用石膏(330 kg Ca/ha)、种植时施用石灰(897 kg Ca/ha)、种植时施用石灰(897 kg Ca/ha)、首次开花时施用石膏(330 kg Ca/ha)的钙处理。灌溉提高了土壤pH值、豆荚内[Ca]和[Mg]，增加了花生的产量和TSMK。灌水降低了荚果[K]，与荚果[Ca]升高相关。土壤pH和土壤[Ca]、[Mg]、[K]受肥料处理的影响，[Ca]、[Mg]也受肥料处理的影响。石灰的施用增加了pH值和土壤[Ca]。石灰单独施用时也能增加土壤[Mg]，但同时施用石膏时则没有。石膏在单独施用时可降低土壤[Mg]，但在包括石灰时则没有。与不施用相比，石灰和石膏的掺入降低了土壤[K]。这些结果显示了土壤中阳离子的竞争。在花生荚中，与不施用石灰或只施用石灰相比，施用石灰和石膏增加了[Ca]。然而，当只使用石膏时，与施用石灰或不施肥相比，它减少了豆荚中的[Mg]。虽然钙肥对产量没有影响，但2016年连续施石灰后施石膏的TSMK高于不施钙肥的TSMK。重要的是要认识到，钙的应用也可以影响对生长重要的其他阳离子的浓度。鼓励花生种植者在选择施用石膏之前进行土壤测试，以确保土壤[Mg]不缺乏或处于边缘，如果没有施用白云石石灰，可能需要补充Mg肥料。
{"title":"Effect of Calcium Source and Irrigation on Soil and Plant Cation Concentrations in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"K. D. Pegues, R. Tubbs, G. Harris, W. S. Monfort","doi":"10.3146/ps19-10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-10.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Calcium improves seed formation and development of peanut kernels. Two primary sources of Ca fertilization in peanut are gypsum (CaSO4) and dolomitic lime (CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3). Objectives of this research are to determine whether gypsum, lime, or application of both influences pH, extractable [Ca], [Mg], and [K] in the soil along with nutrient absorption, yield, and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) in peanut pods in irrigated compared to non-irrigated conditions. Experiments conducted in Tifton, GA in 2016 and 2017 evaluated Ca treatments with no supplemental Ca fertilizer, gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom, lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting, and lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting followed by gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom. Irrigating increased soil pH, [Ca] and [Mg] in pods, plus yield and TSMK of peanut. Irrigation also decreased [K] in pods, which was correlated with increased pod [Ca]. Soil pH and soil [Ca], [Mg], and [K] were influenced by fertilizer treatment, along with [Ca] and [Mg] in pods. Applications of lime increased pH and soil [Ca]. Lime also increased soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when gypsum was also included. Application of gypsum reduced soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when lime was included. The inclusion of both lime and gypsum reduced soil [K] compared to no application. These results display the competition of cations in soil. In peanut pods, using lime and gypsum increased [Ca] compared to no application, or only lime. However, when only gypsum was used, it reduced [Mg] in pods compared to a lime application or no fertilization. Although Ca fertilization did not affect yield, TSMK was greater when lime followed by gypsum were applied in sequence than where neither were applied in 2016. It is important to realize that applications of Ca can also influence concentrations of other cations important for growth. Peanut growers are encouraged to conduct soil tests to ensure soil [Mg] is not deficient or borderline before choosing to apply gypsum, and may require a supplemental Mg fertilizer if dolomitic lime was not applied.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"72 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91466944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Albino-Virescent Leaf mutant was recently found in an advanced Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding line, GA 082524. This breeding line was derived from the cross of ‘Georgia-02C' x (‘Georgia-01R' x ‘COAN'), none of which have exhibited any mutant phenotypes in the past. The Albino-Virescent leaf mutant was selected and reciprocal crosses made with GA 082524 to determine the inheritance of this unusual chlorophyll deficiency. F1 and F2 data indicated a single recessive gene, avl, controlled the Albino-Virescent leaf trait. Chi-square analysis indicated a good fit to the expected 3:1 segregation ratio. No maternal or cytoplasmic effects were detected among the progenies from reciprocal hybridization.
最近在格鲁吉亚花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)高级育种系GA 082524中发现了一个白化-嫩绿叶突变体。该选育系是由' Georgia-02C' x (' Georgia-01R' x ' COAN')杂交而来，这两个品种在过去都没有表现出任何突变表型。选择白化-翠绿叶片突变体，与GA 082524进行反向杂交，以确定这种不寻常的叶绿素缺乏的遗传。F1和F2数据表明，一个单隐性基因avl控制白化-翠绿叶片性状。卡方分析表明与预期的3:1分离比吻合良好。互反杂交的后代没有发现母系或细胞质的影响。
{"title":"Inheritance of an Albino-Virescent Leaf Mutant in the Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"W. D. Branch, N. Brown","doi":"10.3146/ps19-3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-3.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An Albino-Virescent Leaf mutant was recently found in an advanced Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding line, GA 082524. This breeding line was derived from the cross of ‘Georgia-02C' x (‘Georgia-01R' x ‘COAN'), none of which have exhibited any mutant phenotypes in the past. The Albino-Virescent leaf mutant was selected and reciprocal crosses made with GA 082524 to determine the inheritance of this unusual chlorophyll deficiency. F1 and F2 data indicated a single recessive gene, avl, controlled the Albino-Virescent leaf trait. Chi-square analysis indicated a good fit to the expected 3:1 segregation ratio. No maternal or cytoplasmic effects were detected among the progenies from reciprocal hybridization.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79522610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selecting planting dates with optimal temperatures for plant growth and development is important for successful crop production. Photosynthetic rates of peanut leaves under adverse environmental conditions have been widely studied; however, characterization of photosynthetic efficiency of first true leaves as well as its contribution to plant growth is not well elucidated. The objectives of this research were to assess the influence of first true leaves of peanut cultivars on plant growth under different temperature conditions during early growth and at the onset of flowering and to identify the photosynthetic components more closely linked with photosynthetic efficiency of the first true leaves. Experiments were conducted with April (early), May (optimum), and June (late) planting dates in 2017 and 2018. Cultivars Georgia-06G, Georgia-14N, and TifNV-High O/L were evaluated. Measurements were taken at three and five wks after planting, early season and the onset of flowering, respectively. Rapid development of first true leaves of peanut plants contributed to whole-plant growth in the early season and at the onset of flowering across the temperature conditions. Net photosynthesis of first true leaves was not impacted by temperature conditions in the early season or at the onset of flowering primarily due to greater activity of non-stomatal components associated with the thylakoid reactions. Whole-plant growth was more considerably associated with first true leaf area development than photosynthetic efficiency of those leaves in peanut plants.
{"title":"Impact of First True Leaf Photosynthetic Efficiency on Peanut Plant Growth under Different Early-Season Temperature Conditions","authors":"Gurpreet Virk, C. Pilon, J. Snider","doi":"10.3146/ps19-8.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-8.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Selecting planting dates with optimal temperatures for plant growth and development is important for successful crop production. Photosynthetic rates of peanut leaves under adverse environmental conditions have been widely studied; however, characterization of photosynthetic efficiency of first true leaves as well as its contribution to plant growth is not well elucidated. The objectives of this research were to assess the influence of first true leaves of peanut cultivars on plant growth under different temperature conditions during early growth and at the onset of flowering and to identify the photosynthetic components more closely linked with photosynthetic efficiency of the first true leaves. Experiments were conducted with April (early), May (optimum), and June (late) planting dates in 2017 and 2018. Cultivars Georgia-06G, Georgia-14N, and TifNV-High O/L were evaluated. Measurements were taken at three and five wks after planting, early season and the onset of flowering, respectively. Rapid development of first true leaves of peanut plants contributed to whole-plant growth in the early season and at the onset of flowering across the temperature conditions. Net photosynthesis of first true leaves was not impacted by temperature conditions in the early season or at the onset of flowering primarily due to greater activity of non-stomatal components associated with the thylakoid reactions. Whole-plant growth was more considerably associated with first true leaf area development than photosynthetic efficiency of those leaves in peanut plants.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86977102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Haynes, N. Smith, A. Culbreath, K. Kirk, D. Anco
Spotted wilt of peanut (SWP) (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) is a common disease that causes severe economic losses in peanut producing regions of the world. The causal agent is transmitted by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine if management of spotted wilt and subsequent productivity of peanut, including economic value, could benefit from applying a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with standard in-furrow insecticides at planting. To determine this, two individual experiments were performed. In the first study, phorate and imidacloprid were individually applied with (2.24 kg/ha) or without SAP across cultivars susceptible (FloRun 157 or TUFRunner 511), moderately susceptible (Georgia 06G), and resistant (Sullivan or TifNV-High O/L) to TSWV. Nontreated controls were included in all experiments. The second study sought to determine the efficacy of different rates of SAP (0, 2.24, 5.6, and 8.97 kg/ha). The initial study was conducted in three locations across South Carolina and Georgia, while the second was conducted at Blackville, SC. In the first study, incidence of SWP was reduced (P = 0.0547) in multiple location-year analysis with a reduction of 9.4% observed in susceptible cultivars treated with phorate compared to untreated checks and those with imidacloprid. SAP did not affect final SWP incidence or economic value (P > 0.05) and was not consistently significant for yield. From the SAP rate study, a linear relationship of decreasing SWP incidence was observed with increasing SAP application rates for both imidacloprid and phorate in 2017 and 2018. On a means comparison basis, SWP was lower than the no-SAP check at SAP rates of 5.56 and 8.97 kg/ha, but this did not necessarily translate into increased yield. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the relationship superabsorbent polymer may have to susceptible cultivars and phorate.
{"title":"Effects of insecticides applied in-furrow with superabsorbent polymer on peanut cultivars infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus","authors":"J. Haynes, N. Smith, A. Culbreath, K. Kirk, D. Anco","doi":"10.3146/ps19-7.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-7.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spotted wilt of peanut (SWP) (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) is a common disease that causes severe economic losses in peanut producing regions of the world. The causal agent is transmitted by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine if management of spotted wilt and subsequent productivity of peanut, including economic value, could benefit from applying a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with standard in-furrow insecticides at planting. To determine this, two individual experiments were performed. In the first study, phorate and imidacloprid were individually applied with (2.24 kg/ha) or without SAP across cultivars susceptible (FloRun 157 or TUFRunner 511), moderately susceptible (Georgia 06G), and resistant (Sullivan or TifNV-High O/L) to TSWV. Nontreated controls were included in all experiments. The second study sought to determine the efficacy of different rates of SAP (0, 2.24, 5.6, and 8.97 kg/ha). The initial study was conducted in three locations across South Carolina and Georgia, while the second was conducted at Blackville, SC. In the first study, incidence of SWP was reduced (P = 0.0547) in multiple location-year analysis with a reduction of 9.4% observed in susceptible cultivars treated with phorate compared to untreated checks and those with imidacloprid. SAP did not affect final SWP incidence or economic value (P > 0.05) and was not consistently significant for yield. From the SAP rate study, a linear relationship of decreasing SWP incidence was observed with increasing SAP application rates for both imidacloprid and phorate in 2017 and 2018. On a means comparison basis, SWP was lower than the no-SAP check at SAP rates of 5.56 and 8.97 kg/ha, but this did not necessarily translate into increased yield. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the relationship superabsorbent polymer may have to susceptible cultivars and phorate.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89236393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew T. Hare, D. Jordan, R. León, K. Edmisten, A. Post, D. J. Mahoney, D. Washburn
Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at two locations in North Carolina to evaluate common ragweed (Ambrosia artemiisifolia L.) (Lewiston-Woodville) and Palmer amaranth (Amanthus palmeri S. Wats) control (Rocky Mount), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, and estimated economic return when herbicides were applied postemergence (POST) at 2 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP); 2 and 4 WAP; 4 and 6 WAP; and 2, 4, and 6 WAP. During the following growing season, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was planted directly into the same plots to determine the impact of weed management during the previous season on weed density. In absence of herbicides, peanut yield was 880 and 1110 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and Rocky Mount, respectively. When weed control depended on a single herbicide application, yield ranged from 1760 to 2660 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville, and 2080 to 2480 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. When herbicides were applied twice, peanut yield ranged from 2690 to 3280 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and 3420 to 3840 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. The greatest yields were recorded when herbicides were applied two or three times. Applying herbicides increased the estimated economic return of peanut compared to the non-treated control (NTC). In cotton the following year, common ragweed populations at Lewiston-Woodville were greater following the NTC or a single herbicide application 2 WAP compared to more intensive herbicide programs. Palmer amaranth density at Rocky Mount the following year in cotton was not affected by weed management the previous year in peanut. These results illustrate the relative importance of timing and duration of weed management for peanut and how they influence weed emergence in the following cotton rotational crop.
{"title":"Impact of Weed Management on Peanut Yield and Weed Populations the Following Year","authors":"Andrew T. Hare, D. Jordan, R. León, K. Edmisten, A. Post, D. J. Mahoney, D. Washburn","doi":"10.3146/ps19-9.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps19-9.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at two locations in North Carolina to evaluate common ragweed (Ambrosia artemiisifolia L.) (Lewiston-Woodville) and Palmer amaranth (Amanthus palmeri S. Wats) control (Rocky Mount), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, and estimated economic return when herbicides were applied postemergence (POST) at 2 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP); 2 and 4 WAP; 4 and 6 WAP; and 2, 4, and 6 WAP. During the following growing season, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was planted directly into the same plots to determine the impact of weed management during the previous season on weed density. In absence of herbicides, peanut yield was 880 and 1110 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and Rocky Mount, respectively. When weed control depended on a single herbicide application, yield ranged from 1760 to 2660 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville, and 2080 to 2480 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. When herbicides were applied twice, peanut yield ranged from 2690 to 3280 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and 3420 to 3840 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. The greatest yields were recorded when herbicides were applied two or three times. Applying herbicides increased the estimated economic return of peanut compared to the non-treated control (NTC). In cotton the following year, common ragweed populations at Lewiston-Woodville were greater following the NTC or a single herbicide application 2 WAP compared to more intensive herbicide programs. Palmer amaranth density at Rocky Mount the following year in cotton was not affected by weed management the previous year in peanut. These results illustrate the relative importance of timing and duration of weed management for peanut and how they influence weed emergence in the following cotton rotational crop.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78006160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent research on the effects of time of d (TOD) when glufosinate is applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and several protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides in soybean (Glycine max L.) has growers concerned about potential TOD effects on peanut weed control. Consequently, research was conducted in 2015, 2016, and 2017 to determine if TOD influences the performance of peanut herbicides acifluorfen, bentazon, imazapic, lactofen, paraquat, and 2,4-DB. Both non- (bare-ground) and in-crop (peanut) studies were conducted. For non-crop, paraquat plus bentazon plus acifluorfen plus S-metolachlor, imazapic plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, and lactofen plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB were applied to Palmer amaranth and a non-uniform mixture of annual grasses including Urochloa texana (Buckley), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.), Eleusine indica (L.), Digitaria spp. at 7:00, 12:00, 17:00, and 22:00 hr. For in-crop studies, two peanut weed control programs were used and herbicide programs were applied at the same TOD. Herbicides were paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon plus S-metolachlor (EPOST) followed by imazapic plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, or lactofen plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB (POST). For the non-crop studies, a significant interaction between TOD and herbicide program was observed for the 7 d after treatment (DAT) rating of Palmer amaranth control. Control was reduced with imazapic applied at 22:00 hr. At 14 DAT, there was no TOD effect and control was reduced with all imazapic treatments due to ALS resistance. There was no interaction between TOD and herbicide program for annual grass control. Annual grass control was unacceptable (<50%) with lactofen. For in-crop studies, there was no interaction between TOD or herbicide program. Peanut injury was lower at 7:00 hr and 22:00 hr when compared to other timings. Lactofen was more injurious to peanut than imazapic. Palmer amaranth control was not influenced by timing or herbicide program. A reduction in sicklepod control was observed at the 22:00 hr timing and with lactofen. While TOD influenced peanut injury and weed control, peanut yield was not affected.
最近对草铵膦在棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和几种抑制原卟啉原除草剂(Glycine max L.)上施用的时间(TOD)影响的研究，引起了种植者关注TOD对花生杂草控制的潜在影响。因此，2015年、2016年和2017年分别进行了研究，以确定TOD是否会影响花生除草剂acfluorfen、bentazon、imazapic、lactofen、百草枯和2,4- db的性能。进行了非(裸地)和作物(花生)研究。对于非作物，分别于7:00、12:00、17:00和22:00分别施用百草枯+苯达松+氟氯芬+ s -异甲草胺、imazapic + s -异甲草胺+ 2,4- db，以及乳芬+ s -异甲草胺+ 2,4- db，分别施用于紫花苋和不均匀的杂交种，这些杂交种包括:uurochloa texana (Buckley)、Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)、Eleusine indica (L.)、Digitaria sp.。在作物研究中，在相同的TOD下，使用了两种花生杂草控制方案和除草剂方案。除草剂是百草枯加氟虫胺加苯达松加s -异甲草胺(EPOST)，其次是异甲草胺加s -异甲草胺加2,4- db，或乳芬加s -异甲草胺加2,4- db (POST)。在非作物研究中，对紫花苋对照处理后7 d (DAT)评分，TOD与除草剂计划之间存在显著的交互作用。在22:00时应用imazapic减少对照。在14个数据时，由于ALS抵抗，所有imazapic治疗都没有TOD效果，控制性降低。TOD与除草剂用量之间不存在交互作用。乳芬的年草防治效果不可接受(<50%)。在作物研究中，TOD与除草剂计划之间没有交互作用。与其他时间相比，花生损伤在7:00和22:00时较低。乳芬对花生的伤害大于伊马匹克。紫花苋的控制不受时间和除草剂程序的影响。在22:00小时和乳芬组观察到镰状足控制的减少。TOD对花生伤害和杂草防治有影响，但对花生产量没有影响。
{"title":"Time of Day Effects on Peanut Herbicide Efficacy","authors":"O. W. Carter, E. Prostko","doi":"10.3146/ps18-18.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps18-18.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent research on the effects of time of d (TOD) when glufosinate is applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and several protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides in soybean (Glycine max L.) has growers concerned about potential TOD effects on peanut weed control. Consequently, research was conducted in 2015, 2016, and 2017 to determine if TOD influences the performance of peanut herbicides acifluorfen, bentazon, imazapic, lactofen, paraquat, and 2,4-DB. Both non- (bare-ground) and in-crop (peanut) studies were conducted. For non-crop, paraquat plus bentazon plus acifluorfen plus S-metolachlor, imazapic plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, and lactofen plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB were applied to Palmer amaranth and a non-uniform mixture of annual grasses including Urochloa texana (Buckley), Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.), Eleusine indica (L.), Digitaria spp. at 7:00, 12:00, 17:00, and 22:00 hr. For in-crop studies, two peanut weed control programs were used and herbicide programs were applied at the same TOD. Herbicides were paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon plus S-metolachlor (EPOST) followed by imazapic plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB, or lactofen plus S-metolachlor plus 2,4-DB (POST). For the non-crop studies, a significant interaction between TOD and herbicide program was observed for the 7 d after treatment (DAT) rating of Palmer amaranth control. Control was reduced with imazapic applied at 22:00 hr. At 14 DAT, there was no TOD effect and control was reduced with all imazapic treatments due to ALS resistance. There was no interaction between TOD and herbicide program for annual grass control. Annual grass control was unacceptable (<50%) with lactofen. For in-crop studies, there was no interaction between TOD or herbicide program. Peanut injury was lower at 7:00 hr and 22:00 hr when compared to other timings. Lactofen was more injurious to peanut than imazapic. Palmer amaranth control was not influenced by timing or herbicide program. A reduction in sicklepod control was observed at the 22:00 hr timing and with lactofen. While TOD influenced peanut injury and weed control, peanut yield was not affected.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91192611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-09DOI: 10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.78
H. Valentine
Howard Valentine worked for Texas Instruments, Columbian Peanut, ADM, Golden Peanut Company, and from 1997 to 2018 as Director of Science and Technology for the American Peanut Council. He was the Executive Director for the Peanut Foundation from 1997 to 2016 and held several other industry positions including chair of multiple committees: Research Committee for the Southeastern Peanut Shellers Association, the Multi-crop Aflatoxin Working Group, the Research Committee and Peanut Quality Improvement Committees for the National Peanut Council. Howard became an APRES fellow in 2013, received the Coyt T. Wilson and the American Peanut Council Lifetime Achievement award in 2015, and received the Peanut Foundation Peanut Research and Education Award in 2018. Howard is married to his wife, Debra, and has two children, William and Ann. This is his speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of APRES.
Howard Valentine曾任职于Texas Instruments, columbia Peanut, ADM, Golden Peanut Company，并于1997年至2018年担任美国花生委员会科学与技术总监。从1997年到2016年，他担任花生基金会的执行董事，并担任其他几个行业职位，包括多个委员会的主席:东南花生脱壳协会研究委员会、多作物黄曲霉毒素工作组、国家花生委员会研究委员会和花生质量改进委员会。Howard于2013年成为APRES研究员，2015年获得Coyt T. Wilson和美国花生委员会终身成就奖，并于2018年获得花生基金会花生研究与教育奖。霍华德与妻子黛布拉结婚，育有两个孩子，威廉和安。这是他纪念亚太经合组织成立50周年的讲话。
{"title":"Remembering our Past and How it Affected Our Present and Future","authors":"H. Valentine","doi":"10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-46.1a.78","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Howard Valentine worked for Texas Instruments, Columbian Peanut, ADM, Golden Peanut Company, and from 1997 to 2018 as Director of Science and Technology for the American Peanut Council. He was the Executive Director for the Peanut Foundation from 1997 to 2016 and held several other industry positions including chair of multiple committees: Research Committee for the Southeastern Peanut Shellers Association, the Multi-crop Aflatoxin Working Group, the Research Committee and Peanut Quality Improvement Committees for the National Peanut Council. Howard became an APRES fellow in 2013, received the Coyt T. Wilson and the American Peanut Council Lifetime Achievement award in 2015, and received the Peanut Foundation Peanut Research and Education Award in 2018. Howard is married to his wife, Debra, and has two children, William and Ann. This is his speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of APRES.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74828025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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